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This project interrogates the United States' national fixation on the answer to the question: Who are you? In this article, it is posed that identity documentation practices arising out of the Chinese Exclusion Act era cast identity as an empirical and immutable phenomenon, specifically in response to the racialization of American-born Chinese settlers as duplicitous, through the mechanisms that information is collected, the actual information itself, and the cross-references or connections created between cases. Through tracing this lineage, racialized identification data is identified and theorized as part of hegemonic data regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although many contemporary demographers pay attention to historical demography, there is often a surprising lack of appreciation of the demographic circumstances and systems of the past, suggesting an implicit assumption that they are not relevant to the present or that the methods, data, and questions addressed by historical and contemporary demographers are different. This paper provides an overview of historical demography as published in Population Studies and how this has developed over time. Drawing on this, I demonstrate that historical and contemporary demography use similar data sources and identical methods, and they often address comparable questions. I argue that an appreciation of demographic patterns and processes is beneficial for all demographers, even those who work on the most recent time periods, and that better integration of historical and contemporary demography would be beneficial to both. The paper also considers three challenges for historical demography as it moves forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview and mapping of needs and use of data related to formal risk analysis within the context of critical infrastructures, including activities of risk assessments and risk modelling as a part of preventive work against major accidents and crises. The aim is to contribute to a greater understanding of the type of data that is actually used in published sources where different risk assessment or risk analysis methods are applied for critical infrastructure protection. The study focuses specifically on the presentation of applications of quantitative or semi-quantitative risk analysis in the scientific literature within the domain of societally important services and critical infrastructures. The survey was delimited to peer reviewed research papers between the years 2010 and 2020 and resulted in a total number of 183 papers subject for evaluation. The results provide insights into the type of data that is used, missing or difficult to obtain for an application of the identified methods. To obtain a comprehensive critical infrastructure risk analysis data needs are related to three different data dimensions; geospatial topology data, socio-economic data, and infrastructure data. However, no databases are currently available with the explicit purpose to support critical infrastructure risk analysis. Even though this is not viewed as a problem in the examined papers, collecting that data is resource intensive which is a barrier for a more systematic use of formal risk analysis methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past decade, there has been a surge in auditing research that exploits Chinese data, much of which is published in top tier journals. China has been an attractive setting for auditing research due to the highly granular nature of the available data on public audits and the unique features of Chinese institutions. These advantages have allowed researchers to use Chinese data to study important auditing questions that US data is unable to address. But the popularity of Chinese data among researchers means that most of the obvious questions that lend themselves to the use of Chinese data are likely to be exhausted. In addition, newly mandated disclosures in the US and Europe are quickly making Chinese data much less unique than it used to be. Now that the "low hanging fruit" is gone, researchers who plan to use Chinese data will have to be more creative. This paper suggests some strategies, going forward, that are designed to further exploit the richness of Chinese data to address important questions in the auditing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relating electoral laws to electoral integrity has long been a focus of academic research. Using the strategic-relational approach, as outlined in this special issue, it is possible to better understand how electoral laws shape the voter experience and electoral outcomes. This paper contributes to this understanding by looking at Voter Identification (ID) laws. With no consolidated dataset of voter ID laws existing outside the U.S.A. it is difficult to answer research questions put forward in this special issue, especially the second. This paper begins to address this shortfall by presenting the Comparative Voter ID Law (CVIL) index. Which has collected data on 246 individual electoral jurisdictions. Data presented show how voter ID laws are distributed globally, regionally, by regime type and level of democracy. The second part of the analysis goes on to describe voter ID laws by whether a jurisdiction has compulsory ID laws, how many different types of ID are accepted and the minimum number of ID documents that must be shown. Thirdly, other variables within the dataset are described. The CVIL will provide opportunities to understand how Voter ID laws are part of institutional design, are used by actors, shape the voter experience and electoral out-comes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the position of migration in population studies, focusing on the period 1996–2021. It considers the reasons why migration remains problematic for demographers, but also how approaches to migration have changed over the last 25 years. While it has arguably become more important to both demography and population studies because of the transition to low fertility and mortality, migration has metamorphosed into a complex field in its