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Immigration policies have a considerable impact on the influx and settlement process of immigrants, including ways and routes of immigration, regularisation, access to public services (such as education, housing and medical services), entry into the labour market, family reunification and access to citizenship. Consequently, changes in immigration policy determine the pace and direction of migrant integration and status mobility in host countries. Drawing from 64 semi-structured in-depth interviews with Indian immigrants in Spain, this paper explores the perceived effects of changes in immigration policies in Spain on immigration conditions, status mobility and integration of Indian immigrants, and strategies adopted by them to deal with these policies, during the period between 1985 and 2018. Results show that the Spanish immigration policies had several unintended negative effects on immigration conditions, regularisation, family reunification and access to Spanish citizenship, which in turn have slowed down their pace of integration and upward social mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What happens to race when racial vocabulary disappears? This paper leverages a sudden change in the Spanish social science curriculum in the 1990s to empirically trace how the removal of the language of race, and the negation of biological race, changes the ways the books portray human differences. Through the analysis of 82 textbooks from 1975 to 2017, I find that a racial classification system is replaced by one based on cultural categories. Yet, far from moving away from polygenistic beliefs about human nature, culture continues to reproduce the same social hierarchies previously associated with a phenotype. Because the books present culture as a scientifically valid classification system, the use of culture legitimizes and entrenches those same beliefs in racial differences. The findings have implications for our understanding of colourblind ideologies, and for the study of race relations in European contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades a growing number of non-state actors have became involved in the management of migration control. This pattern, which has been referred to as the privatisation of migration control, has revealed new constellations of public-private links in this area of migration policy. The objective of this article is to analyse the practices and processes involved with outsourcing migration control. To do so, we propose a conceptual framework that we have denominated 'migration markets' and its derivative, the 'migration control market', as the basis for the functional classification and analysis of these processes and the actors who participate in them. This analytical framework is useful because it allows for the characterisation of various national cases and can be applied to comparative studies. In the second part of the article we apply this conceptual framework to analyse the current profile of migration control outsourcing in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the transition from temporary to permanent residency in Italy and Spain. Despite the growing number of permanent residents in Southern European countries, scholars have paid limited attention to the legal transitions that take place in migrants' lives after regularisation. We show that different regulations regarding permit renewals can account for qualitative differences in immigrants' permanent residency. The analysis focuses on legal transitions of two groups of Ukrainian respondents in Italy and Spain. The significant presence of Ukrainian migrants in these two countries, together with the similarity of their legal migration patterns – from overstaying visas to obtaining long-term residency – makes Ukrainian immigration a particularly interesting case to study the hidden mechanisms and implications of legal transitions. The analysis presented here is based on 20 semi-structured interviews conducted in Italy and Spain and reveals differences between norms regarding the renewal of residency permits and their long-term implications for migrants' labour market participation. In Italy, restrictive renewal regulations and economic requirements contribute to entrapping Ukrainian immigrants in the live-in niche of care work, while occupational trajectories of Ukrainian migrants in Spain are more diverse due to less strict renewal regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]