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Digital systems storing cadastral data in vector format are considered effective due to their ability of offering interactive services to citizens and other land-related systems. The adoption of such systems is ubiquitous, but when adopted, they create two non-compatible systems with paper-based cadastral systems whose information needs to be digitised. This study proposes a new approach that is fast and accurate for transforming paper-based cadastral data into digital systems. The proposed method involves deep-learning techniques of the LCNN and ResNet-50 for detecting cadastral parcels and their numbers, respectively, from the cadastral plans. It also contains four functions defined to speed up transformations and compilations of the cadastral plan's data in digital systems. The LCNN is trained and validated with 968 samples. The ResNet-50 is trained and validated with 106,000 samples. The Structural-Average-Precision ( sAP 10 ) achieved with the LCNN was 0.9057. The Precision, Recall and F1-Score achieved with the ResNet-50 were 0.9650, 0.9648 and 0.9649, respectively. These results confirmed that the new method is accurate enough for implementation, and we tested it with a huge set of data from Tanzania. Its performance from the experimented data shows that the proposed method could effectively transform paper-based cadastral data into digital systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Journal of Map & Geography Libraries has awarded Sarah Zhang's article, "Teaching Spatial Literacy in an Equity-Informed Public Engagement: An Academic Library's Case Study," as the Best Paper for Volume 18. Zhang's article explores the challenge and learning opportunity of enhancing spatial literacy and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) services for nonacademic audiences. The article provides comprehensive information on engaging the general public with GIS lessons and promoting spatial literacy beyond the academic realm. The committee commends Zhang's work for its relevance and contribution to map and geospatial libraries. [Extracted from the article]

The multi-level modeling technology of Building Information Modeling (BIM), combined with Three-dimensional Geographic Information System (3DGIS) macro-scene visualization technology and location information, can realize the transmission of decentralized information from various disciplines to multi-disciplinary collaborative information sharing services. It can be applied independently for the whole life cycle, which plays a positive role in reducing the cost and improving the efficiency of engineering planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance. In this paper, the data integration and function integration methods of 3DGIS and BIM are designed. In order to avoid the breaking problems caused by attribute information loss and excessive simplification in the process of BIM data integration, the attribute mapping between 3DGIS and BIM based on Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) and the data simplification method considering the geometric characteristics of BIM are designed. By setting the relevant preconditions and thresholds of patch merging, on the premise of maintaining the structural characteristics of BIM data surface, reduce the amount of model data to improve the efficiency of BIM data loading, rendering and display effect in 3D geospatial scene. Through the data and function integration of 3DGIS and BIM, we can effectively manage the data of large-scale model, and calculate and obtain the geospatial location and direction of key parts of buildings through the coordinate transformation of BIM, which can effectively assist the rapid and accurate positioning of BIM in virtual 3D scene and expand the visualization ability of 3DGIS. By effectively integrating 3DGIS and BIM, this paper gives full play to the spatial management advantages of 3DGIS and the component management advantages of BIM. The rationality and operability of the method are verified by its application in the operation and maintenance management project of concealed facilities in actual buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper investigates the location patterns and the effects co-working spaces (CWS) generate on the urban context. The focus is on Barcelona, one of the most important creative hubs in Europe in terms of knowledge-based, creative, digital, and sharing economy, and the city hosting the largest number of co-working spaces in Spain. The paper addresses three main questions: (1) Which are the location patterns of co-working spaces in Barcelona? (2) Do CWS agglomerate in the same areas? And, (3) Do CWS coagglomerate with the creative industries (CIs)? To do that, this paper uses open data on Barcelona neighbourhoods' socioeconomic composition provided by the Statistics Department of the Council of Barcelona and micro-geographic data of private CWS and creative labs in Barcelona. By using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Kd functions of agglomeration and coagglomeration, results show that CWS are highly concentrated in central areas of Barcelona where there are greater chances to meet customers and suppliers, the proximity to urban amenities and the fact of being associated to a specific place-image. Moreover, they coagglomerate with CIs firms, especially with symbolic and synthetic knowledge-based CIs. These results are relevant when assessing the actual goal of urban policies in Barcelona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A mature developed urban area like London has various policy tools to trigger economic development and leverage poverty. The scale of economic inequality in London has called for more effective policy tools to leverage poverty and close the gaps of economic inequality. Opportunity Areas is one of the tools in urban regeneration to alleviate poverty and develop communities. After over a decade of the policy rollout we have little knowledge how effective this type of policy tool is. The project investigates how effective opportunity areas for economic growth and societal development in London. The key economic indicators including unemployment rate and house price were assessed at MSOA/ward levels in London to understand their spatial variation through GIS mapping. Subsequently, socio-economic factors of commercial land use, culture infrastructure and public transport accessibility were discussed and selected to explore whether they have impacts on the difference of economic performance within opportunity areas. The spatial impacts of these factors among wards/MSOA were evaluated by Geographically Weighted Regression. The research discussed these factors' variations in Lee Valley, Park Royal and Croydon. Finally, this paper argued that local geographical context has limitations for small area growth corresponding to general policy and strategic management plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In September 2017, two strong earthquakes hit the central region of Mexico, producing substantial damage to the historical buildings. A retroactive analysis for assessing the pre-event seismic vulnerability of these constructions allowed for testing the suitability of an existing parameter-based approach based on material and geometrical features. More than 160 adobe buildings in four municipalities of the State of Morelos were surveyed and included in a vulnerability-oriented GIS