own right, almost independently from changes in demography. Both internal and international migration form the subject of this examination and four main themes are pursued: data and measurement; theories and approaches; migration and development; and migration and political demography. The papers published in the journal Population Studies are used to provide a mirror through which to view these changes over the last 25 years. This paper concludes by looking at likely future directions in migration studies, demography, and population studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increased use of data in the governance of education, studies on how human beings interact with data become increasingly important. Recent scholarship has conceptualized human responses to data through the notion of affectivity. While this conceptualization offers a viable alternative to previous rational choice theorizations of human responses to data that over-emphasize rational though, it in turn under-emphasizes rational thought. This paper theorizes human responses to data as a matter of being set in motion by data, a term that includes rational thought, affect, and other responses. Through the philosophy of agential realism and an empirical analysis of various actors engaging with Danish graduate unemployment data, the paper elaborates how data and human beings (among other entities) intra-act and how human beings are affected by data, both in terms of what the data articulate and in terms of a code of conduct for dealing with data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a collaborative effort between academic researchers and practitioners to consider the conditions under which global benchmarking may be used as a tool for supporting urban transformation. Reflecting on WWF's One Planet City Challenge and UN-Habitat's Guiding Principles for City Climate Action Planning, the paper suggests that the practice of global benchmarking can be transformative through encouraging organisational learning and reflection, building relationships between cities and global and trans-local organisations, and governing for structurally transformative qualities. However, the practice of benchmarking is not without potential tensions: they may reify existing practices rather than reforming them, be less usable for or accessible to cities in lower income countries, and may neglect issues of climate justice, which are not easily reduced to comparative measures of success or failure. This suggests that a wholesale reliance on benchmarking as a mode of governing climate change might risk marginalising certain issues and amplifying others. We conclude by recommending improved material and technical support for urban data collection and suggest that benchmarking should be combined with a broader suite of performance indicators and reflective practices in order to support urban transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores how Generative AI intersects with Competition Law, focusing on Foundation Models (FMs) and Large Language Models (LLMs). It examines industry dynamics and identifies key competition issues like entry barriers, tying, leveraging, and acquisitions. It highlights the supply chain's importance and looks at how FMs are integrated into search software, chatbots, and productivity tools, particularly noting entry barriers such as computing power and data collection. It suggests that FMs might require new approaches to market delineation, possibly creating a separate relevant market for data. The paper also discusses various cases pertaining to tying and leveraging and highlights the difficulty in proving tying due to the blurred lines between traditional search engines and AI chatbots. It illustrates how competition assessments for acquisitions may require changes due to data being a highly flexible commodity for the industry. The paper concludes by calling for increased scrutiny and regulation for the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport has undergone a data revolution. The unrelenting extraction of athlete data has become a topic of controversy and the focus of recent public campaigns and policy proposals. However, research and governance are lagging in addressing the full scope and complexity of sport's data ecosystem and the commercial assemblage involved in the generation and subsequent exploitation of athlete data. This paper examines the need to move beyond the current emphasis on the role and use of data as a product of situated surveillance practices in the sporting workplace to the capitalist orientation at the centre of a burgeoning data economy. In so doing, two interdependent theoretical concepts – surveillance culture and surveillance capitalism – are introduced as an analytical framework to shape future research, policy and debate aimed at understanding and protecting the rights of athletes in the light of their exposure to highly surveillant digital technologies used in the production of elite performance, and sport as a multi-mediated form of consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the subjectivation of students in light of the increasing amounts of digital data that are now being produced within schools. Taking a lead from critical data studies and the sociology of numbers, the paper draws on staff interviews in three Australian secondary schools to explore the various types of student data being generated, and the forms of student subjectivities that result. In particular, the paper contrasts the 'holistic' possibilities that some school leaders and administrators ascribe to data in terms of expanding the capacity to 'know' students, against the limited ways that data is actually being used within the schools. Most notably, the paper details how digital data appears to be configured within schools' official data procedures and practices to build student subjectivities and position students in narrow terms of performance and attendance. The paper also highlights how teachers make practical use of these limited data 'profiles' in a relational manner – as a way of stimulating dialogue with students to know them better, rather than