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Many countries are devoting considerable efforts to replace fossil energy with renewable energy to achieve 'Carbon Neutrality'. Straw-based bioenergy is considered as a potential substitute of fossil energy. This paper investigates the government regulations (i.e. penalty and subsidy policy) for a straw-based bioenergy supply chain consisting of power plants and farmers, in which the three parties are of bounded rationality. We develop a three-party evolutionary game model and obtain the evolutionary stable strategies of the three parties. We establish the dynamic penalty model and show that the dynamic penalty policy can encourage power plants to use bioenergy and farmers to collect bioenergy than the existing static penalty policy. Our results further demonstrate if the proportion of the farmers choosing the 'Collecting bioenergy' strategy is low, the government should choose the 'Penalizing the farmer' strategy; otherwise, the government should choose the 'Penalizing the power plant' strategy. We also extend our model to the government's subsidy policy and compare it with the penalty policy. Specially, when the proportion of the power plants (farmers) using (collecting) bioenergy is high, if the government's subsidies are lower than penalties, the government should choose the subsidy policy; otherwise, the government should choose the penalty policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the government subsidy programmes for a bioenergy supply chain composed of a power plant and farmers who privately know their quality information of bioenergy. The government offers two types of subsidy programmes to increase the supply of bioenergy: Agriculture Quantity Coverage (AQC) programme that pays the farmers subsidies based on the quantity of bioenergy, and Price Loss Coverage (PLC) programme that is triggered when the market price of bioenergy falls below a reference price. With AQC programme, when the quantity of bioenergy is large, farmers may get more subsidies but the wholesale price of bioenergy would decrease, thus hurting the farmers' payoffs. By contrast, with PLC programme, the farmers can get more subsidies with a lower wholesale price, which also undermines the farmers' profitability. In equilibrium, the government prefers the AQC programme when the cost of the non-bioenergy is high, or the cost of the non-bioenergy is low and the government's subsidy payment coefficient in the PLC programme is high. Moreover, social welfare is higher with the PLC programme than that with the AQC programme when the cost of the non-bioenergy is high and the subsidy payment coefficient is low, and is lower otherwise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing the high-performance, high-subsonic airfoils suitable for different Reynolds number flow is the major challenge for high-altitude long-endurance drones and ultra-high altitude solar aircraft. To overcome the difficulties, this paper proposed a set of aerodynamic optimization design methods that combine the improved category shape function transformation method, parallel computational fluid dynamics, and an improved whale optimization algorithm. This approach achieves high modeling accuracy, computational efficiency, and strong optimization ability. Verification using single-peak, multi-peak, and fixed-dimensional test functions demonstrates that the improved whale optimization algorithm has significantly enhanced optimization capabilities compared with the conventional whale optimization, particle swarm optimization, and gravity search algorithms. Numerical simulations are used to analyze the internal flow mechanisms before and after airfoil optimization under different Reynolds numbers. The results show that, compared with the original airfoil, the optimized airfoil has front loading characteristics that effectively reduce the adverse pressure gradient of the rear part of suction surface, promoting the transition in this region. The reduced adverse pressure gradient also inhibits the development and growth of laminar separation bubbles and slows down the growth of the boundary layer displacement thickness, thereby reducing wake mixing loss and improving the aerodynamic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploration of host–guest complexation between a shape-persistent H-bonded macrocycle and flexible guests may enable construction of new pseudorotaxanes systems. Here, we present the impact of varying the spacer length of four bis(4-phenylpyridinium) guests G1-G4 on production of pseudorotaxanes with a 2D H-bonded macrocycle 1a. The host–guest complexes are probed by 1H NMR, 2D NOESY and UV–vis spectroscopic techniques. [2]- and [3]- pseudorotaxane assemblies are formed specifically using these guests, demonstrating the dependency of accessing [2]- and [3]- pseudorotaxane on the spacer length of these dications. Theoretical calculations reveal the difference in the conformation of the guests between these two binding modes: the one with a 1:1 stoichiometry (spacer length: C4 and C6) show Z-shaped conformation and the other with a 2:1 stoichiometry (spacer length: C8 and C10) take a linear conformation. The findings of the threading modes may help develop new H-bonded macrocycle-based rotaxanes and other related mechanically interlocked molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distributed pulsating flow planar tube bundle heat exchanger (DPFPTB-HE) can improve heat transfer and have a high prospect of application in the industry. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software Fluent was utilized as an analysis tool, and the factors affecting heat transfer in heat exchangers were comprehensively studied based on the theory of fluid mechanics and heat transfer in this article. The local average surface Nusselt number(Nuv) evaluated the heat transfer performance. Results found that the DPFPTB-HE proposed in this paper has more uniform distribution of cold fluid in the shell domain and higher heat transfer efficiency in each layer of the tube bundle compared with the conventional planar tube bundle heat exchanger (PTB-HE). In this paper's single-factor analysis experimental session, the study showed that with the inlet velocity increases, Nuv increases; as the length of the branch pipe increases, Nuv decreases; branch pipe diameter increases, Nuv decreases. The results obtained Nuv by applying the optimal experimental parameters selected by the Taguchi method were 7.22% larger than the maximum value in the control group. The numerical result and methodology are beneficial for providing further insight into guiding the optimization of heat exchanger structure and promoting industrial progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complete mitochondrial genome of Asymblepharus himalayanus, has been determined for the first time by sanger sequencing. The overall length of the mitogenome is 17,304 bp and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and a putative control region. The total base composition is 31.2% for A, 27.0% for T, 14.4% for G, and 27.4% for C. The phylogenetic tree with the whole mitochondrial genome sequence of A. himalayanus together with 10 other related species belonging to the family Scincidae was reconstructed, in order to prove the validity of the mitogenome of A. himalayanus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that A. himalayanus was not nested within Scincella, and further corroborated this species does not belong to the genus of Scincella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]