database. Data were collected on-site and managed by resorting to open-source GIS software combined with a Python-based database management tool and a cloud-based platform for onsite data collection using mobile devices. The parameter-based approach was used for assessing the analytical seismic vulnerability of the buildings and implementing a secondary, more conservative assessment that considers uncertainties associated with the data acquisition process. The capabilities of the database were further used to train a Machine Learning algorithm aimed at overcoming some representativeness limitations of the parameter-based analytical method. This third approach was found to be suitable for assessing the vulnerability of the building typologies addressed in this investigation. Although the implementation discussed in this paper is limited to a specific vernacular typology, it can be used to conduct customized local calibrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to showcase how Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) can be used to assist in collecting data of relevance for planning at a tourism destination in general and, specifically how PPGIS data can assist in the early stages of transportation planning. In this paper, we report on a PPGIS study in Sälenfjällen, the largest ski tourism destination in Sweden. Our analysis uses data from 162 visitors sampled on-site using online and paper-based questionnaires containing survey questions and mapping tasks. We use the survey and mapped results from Sälenfjällen to discuss the opportunities and challenges of using PGGIS for this planning purpose. We conclude that, despite of various challenges like low response rates and sampling issues, PPGIS provides the possibility to collect rich information in terms of survey results and mapped values. This is important in understanding a transportation challenge at the early stages of planning, namely the initiation stage. Our study adds to a growing literature exploring the use of PPGIS in the field of tourism and recreation. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first to use this approach in a tourism-transport context in a Nordic destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, RS and GIS technologies have played an increasingly important role in various aspects of rainfall induced landslide research. In order to systematically understand their application situation, this paper extensively used various visualization analysis technologies for in-depth analysis of 1,161 documents collected by the WOS data platform in the past 27 years by combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Then, this article focuses on sub domain analysis from four aspects: landslide detection and monitoring, prediction models, sensitivity mapping, and risk assessment. The study found that the number of literature in this field has steadily increased and is expected to continue to rise. This literature review has attracted widespread attention from the academic community, but it is challenging to meet research needs. Frequent and effective cooperation between countries, institutions, and authors is very beneficial for promoting progress in this field. The future development direction is a new intelligent hybrid model that integrates multiple research methods. This study can provide researchers in this field with the core research force, hot topic evolution, and future development trends of future rainfall-induced landslides and contribute to landslide prevention and control decision-making and achieving the United Nations'sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study takes the Zhouyuan site region, which is the most representative Western Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC-771BC) large city-site in China, as an example. Based on the interpretation results of satellite remote sensing images from 1973 to 2021, the paper systematically analyzed the evolution of landscape patterns in the Zhouyuan site region spanning for about 50 years using 4 methods, including land use classification, land use transfer matrix, landscape pattern distribution gravity center model and landscape pattern index. Additionally, the results show that nowadays Zhouyuan site is still in a period of accelerated invasion and destruction by natural and human factors, which indicates that the protection of the Zhouyuan site has been inadequate or even unsuccessful for a long time. For the purpose of making more accurate and better protection of the Zhouyuan site, four challenges and six protection recommendations have been put forward. Based on remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS), this paper contributed a method combining 4 models to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of landscape pattern of ancient large city-sites, in order to provide more basis for the formulation of cultural relic protection strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have become an integral component of urban planning practice in the last 30 years. The applications, utility and fit of specific technologies within planning practice have been widely discussed, however the use of ICTs by planning practitioners beyond individual case studies is unknown. This paper explores the results of an online survey of Australian and UK planners and comparatively benchmarks the types and extent of use of ICTs in planning practice, and the factors inhibiting or enabling the use of different ICTs. The paper concludes with reflections on the relationship between ICTs and urban planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the density and location of retail properties located within the primary retailing areas of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Hull, Liverpool and Nottingham are investigated over a 17 year period. The study is novel due to the original spatial databases developed and unique combination of established methods employed to explore spatial change within these northern UK cities. The paper starts from the premise that retailing markets display adaptive resilience where adaptations in use and variation in retail clustering will occur in response to endogenous and exogenous shocks that disturb the market's agglomerative and competitive effects. The results suggest that significant new retail-led developments have intra-urban spatial outcomes that impact on the size and location of prime and secondary retailing pitches. In urban retailing centres where there have been no substantive supply disruptions, disturbances in the socio-economic environment can create contractions at the peripheral edges of the prime retailing pitch. This study is significant in providing a historical perspective of the micro-level effects of new development, changing customer shopping habits and shifting retailer location preferences. In addition, the research develops replicable and robust methods that can be employed to examine and monitor spatial change in urban centres. Understanding these dynamic micro-spatial effects are important for the future management of urban centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Participatory Geographic Information Systems (PGIS) is an empowering tool for the enhancement of local communities' participation in the planning and management of natural resources. The inadequate involvement of local stakeholders in rangeland planning and management has been of great concern. Discussions on the role of PGIS and