a source of precise calculation. In this sense, the paper considers how 'data' might be reframed in educational discourse as a practical starting-point for teacher inquiry and professional judgment rather than an imagined source of all-encompassing knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New tools are being explored to provide collective and participatory means of governing data to promote the management of data in ways that benefit those from whom data is collected. This paper discusses whether data trusts are feasible structures in an African context by outlining specific considerations that should be prioritised in the development of bottom-up and collective models of data governance on the continent. Making use of international instruments, principles and established values like Ubuntu, the paper analyses the importance of collective decision-making through collective and participatory governance, women's empowerment, and capacity-building, and how the alignment of data trusts to African contexts could help balance historical power differentials, and emphasise heterogeneity as the starting point of all discussions in the digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent scholarship has shed light on how data-driven food systems may entrench productivist and neo-productivist visions of 'feeding the world.' In this paper, we examine the narratives and institution-building practices of global development actors, asking: What stories do they tell about how data will transform food systems? Whose 'data' are legitimized and whose are overlooked? Our findings point to an emerging imaginary of data productivism—which constructs the making and accumulation of data as a socially intrinsic good. We examine the implications of data productivism for reconfiguring global capitalism, reproducing the modern-colonial order, and inciting social movements to anticipate its hold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In machine learning literature, the concept of expression is seldom addressed as a general term in relation to information construction and data. The term more often carries a narrower meaning and refers to human bodily, emotional, or artistic dimensions that are recorded to train a model. However, this paper discusses a view in which expression is understood as any human sensory realm that can bring incidents explicit through the act of "pressing out," as the early etymology of expression indicates. Also, all the sensory data that are used to train a machine learning model and the data the trained model gives as an output are considered meaningful through their expressive mediality—a form that is actively produced and can therefore be subjected to critical phenomenological analysis. This paper contrasts nonverbal expressions with categorical or linguistic expressions and asks, "What do eye movements express when they are used in training a machine learning model? What kind of expression arises in linguistic models? What could be considered aesthetic data (and what would it express)?" For philosopher John Dewey, instinctive reactions in human behavior that for example exhibit mere discharge of an emotion should be separated from purposeful expressions. However, in machine learning, the two Deweyan positions (instinctive and intentional) collapse, as artificial expressions are purely simulations of learned logic. Therefore, the phenomenological question of this paper is traced back to the original stimulus and its human annotators. In this paper, philosopher Don Ihde's experimental phenomenology explains how appearances can be attended to without subsuming them under any assumptions, whereas art theory—arising especially from philosopher Dieter Mersch's thinking—provides an understanding of the mediality of expression. This paper introduces examples from machine learning that are not generally considered expressive but are used for regular tasks, such as object detection, and provides an alternative approach from aesthetics and artistic research that understands these modalities as expressive. If data are understood as expressive, it can be critically assessed how current machine learning models constitute knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is central to transformative changes happening in many industries, perhaps potentially to a fourth industrial revolution, but it has also raised a storm of ethical concerns. Information professionals need to navigate these ethical issues effectively because they are likely to use AI in delivering services as well as contributing to the process of adoption of AI more widely in their organisations. Professional ethical codes are too high level to offer precise or complete guidance. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to review the relevant literature and describe eight ethics scenarios of AI which have been developed specifically for information professionals to understand the issues in a concrete form. The paper considers how AI might be defined and presents some of the applications relevant to the information profession. It then summarises the key ethical issues raised by AI in general both those inherent to the technology and those arising from the nature of the AI industry. It considers existing studies that have discussed aspects of the ethical issues specifically for information professionals. It then describes a set of eight ethics scenarios that have been developed and shared in an open form to promote their reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faced with an increasing level of disruption from natural disasters, terrorist attacks or internal failures, organisations need to ensure their business continuity. Ensuring this continuity depends, among other things, on the continuous assessment, monitoring, and management of their resilience based on the variations of the functionalities. Resilience-assessment methodologies are nowadays used to (1) prepare stakeholders for future crisis management situations and (2) help stakeholders assess past levels of resilience in the aftermath of the crisis. However, continuous, real-time monitoring and assessment of resilience