collaborative management approaches in promoting local involvement in rangeland management has not been clearly understood due to the scarcity of literature. This paper assessed how local participation in rangeland management can be enhanced using a combined collaborative management framework and PGIS approach. The objective was achieved through a focus group discussion, local ecological knowledge mapping and key informant interviews. The combined PGIS and collaborative management approach enabled the empowerment of local actors through knowledge enhancement, encouraged the practice of rangeland governance and the transfer of responsibility to local actors. This study provides a conceptual contribution toward the improvement of local actors' participation in rangeland management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With global warming and increasing urbanisation, cities are at significant risk of problems associated with stormwater. Green infrastructure (GI), a stormwater management tool in use worldwide, can reduce the risk of urban flooding significantly. This paper used bibliometrics to present the state of the literature on GI planning principles for stormwater management. The analysis reveals that the number of GI-related studies has grown exponentially in recent years and is most closely related to the discipline of environmental sciences/ecology, with the majority of output coming from the United States, China, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Furthermore, the inductive analysis of a database served to identify the nine most widely discussed principles for GI planning, which are adaptability, connectivity, diversity, multifunctionality, multiscale, informatisation, integration, public participation, and sustainability. These findings can inform GI efforts to cope with the risks of stormwater in the context of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public sector's possibilities of using geospatial technologies are vast and can improve public management. In the Brazilian Federal Government, the use of geospatial technologies is unknown, nor is it known the main applications and public and private actors involved. This research proposes to analyze the geospatial technologies market in the Federal Government between the years 2011 and 2019 through public data of contracts. Through the individual analysis of 600 contracts, we concluded that R$ 804,747,626.99 were negotiated during the period. The contracts mainly involved Remote Sensing and Aerophotogrammetry (50%) and Geographic Information Systems (33%) solutions, applied primarily in the thematic areas of Oil & Gas (39%), Infrastructure (19%), and Environment & Natural Resources (10%). Fototerra was the leading company, providing R$ 155,553,107.03 in products and services. The foremost acquiring institution was the Ministry of Mines and Energy, contracting R$ 410 million, of which Petrobras acquired R$ 311 million. This paper showed how different federal institutions use Geography's technological bases to fulfill their missions, improve social well-being, and contribute to a more developed, less unequal, and fairer country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overlap of different fields has made it easy to introduce a real development of new technologies. New techniques used in the water sector are introduced; the importance of integration with each other will be increased to work as one unit with more efficiency and effectiveness. Integrating the real-time control of a supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA) and the data management and analysis capabilities of a geographic information system (GIS) can assist operators and decision-makers in disaster response and better system control. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the potential use of SCADA in conjunction with GIS to control and manage a water desalination plant network. The aid of the developed integrated system in the management of a water desalination system can be accessed on an interactive single dashboard for the network to simulate real situations through the data collected at each site that can be provided in real-time by SCADA, in addition to the results of analysis of these data that help to take the right decision and deliver the instructions thereon directly to the field devices to deal with any case of emergencies. In addition, this paper introduces an implementation approach of a new category of decision-support tools based on the integration of GIS and SCADA in implemented water desalination plants at the National Water Research Center (NWRC). A general review of both systems including their potentials in water desalination systems and the possibility of integration with each other has been introduced. This study demonstrates how integrating GIS and SCADA into a single dashboard can aid in data acquisition and provide a better understanding of the communication between the various sites and systems' facility administration, despite the fact that such integration is uncommon because both systems use different IT platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located in the hyper-arid regions of Algeria, the M'zab Wadi basin has historically experienced severe flash flooding, causing severe economic damage and loss of life. Identifying potential flood hazard areas in such an arid environment, challenged by data scarcity, is necessary to forecast flood and to create early warning strategies. The paper aims to map and highlight potential flood hazard areas in the M'zab Wadi basin using geographic information system coupled with the Analytical Hierarchy Process method based on seven related flood hazard factors. The accuracy of the flood hazard map was validated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic based Area Under Curves method. The results show that 3.04% (50.35 km2) and 0.53% (8.74 km2) of the basin area are under high and very high flood vulnerability levels, respectively. The obtained results can offer significant insights to policymakers and decision-makers to make well-informed judgments regarding the effectiveness of flood protective infrastructure/measures. Furthermore, the approach adopted can be advantageous for other regions under similar conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the particular engineering-geological conditions and natural environment in permafrost regions, the highway has a high damage ratio during the operation. In warm and ice-rich permafrost regions, highway pavement and embankment have poor serviceability, which threatens driving the vehicle and safe operation. Traditional field surveys on highway damage cannot entirely, rapidly and precisely obtain the distress information along the whole road. In this paper, the Qinghai-Tibet Highway (QTH) pavement distress was investigated in 550-km-long permafrost regions based on the field surveys in 2014 and 2019 and the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery. The type and damage ratio of distress were extracted by the remote sensing image classification method. The pavement roughness and embankment height were acquired by the spatial analysis of geographical information system. This paper provides a novel insight and efficient method for the distress investigation and exploration of distress formation in permafrost region, which can be applied in other similar engineering projects in the cold and inclement permafrost region. Furthermore, this