is generally either outside the scope of such methods or limited to raw data representation, lacking effective filtering, interpretation, or integration in the evolving context of the organisation's activities. This paper enhances previous works on resilience assessment. The result is a complementary methodology for continuous, real-time resilience assessment and monitoring based on multiple data-sources and stakeholders. The novelty is (1) in the context of use of the methodology, (2) in the way the functionality analysis model is obtained and (3) in the way the resilience is continuously assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intensification of data collection practices in schooling – often due to state accountability requirements – has resulted in the widespread adoption of commercial student management systems (SMS) in schools. Drawing on a qualitative case study of a New Zealand primary school, this paper investigates its adoption of a commercial SMS, and the ways this product re-engineers schooling processes, including what student data is collected, how school decisions are made, and when work is done by staff. Through this analysis, we argue direct-to-school commercial relationships constitute a new configuration of public–private partnerships in education. We demonstrate the rise of a local education market for data management where responsibility is placed on individual schools to choose a commercial product that will interface with the needs of a public bureaucracy. We end this paper with a critical discussion about how the commercialisation of school administration affects the broader infrastructures of public schooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been recently suggested that if the Extended Mind thesis is true, mental privacy might be under serious threat. In this paper, I look into the details of this claim and propose that one way of dealing with this emerging threat requires that data ontology be enriched with an additional kind of data—viz., mental data. I explore how mental data relates to both data and metadata and suggest that, arguably, and by contrast with these existing categories of informational content, mental data should not be merely legally protected. Rather, if we value mental privacy as we know it, technological measures should be employed to ensure that one's mental data are practically—not just legally—impossible for others to obtain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health policy and academic discourses on rare diseases and people with rare conditions frequently employ terms such as 'low prevalence' and 'unique' to characterize the smallness of the population under consideration and to justify targeted action toward these patient groups. This paper draws from recent anthropological scholarship on smallness and data, ethnographic research in Finland and Poland, as well as document and media analysis to examine how data is utilized in the context of isolated populations that are considered sites of rare diseases in these two countries. Specifically, this paper juxtaposes the notion of Finnish Disease Heritage (FDH) with that of a 'Kashubian gene' in Poland. The concept of FDH was developed by Finnish researchers in the 1970s; it encompasses almost forty rare hereditary diseases that are significantly more prevalent in Finland than elsewhere globally. On the other hand, the notion of the 'Kashubian gene' was first utilized by the media and some members of the Polish medical community around 2008. Based on 'unstable' data gathered during genetic research, the term referred to the high prevalence of a rare metabolic disorder (Long-Chain 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency) among Kashubians, an ethnic minority that resides in Northern Poland's Pomerania region. Whereas FDH facilitated the production and branding of 'a unique Finnish genetic identity' (Tupasela 2016b, 61), the notion of the 'Kashubian gene' has engendered health policy interventions targeting members of this ethnic minority and has contributed to stigmatizing practices carried out against Kashubians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a change to the remit and title of a UK government department provides a starting point for reflection on the growing role of digital technologies in the re-imagination of UK cultural policy. An early strategic report produced by the re-named DCMS was entitled Culture is Digital. Identifying the UK's cultural and technology sectors as 'the ultimate power couple,' this report directs the cultural sector towards the use of technology to enhance public engagement and to improve technical skills through the development of collaborations with technology companies. Reflecting on the place of DCMS in UK cultural policymaking and drawing on analysis of this report and associated strategic documents, including responses and updates produced in the light of the Covid pandemic, the paper analyses the claims made about the elision between culture and the digital and their consequences for the status of cultural policy within the British state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a multi-year project to inform academic development (AD) for instructors at a large university, as the result of a shift towards greater equity, diversity, inclusion, and access (EDIA) efforts. A variety of data were collected, along with extant literature focused on teaching and learning, to identify campus needs and priorities for AD, resulting in a signature pedagogy: the Framework for Inclusive Teaching Excellence. FITE enables a shared understanding of teaching and learning with an EDIA lens, which has been integrated across all aspects of AD programming and informs how teaching and learning are valued and assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is a modern scientific approach to balancing human activities both in space and time for achieving socio-economic and environmental targets through a public process. The adoption and application of the MSP approach have been proceeding in many developing countries like Indonesia to support the sustainable use of marine and coastal