paper also presents valuable and first-hand field data for evaluating highway serviceability and prevention of road damage during operation and maintenance stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores neighborhood-built environment features related to 'better than expected' and 'as expected' early childhood development outcomes (ECD) in 14 Australian disadvantaged communities. This paper draws from mixed methods data collected in the Kids in Communities Study – an Australian investigation of community effects on ECD – in communities across five states and territories. In total, 93 interviews and 30 focus groups were conducted with service providers and parents, and geographic information systems were used to create built environment measures for each local community. Housing factors (e.g. better affordability, tenure, less high-density public housing) were consistently related to disadvantaged local communities with 'better than expected' ECD outcomes. Physical access to services and public transport, living in a walkable area, having high-quality public open space, and a mix of local destinations was perceived to be consistently important by community members in disadvantaged communities regardless of ECD outcomes. Findings may help policymakers to consider neighborhood features that contribute to better ECD outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past generation, the use of geographic information systems (GIS) applications has skyrocketed, and GIS hardware and software are now used for daily decision making by countless organizations (Abeyta [1]). If a geography teacher has some working GIS knowledge and would like to introduce a few GIS skills into their own non-GIS classroom, the ideas, examples, and approaches outlined in the lesson plans here should assist student learners in an ever-increasing spatial data-filled world. However, it is likely that these apps are either (1) expensive existing GIS software or (2) applications that would demand an elevated level of GIS knowledge for a non-GIS student. [Extracted from the article]

Supporting distributed real-time collaborative work has become an important development trend in GIS. It enables group users to cooperate and improve the use of scientific data and collaboration technologies. Real-time collaborative GIS (RCGIS) provides a platform for supporting synchronous collaboration using geospatial data in various forms. Traditional RCGIS generally works on a single map view, which has the disadvantage of collaborative interface confusion. The traditional system-driven mechanism of RCGIS is a computer-interaction event that has the disadvantage of an unfriendly collaborative perception. This paper presents a design and prototype of a RCGIS based on multi-view and geo-event driven mechanisms. The geo-event-driven mechanism provides users with a smoother collaborative perception and interactions that are more natural and friendly. The collaboration process for a GIS that is driven by geo-events is also discussed. A multi-view technique is used to make real-time GIS collaboration more orderly. The paper also proposes a synchronization strategy for public–private views. Finally, walk-through examples are used to demonstrate the use of RCGIS within a web environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multisize geographic information system (GIS) has widely used in social life, and the introduction of natural interactive methods such as gesture interaction further broadens the applications of GIS. Gestures, as a natural means of expression, bring a convenient experience to the use of GIS. The user-elicitation method can determine the user's original operational intention and take advantage of the natural and convenient gesture interaction. However, current research on elicitation methods mainly focuses on defining the function factors of operation commands and rarely considers the influence of environmental factors such as spatial sizes. This paper takes GIS as the object, which is closely related to multisize space. This paper reports a research project on user-defined gestures for interacting with two-dimensional maps in a virtual reality environment, including three types of GIS operation commands and six sizes of maps. The results showed that the user-defined gestures for the same GIS operation commands varied across map sizes. The increase in map size increased the amount of gestural movement. Drawing on our research, we developed a set of gestures for multisize GIS interface interaction. We hope that this research can provide a guiding foundation for mid-air gesture design for all multisize interfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security management is becoming complex in today's society due to increased transnational crimes, which are enhanced by technological advancements. To address this challenge, police agencies need to continuously adopt and effectively apply more innovative decision-support tools in policing. Kenyan police officers are however still using push-pins on paper-maps to analyze crime. The goal of this study was therefore to determine how crime is documented, mapped and analyzed in Kenya, and to assess Kenyan police officers' attitudes toward adoption of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in spatiotemporal crime analysis. A descriptive survey targeting 120 police officers was carried out at the Kenya National Police Service (NPS) headquarters in Nairobi. Only 94 subjects (78%) of the targeted sample responded to the study. The study reveals that crime recording by NPS is done on paper-based occurrence books (OBs), statistical analysis is executed on Ms Excel and spatial analysis is performed using paper-maps. Among the respondents, 70% believed GIS technology would be useful in spatiotemporal crime analysis while 57% were uncertain the technology would be easy to use. As such, 64% of the respondents were optimistic that they would be satisfied with GIS technology in spatiotemporal crime analysis. The study therefore concludes that although crime recording and spatial analysis were done manually, Kenyan police officers had an open mind towards adoption of GIS tools in spatiotemporal crime analysis. The study recommends sensitization about and training on GIS applications to Kenyan police officers as well as an evaluation of manual versus computer-based crime analysis tools to assess user-preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and the multidimensional nature of flood vulnerability, necessitate an in-depth consideration of experiential knowledge in reducing flood vulnerability in geospatial environments such as informal settlements. The objective of this paper is to provide a critical review of literature and scholarship in the context of the integration of Indigenous Knowledge and Geographical Information System in mapping flood vulnerability in South Africa. Keywords were searched in two databases for empirical studies that integrated Indigenous Knowledge and Geographical Informal System in mapping flood vulnerability in South Africa. The search extended to literature cited in the papers identified from the databases. The studies were thematically analysed and synthesized. The findings reveal that flood vulnerability in South Africa is mainly considered from an integrated perspective. Approaches used to integrate Indigenous Knowledge and Geographical Information Systems in mapping flood vulnerability are fragmented. There is a lack of sensitivity analysis and map validation, limited use of Indigenous Knowledge as well as inadequate community participation in the mapping of flood vulnerability in informal settlements. This critical review demonstrates the need for a comprehensive, explicit and participatory approach for integrating Indigenous Knowledge and Geographical Information System that genuinely utilize the special characteristics that each of them possesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper describes the integration of geographic information system (GIS) technology in a high school environmental science classroom, specifically examining the impact of GIS technology on student engagement, critical thinking, and interdisciplinary learning for Education for Sustainability (EfS). This environmental science classroom utilized ArcGIS Online and StoryMaps to facilitate hands-on learning, enabling students to explore spatial relationships, analyze data, and communicate insights to foster engagement and critical thinking. This GIS technology promotes interdisciplinary learning by connecting essential environmental issues with location and other social factors. Students deepen their understanding of human-environment interactions by interpreting spatial data, empowering them to propose sustainable solutions to environmental challenges. Using ArcGIS Online and StoryMaps, students engaged in guided lessons, explored sustainability topics, and created their own StoryMaps based on the United Nations’ (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The findings highlight positive engagement, critical thinking, and interdisciplinary learning impacts. Students demonstrated increased interest, understanding of complex issues, and developed analytical skills through spatial data analysis. The approach encouraged interdisciplinary thinking and expanded awareness of ongoing environmental challenges, supporting EfS goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports a study of bioclimatic dynamics and land use in the region of Tlemcen (north-west of Algeria). GIS (geographic information system) and satellite images (LandSat) were used to conduct a diachronic study based on a series of satellite images from the years 2000 and 2019 to demonstrate changes in the study area while highlighting the importance of environmental conditions, including climate and anthropogenic impact on dynamic vegetation cover. Bioclimatic synthesis has shown an improvement in the rainfall regime and an evolution towards higher bioclimatic atmospheres between the two periods (1985–1999) and (2004–2018). Land use in the study area is under the influence of strong anthropogenic pressures and is experiencing a decline in forest areas from 28.74 to 17.49% but also in agricultural land and lawns from 38.61% to 27.67% in favour of built-up areas which increased from 0.81% to 1.09% but mainly to the benefit of bare soil: an ultimate stage of degradation whose surface area increased from 31.59% in 2000 to 53.46% in 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores, for the first time, a 405 km long wall system located in eastern Mongolia: the "Mongolian Arc" consists of an earthen wall, a trench, and 34 structures. It is part of a much larger system of walls built between the 11th and 13th centuries a.d. The Mongolian Arc, despite its magnitude, has been largely overlooked in existing academic discourse. Our team collected remote sensing data of different types and conducted an archaeological field survey of the entire Mongolian Arc. The different datasets obtained in the lab and the field were analyzed using a geographic information system (GIS). These results were integrated with excerpts from relevant primary sources to provide a preliminary interpretation of the design and potential functions of the Mongolian Arc. Key areas of exploration include the idiosyncratic gaps along the wall, the spatial organization of the wall and structures, and their interrelationship with the adjacent landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines a theoretical framework for the risk management of road infrastructures from the perspective of organizational studies and engineering science. The framework moves beyond the traditional approach analysing each road infrastructure in isolation, and adopts the emerging systemic approach aimed at optimizing the interrelation between infrastructures, while at the same time extending this approach by considering actors as well as infrastructures. The initial focus is on the interaction between the parts (infrastructure and related actors) within a system (infrastructure and related actors within administrative boundaries) with a focus on two organizational modes: coordination and fragmentation. The choice between coordination and fragmentation depends on the span of safety and the level of risk. Furthermore, coordination and fragmentation offer useful insights for decision-makers by addressing specific modes of governance aimed at avoiding a lack of cooperation and ineffective responses. The paper then examines satellite data obtained from differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) in a geographical information system (GIS) platform. The aim is to identify the span of safety within a system, concerning specific infrastructures with the related actors, and to assess the risk levels for road infrastructures. The approach is intended to identify the most appropriate organizational mode. The potential of this approach was tested in a sample area of Rome (Italy), and the results reveal a significant span of safety with a common negligible risk, and a subspan of safety with a moderate risk. In the first case, coordination between the parts is desirable. As a result, long-term and fully shared solutions can be adopted, including joint planning operations and standard operating rules. In the second case, fragmentation is indicated, with more flexible solutions characterized by sharing and local autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulnerability in urban areas has been on the rise following the global political and economic restructuring processes that have taken place since the 1980s. This increase in vulnerability has sparked a growing awareness of the need to understand the impact of these processes on the most vulnerable neighborhoods and areas of cities so as to develop effective policy responses. Although this vulnerability has become more evident in larger cities, this casuistry can also be seen in medium-sized cities. This paper examines the level of vulnerability of different neighborhoods in the medium-sized European city of Vitoria-Gasteiz (Basque Country, Spain), using a methodological approach which combines the analytic hierarchy process and geographic information systems, based on a number of indicators for different economic, demographic and migratory status-related dimensions. The results reveal a synthetic map of the vulnerability of neighborhoods in Vitoria-Gasteiz that shows an uneven impact of structural processes and policy initiatives implemented over decades. The paper concludes that synthetic maps of vulnerability make it possible to show the different realities in the urban framework and can contribute to defining public interventions tailored to these specific problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of mapping regions with socially-derived boundaries has been a topic of discussion in the GIS literature for many