areas and to reduce conflicts for multiple uses of marine resources and areas. MSP also aims to reduce environmental impacts such as pollution, overfishing and illegal fishing, watershed-based pollution and coastal development impacts. Whilst the transition process from planning to implementation is an onerous mission, this paper aims to explain and learn from the process of Indonesian MSP development and propose a policy roadmap as an action plan for the national and provincial governments of Indonesia. Input for this paper was derived from a collaborative national symposium that involved 80 participants with international experts from U.S., Canada, and Australia, together with the Indonesian government, non-government sectors, and university representatives. The themes that emerged were: overcoming implementation challenges, engaging indigenous groups, zoning considerations, communicating with stakeholders, licensing and permits, collaborative enforcement, monitoring and evaluation, and land-sea cross-sectoral mechanisms. These themes were analyzed and discussed as the key instruments for a strategic approach in the operational base of MSP for Indonesia. Hindering factors to MSP implementation included data gaps, conflict of interest among stakeholders, and the complexity of the legalization process. It was agreed that committed leadership, stakeholder involvement and buy-in are essential to support effective implementation and a truly adaptive management approach for MSP in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most secondary (high) schools in a broad range of jurisdictions internationally engage in various forms of high stakes, standardized assessment and related qualifications. In this paper, we interrogate how educational achievement regimes – especially via the reporting of curriculum and assessment ‘data’ – continue to mobilize particular gender norms. Drawing on Derrida’s notion of haunting we explore how such regimes impose and reinscribe stable and binary gendered patterning and create what Barad has named ‘entangled relationalities of inheritance’ [https://doi.org/10.3366/drt.2010.0206,] despite young people (and many schools) moving towards greater recognition of non-binary genders. Drawing on assessment data from Aotearoa New Zealand, we look at both generalized reporting of educational achievement data along the lines of ‘male’ and ‘female’ and on reporting of a single (historically gendered) curriculum subject – health education. We argue that such systems are ‘haunted’ by stable gender categorizations and hierarchies and we ask what this means for the reporting of educational assessment data and the erasure of identities that don’t align with the binary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of university systems across the planet over the last fifty years has led to the emergence of a new policy assemblage – 'global higher education' that depends on the collection, curation and representation of quantitative data. In this paper I explore the use of data by higher education policy actors to sustain 'epistemic coloniality'. Building on a rich genealogy of anticolonial, postcolonial and feminist scholarship, I show how decolonial theory can be used to critique dominant global higher education imaginaries and the data infrastructures they depend on. Tracing the history of these infrastructures, I begin with OECD's creation of decontextualised educational 'indicators'. I go on to track the policy impact of global university league tables owned by commercial organisations. They assemble and commensurate institutional data into rankings that become taken-for-granted 'global' policy knowledge. I end by exploring the policy challenge of building alternative socio-technical infrastructures, and finding new ways to value higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how trust in teacher professional judgment has been reconstituted through the globalised trends of performative accountability and reductive data-driven logics. The article draws upon empirical research from interviews with teachers and school leaders as well as observations of teacher preparation days, classroom and staff professional learning communities (PLCs), as part of a larger study of schooling practices in two geographically and contextually bound Queensland public schools. The paper focuses attention upon the socio-political, material-economic and cultural-discursive conditions inscribed in how data are currently understood and deployed, and how these conditions constrain trust in teachers, devaluing teachers' own professional judgment. Specifically, we flag how the practices and conditions that constrained trust were manifest in a) pressures to ensure teachers generated and collected data on an ongoing basis to substantiate their claims about student learning, and b) a perceived mistrust amongst parents and a subsequent need to justify decision-making on the basis of 'hard evidence'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fintechs are crucial to ensuring Europe's transition to a digital economy. In its Digital Finance Strategy, the Commission endorses the need to ensure a level playing field in the provision of digital financial services. However, the dominant position that banks hold in the European economy has enabled them to engage in abusive practices, such as the refusal to grant access to data to fintechs. Such a practice could also occur among bigtechs, which are soon to become dominant players in the payment services sphere. The first part of this article pertains to the Payment Services Directive II and to what extent it has contributed towards levelling the playing field between banks and fintechs. The second part of this paper analyses the extent to which provisions of the proposed Digital Markets Act (DMA) could help contribute towards levelling the playing field between bigtechs and fintechs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors have used Block Chain technology for tie-line power transferred data in respect to trustworthy monitoring, non-tamper proof and traceability. Nepanagar–Dharni tie-line between MP Electricity Board and