years. Fuzzy approaches have frequently been suggested as solutions, but none have been adopted. This is likely due to difficulties associated with determining suitable membership functions, which are often as arbitrary as the crisp boundaries that they seek to replace. This paper presents a novel approach to fuzzy geographical modelling that replaces the membership function with a possibility distribution that is estimated using Bayesian inference. In this method, data from multiple sources are combined to estimate the degree to which a given location is a member of a given set and the level of uncertainty associated with that estimate. The Fuzzy Bayesian Inference approach is demonstrated through a case study in which census data are combined with perceptual and behavioural evidence to model the territory of two segregated groups (Catholics and Protestants) in Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK. This novel method provides a robust empirical basis for the use of fuzzy models in GIS, and therefore has applications for mapping a range of socially-derived and otherwise vague boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper surveys flood mapping and modelling in Nigeria in regard to frequency and impact of floods in the last decade. The aim is to understand the frequency and patterns of flooding and approaches to its modelling in relation to current practices globally. The northern part of Nigeria is affected more by flooding than the south, so should be prioritised for flood management. The use of remote sensing data with GIS techniques is the most common approach to flood modelling in Nigeria. Bayesian and machine learning approaches should be used, in preference to process-based models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geoinformatic Tupu, or Geoinformatic graph spectrum, is a theoretical as well as a technical framework for generalizing geographic knowledge and solving real world problems. Geoinformatic Tupu is a promising platform for capitalizing on the technical advances of Geographic Information Systems, and to integrate the Chinese traditional way of thinking with modern information technology. It has been one of the major research topics in the Chinese GIScience community in recent decades, with an evolving epistemological development. A core objective of Geoinformatic Tupu is to recover and represent geographic principles with the Tupu approach, which is adopted in this paper to formulate the First Law of Geography (FLG) [i.e. the law of spatial autocorrelation] as the Moran Spectrum – a combination of sequential diagrams, graphs, and numeric components. Using the Moran Spectrum as a conduit, we present the theory of Moran Eigenvector Spatial Filtering (MESF), a distinct branch of spatial statistics that has demonstrable advantages in statistical modelling and machine learning, but has yet to be widely disseminated due to its conceptual and computational complexity. This paper demonstrates the effectiveness of the Tupu approach in enriching the representation of the FLG as well as deepening its applications. It also suggests inclusion of the Moran Spectrum as a core component in Geoinformatic Tupu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional geographic information system models for map representation use superposition of layers to model physical reality, neglecting the integrity of the environment and limiting the ability to express interactions between features in complex phenomenon. This results in limitations regarding dynamic simulation and geographic causality reasoning. In this paper, we extend the framework of the geographic scene by formalizing the relationship between geographic processes and events to construct a dynamic data model: the process-event-centred dynamic data model. The key element of this data model is relationships between processes, events, and states of the natural or man-made phenomenon of interest. The identified relationships can be translated into a network of hierarchical, developmental, and causal graphs and realized in the Neo4j graph database. The implementation in the graph database supports spatio-temporal reasoning in geographic scenes and achieves an organizational framework for simulating spatio-temporal dynamics and complex calculations. The example of a 2019 mega-typhoon process is used to demonstrate the introduced process-event-centred model and its implementation in the graph database. A series of queries to the graph database show the capabilities of the data model for spatial reasoning and dynamic modeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of geospatial data, services, and applications on the web, as well as open data made available by government agencies, have brought both opportunities and challenges for the public to engage more widely and deeply with geospatial data. Promoting spatial literacy and GIS education for the public is key to responding to the opportunities and challenges, in which academic libraries can play a pertinent role by leveraging their experience in providing geospatial data services and education. This paper describes a GIS workshop designed to cultivate spatial literacy for the public, a collaboration between an academic library and a campus unit mandated to nurture community connections. The discussions focus on how the workshop was an endeavor to synergize with the university's commitment to public engagement and how it adopted an equitable approach to teaching spatial literacy for the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Web GIS has been supposed as a useful tool in improving the spatial thinking abilities of students, most existing empirical studies were seldom undertaken in an educational programme providing rather limited geo-technological training to students. This study focuses on tutorial sessions of a tourism geography course in a Singaporean university, in which students usually engaged with very few GIS and other geospatial technologies. Combining a standardised assessment, that is Spatial Thinking Abilities Test, and semi-structured interviews, the study suggests that the implementation of Web GIS, collaborating with students' major background and pre-existing GIS experience, efficiently enhanced their performance in spatial thinking abilities test; moreover, the exposure to GIS practices during tutorial sessions also stimulated students' interest in using GIS and enhanced self-efficacy, which further equipped students with stronger motivation to continue learning geography. The paper contributes to existing debates around (Web) GIS as a pedagogical tool through incorporating qualitative interview materials into the discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional vulnerability methodologies rely on collecting building data through time consuming surveys and visual screening. Geospatial infrastructure systems have rapidly evolved and today we can access massive geospatial data. Digital cadastral databases combine location, attributes, and temporal information for building stock. This paper proposes a GIS-based framework to estimate seismic vulnerability and losses from cadastral data only. The framework is rooted on well-known displacement-based procedures and uses probabilistic models of the building structural capacity. A featured application to 287,503 housing units in metropolitan area of Granada is presented to showcase outputs for decision-making: performance displacement, damage level and repair cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The recently approved Spanish Green Infrastructure (GI) Strategy obliges each autonomous community to identify and evaluate its own GI. This paper identifies and assesses the GI in the Community of Madrid at regional scale. This entailed, firstly, the identification of GI Principal Areas (GIPAS). This was followed by a spatial assessment of GI on the basis of three indicators: the Contribution to Ecosystem Services, the Combined Biodiversity Index and the Accessibility Index. After that, the correlations between GI assessment values and socioeconomic indicators were explored. The highest GI assessment values were located around the Sistema Central mountain range, and the lowest were in the Metropolitan Area and Henares Corridor. Finally, significant negative correlations were observed between the GI assessment values, population density and gross per capita income. The results of this study could provide useful support for the planning and decision-making required for the spatial definition of GI in the autonomous Community of Madrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the improved Tapio decoupling model and geographic information system spatial analysis technology, this paper studied the spatial and temporal pattern evolution law of the decoupling relationship between innovation capability and resource consumption in 283 cities in China. The non-residual complete decomposition model was used to decompose the rebound effect of resource consumption in China's urban innovation development. We found (1) during the study period, innovation capability and resource consumption in Chinese cities showed a weak decoupling state. (2) Regions with significant decoupling showed a trend of spatial agglomeration, and the gap in the degree of urban decoupling gradually narrowed. (3) The increase in urban population growth and innovation intensity in China have a positive pull effect on resource consumption. The improvement in resource efficiency has an inhibitory effect on resource consumption, but this inhibition is less than the effect of population scale and innovation intensity on resource consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial cognition is fundamental to the behaviour and activity of humans in urban space. Humans perceive their environments with systematic biases and errors, and act upon these perceptions, which in turn form urban patterns of activity. These perceptions are influenced by a multitude of factors, many of them relating to the static urban form. Yet much of geographic analysis ignores the influence of urban form, instead referring most commonly to the Euclidean arrangement of space. In this paper, we propose a novel spatial modelling framework for estimating cognitive distance in urban space. This framework is constructed from a wealth of research describing the effect of environmental factors on distance estimation, and produces a quantitative estimate of the effect based on standard GIS data. Unlike other cost measures, the cognitive distance estimate integrates systematically observed distortions and biases in spatial cognition. As a proof-of-concept, the framework is implemented for 26 cities worldwide using open data, producing a novel comparative measure of 'cognitive accessibility'. The paper concludes with a discussion of the potential of this approach in analysing and modelling urban systems, and outlines areas for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communal rangelands in South Africa are generally perceived as overgrazed owing to complexities in their histories and collective utilisation which often leads to improper management. A suitable solution has not been found in land management policies because local people's contexts and their indigenous knowledge are ignored. Hence, this paper is aimed at (i) assessing the role indigenous knowledge can play in communal rangeland management, (ii) exploring working solutions to incorporate indigenous knowledge into effective communal rangeland management and land use policies, (iii) assessing mechanisms for generational transfer of indigenous knowledge. Findings from the Participatory Geographic Information System (PGIS) and Focus Group Discussion, conducted with Cata and Guquka villages in the Eastern Cape province were synthesised. This revealed that communal farmers have in-depth knowledge of their communal land, past and present rangeland management strategies and changes in rangeland condition. However, there is breakdown in the indigenous knowledge system whereby this knowledge is not being transferred and translated into good rangeland management practice, owing to the ageing population of communal farmers, limited youth involvement in livestock farming and limited access to extension services. This suggests a need for new policy approaches that would include participation of local people in policy planning and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk-based renewal planning is essential for the reliable and continuous functioning of infrastructure systems. In this paper, we propose a risk assessment framework for storm sewer networks considering both hydraulic capacity and asset deterioration. The method is designed for a city-scale analysis and can provide an insightful result even when there is incomplete information. The objective is to assign a relative risk score to each pipe to inform replacement priorities. Moreover, we adopt a dynamic framework to proactively assess risk in different time horizons to investigate the impact of climate change and urbanization. A Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN) model is used to capture dependencies among indicators, quantify uncertainty, and update belief when new information becomes available. Geographic information system (GIS) applications are used to collect and process model input data as well as visualize analysis results. Finally, the method is demonstrated on a storm sewer network in the city of Vernon, Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The landscape surrounding protected areas (PAs) plays a big role in supporting the achievement of conservation goals. This paper examines demographic dynamics in the vicinity of Akagera National Park (ANP) both in time and space, considers its implication on land-use/land-cover (LULC) change of one of its neighboring districts, and involves the existing environmental planning policies to anticipate the fate of the ANP. Data retrieved from Rwanda Land Management and Use Authority (RLMUA) and from the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) were reinforced with field observation and Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements taken within Gatsibo district where the study was conducted and injected into a Geographic Information System (GIS) for mapping and analysis. Findings revealed that in the next 50 years, the increasing human settlement and associated social-economic needs will erase any remnant wildlife hotspots in the 'Unrestricted zone' of the district and reclaim intrusion in its 'Restricted zone' of which ANP is part. This raises imminent fear of growing cases of encroachment of human activities into illegal and high-risk zones and a possible second de-gazettement of the park. The reversal of this trend requires the implementation of the local LULC plan and the promotion of the ecological lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern earth