Maharashtra Electricity Board is considered. Also, an example of a solar power plant connected to the grid and a consumer is considered to show the security concern using Block Chain Technology. The intrinsic features of decentralized block chain technology enable the grid owner, utility and consumer to maintain the privacy and security of the data set and Image sharing of tie-line power transferred data and Image. The smart contract can register and authorize the grid corporation authority to access the tie-line power transferred during the period and make payments to the concern in compliance with the regulatory and involved parties' consent policy. Security's role as a trust model is used to sort out the discrepancy in the exchange for power monitored by the phase measurement unit. Distributed and scalable data models based on the block chain are implemented using a heterogeneous set of MYSQL database management systems, hosted on the AWS cloud. If the power is transferred to a tie line connected to the Railway traction system, the data and Image of the train and its status can be secured with block chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a literature review on the ethics of self-tracking technologies which are utilized by users to monitor parameters related to their activity and bodily parameters. By examining a total of 65 works extracted through a systematic database search and backwards snowballing, the authors of this review discuss three categories of opportunities and ten categories of concerns currently associated with self-tracking. The former include empowerment and well-being, contribution to health goals, and solidarity. The latter are social harms, privacy and surveillance, ownership control and commodification of data, autonomy, data-facilitated harm, datafication and interpretability of data, negative impact on relation to self and others, shortcomings of design, negative impact on health perception, and regulation and enforcement of rules. The review concludes with a critical analysis of the existing literature and an overview of a future research agenda that could complement the current work on ethics of self-tracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines digital data use within three Australian secondary schools, drawing on in-depth interviews with 50 school staff to explore tensions between: (i) established logics of "data-driven" schooling; and (ii) emerging "datafied" practices associated with digital systems, platforms and devices. Using sociological theorisation of institutional logics, the article examines how promises of digital "dataism" are thwarted by the entrenched temporal organisation of schooling, and teacher-centred understandings of students as coerced subjects. As such, prevailing logics of state bureaucracy and professionalism combine in ways that temper the prospect of individualism, self-regulation, continuous feedback, and other implicit promises of digital data. The paper considers the extent to which school data logics can endure amid the increased digitisation of K-12 education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to outline a data integration response to the demands placed on the pastoral care department through the COVID-19 pandemic. Uniquely, these demands accelerated the need to implement documentation of care directed towards staff to complement the data derived from patient visitation. The motivation for this initiative is in part, to provide a complete picture of the care provided by hospital chaplains using an evidence-based approach through the implementation of data science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing demands for data, the subscription scheme came into being in the face of pricing for an extensive and unfixed number of data items. However, in the existing subscription scheme, a diversity of customers in the real market may lead to the lack of stability, which means risking the failure of pricing. Additionally, the study involves arbitrage-free, an essential economics concept, which is not reasonable on data items. To address these problems, this paper provides insights for designing an improved subscription scheme that includes two components: the calculation and the specific validity. On the one hand, the calculation improves the existing scheme by building a new structure that combines different customers' behaviours instead of the separated calculation in the existing scheme, and can steadily set prices for subscriptions to maximise the sellers' profit even in a real market. On the other hand, the specific validity shows the improvement towards arbitrage-free by taking the characteristics of data subscriptions into account. In other words, the specific validity endows the scheme with more rationality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an intriguing topic in a mathematical modelling course where Lanchester models are taught to our students. Lanchester models are some of the earliest and most important models used for combat modelling. We describe modelling activities and the use of technology that can be implemented in teaching this topic in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safeguarding national security requires ensuring cyber security of a nation. While India has a wider law framework to ensure national security as against wrongs committed in real world, it is yet to match this framework to suit to the regulatory framework essential to address concerns raised due to the abuse of cyber technology. Though Indian laws including substantive legal provisions empowers the State to regulate acts affecting national as well as cyber security, its procedural rules suffers from being outdated and thereby irrelevant in addressing the concerns specific to cyber space. Ensuring national security requires access to data, both personal as well as non-personal data. While recent legal developments have been focusing on extending wider protection to privacy including data privacy, the State agencies strive to access data, which at times are crucial to the enforcement of laws in general and to ensure national security in specific. Jurisdictional