observation sensors have revolutionized the remote sensing community by improving remote sensing image quality. However, Pixel-based image analysis methods have challenges in handling very high-resolution (VHR) imagery. Geographic Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) yielded promising results, but it is not inflexible in capturing domain experts' expressions, therefore geographic information system professionals shifted to ontologies for remote sensing science. This paper advocates for the adoption of knowledge representation using ontologies in remote sensing. To this end, a survey of GEOBIA studies for image analysis and classification is presented, and the limitations of existing methods in reaching the remote sensing expert-level expectation are clarified. New GEOBIA development techniques as well as opportunities for improving GEOBIA models have been looked into. Recent studies that adopted ontologies in forest image classification are analyzed and recommendations for the remote sensing science community are provided, to highlight the advantages of ontologies in interpreting satellite images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eye movement is a new type of data for cartography and geographic information science (GIS) research. However, previous studies rarely built eye movement datasets with geospatial images. In this paper, we firstly proposed a geospatial image-based eye movement dataset called GeoEye, a publicly shared, widely available eye movement dataset. This dataset consists of 110 college-aged participants who freely viewed 500 images, including thematic maps, remote sensing images, and street view images. In addition, we used the dataset for geospatial image saliency prediction and map user identification. Results demonstrated the scientific benefits and applications of the proposed dataset. GeoEye dataset will not only promote the application of eye-tracking data in cartography and GIS research but also intelligence and customization of geographic information services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maps published for tourism promotion and information constitute a particular sub-group of tourist maps made using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This paper proposes a methodological protocol for the systematic elaboration of tourism mapping. This procedure is applied to the design of the tourist map of the province of Huesca. The cartographic tool was designed based on the needs of tourism promotion by the Public Administration, seeking the halfway point between persuasion and precision when representing elements on the map. Given that data would have to be updated and modified in the future, open-source software was used so that the administration can then run, modify and update it. In addition, the project was validated through surveys to two different audiences (general and expert). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, there remains uncertainty surrounding the Younger Dryas-early Holocene glacial history of the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet in northwest Arctic Russia. This stems from a lack of high-resolution ice sheet-scale geomorphological data in the region. To address this, this paper presents 15,355 meltwater and morainic landforms in a new large-scale, glacial geomorphological map of the Younger Dryas-early Holocene ice marginal zone in the Republic of Karelia, northwest Russia. Individual landforms were mapped from relief-shaded renditions of the 2 m resolution ArcticDEM alongside 1 m resolution Esri World Imagery data in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The map, which is presented at a scale of 1: 675,000, will form the basis of a palaeo-glaciological reconstruction of northwest Russia that will inform on ice sheet dynamics – at both a regional- and ice sheet-scale – and provide an important framework through which numerical ice sheet models can be constrained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital maps prepared by using geographic information systems are more diverse and common each day. Nevertheless, the lack of accessible files such as maps created in widely used but complex/expensive software is responsible for a limited number of users. With time, geographic visors have helped to overcome this ‘inaccessibility’ through more user-friendly platforms such as a free multi-temporal remote sensing data such as the Google Earth Engine. The updated GMSA was overlapped on this geospatial platform. As more people visualize maps, recent discoveries can be communicated with greater efficiency. Within the framework of the Vice-presidency for the GMSA and the Commission for the Geological Map of the World, the GMSA was launched in 2019 and, since 2021, has been available on Google Earth. This paper summarizes how the GMSA in Google Earth was implemented. It is expected this publication helps other map producers to create similar products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The convergence of flooding and environmental contamination heightens the potential for mobility and transfer of toxic substances. Spatial analytic platforms can help identify the risks of toxic substance release during flooding, but these platforms are not integrated with one another, making data sharing difficult across platforms. Using the Toxics Mobility Inventory for the State of Rhode Island, this paper presents a method which integrates Toxicological Prioritization Index outputs across multiple data visualization platforms. The workflow presented creates an accessible interface for residents and policy makers to monitor the spatial conditions related to toxic substances during floods to better target solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastline between Tetouan and Bou Ahmed in the northernmost Rif of Morocco and its hinterland has become immensely hazardous due to frequent triggering of diversified landslides from last two decades. This paper describes the potential application of a set of multisource data and the GIS platform for zoning and identifying anomalous areas prone to landsliding and its associated landslide hazards. For this purpose, Information value (IV), Statistical index SI (Wi), Weighting factors (WF) and Evidential belief function (EBF) models have been used in this study. Eleven conditioning factors such as elevation, slope, aspect, curvature, shaded/relief, proximity to streams, proximity to faults, proximity to roads, land use, lithology, annual rainfall and an inventory of 905 unstable spots were used to develop the spatial database for landslides susceptibility mapping (LSM). The factors have been used after a test of multi-collinearity. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and the Area Under the Curve (AUC) methods were used for validation of the LSM. The AUC results showed good prediction accuracy for all models with a prediction rate of 78% (IV), 77% (SI), 73% (WF) and 70% (EBF) respectively. However, the results indicated that comparatively, the IV model followed by WI model is more precise and accurate for landslides susceptibility mapping than other models. According to the presented models, about 64% of the study area is located in high to very high landslide susceptible zone. The findings presented in this study are imperatively valuable especially wherein large development projects and land use planning activities are going on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]