issues further complicates the matter. As a result, the law enforcement agencies expect proactive coordination from internet intermediary in facilitating access to data, e-surveillance, decryption, internet traffic data monitoring, etc. Intermediaries on the other hand are also legally mandated to ensure data privacy, freedom of speech and other rights of internet users. This often has led to the conflicting concerns requiring new legal response. This paper will overview the existing laws as well as assess the changes Indian law is currently undergoing in these regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic remains from excavated sites include a wide range of materials, from distinct organisms ('ecofacts') to biomolecules. Biomolecules provide a variety of new research avenues, while ecofacts with longer histories of study are now being re-harnessed in unexpected ways. These resources are unlocking research potential, transcending what was previously imagined possible. However, this 'organics revolution' comes with a salutary corollary: our approaches to recovering and curating organics, and making accessible research data, are not developing as quickly as we need. In this paper, we review retention guidelines for institutions in Britain and Ireland, setting this against the backdrop of a 'curation crisis' that is affecting museums throughout Europe, and beyond. We suggest key themes, including the state of existing documentation and considerations of intrinsic and allied research potential, that should be used to open a discussion about the development of more comprehensive and standardised approaches to archiving in the future. Engaging in this conversation is the only way that we can hope to ensure the long-term retention and preservation of organics, while safeguarding associated research data. These changes are needed to ensure future global research collaborations across the academic, curatorial and professional archaeological sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers an insight into the process and potential of Deleuze-inspired action research. It draws on a classroom action research (CAR) project that critically reconceptualises practices of reflective writing in teacher education, including the widespread use of the 'professional learning journal' as a resource to facilitate reflection on practice. Students following a teacher education programme in England took part in an innovative mode of engagement with texts, including their learning journals, drawing on the Deleuzo-Guattarian notion of the text as an agent that acts outside of itself. The process was called 'implicated reading'. An example of a teaching and learning intervention, in the form of a seminar transcript, is offered as an illustration of how Deleuzian theory and philosophy can inspire and shape innovations in practice. The transcript also serves as an opportunity to reimagine the ways in which data and data analysis are conceptualised and practiced in action research (AR) projects. Data is (re)conceptualised as agentic, rather than inert or indifferent. Synthesis is privileged over analysis so that the transcript acts as a provocation to rethink the relation between theory and data, asking what is made possible when these are 'plugged into' one another to raise questions that otherwise would have remained unthought. Ultimately, the article offers a worked example of what happens when action researchers take up the challenge of working and thinking within a Deleuzian ontology that seeks to maintain the plurality and potentialities of AR in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This conceptual paper aims to serve two purposes: 1) introduce theories of surveillance to aid leisure scholars in exploring surveillance in its many forms; and, 2) add to the discussion on surveillance by layering "the leisure body" onto existing theory. We begin by introducing three groupings of "surveillance" theory: panoptic surveillance (think Bentham and Foucault), post-panoptical surveillance (think Deleuze), and contemporary surveillance (Galič et al., 2017). Panoptic surveillance is a physical surveillance (reliant on a fleshy body and physical space) where, like in Bentham's and Foucault's panopticons, the individual polices personal presentation and action under the presumption of being watched. We theorize this as surveillance on the body; it is body-to-body even as it is mediated through technology. Post-panoptical surveillance is less dependent on distinct, physical spaces, and particularly those of enclosure. We theorize this as the digital merging with the physical, where surveillance comes from the interaction of the technological with the fleshy body. Although this surveillance is less reliant on specific times and spaces—occurring within or through the body—it is nonetheless conditioned by our physical connections to technological devices. This is technology-to-body surveillance that is dependent on a physical interaction between the two. Contemporary surveillance is not dependent upon a physical linkage between technology and the body or a space of enclosure; it both marks an individual and simultaneously dissolves them into an ocean of big data. It is an inescapable surveillance as existence in the modern world. We call this technobody surveillance where the need for the interaction between technologies and fleshy bodies is subsumed by the gaseous and pervasive nature of apparatuses of surveillance. With each, we provide an exemplar from leisure practice, time, and/or space to illustrate how each operates within leisure phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data infrastructures for the Frontex joint operations are often only temporary and thus in need of being built up and removed easily, adjustable to changing constellations of security actors, and adaptable to new situations. They need to work through flaws, gaps, and inconsistencies. Still, they fabricate data used for the re-identification of migrants, police investigations, situational pictures, or risk analysis and lead to the intensification of security practices of Frontex. This is accomplished by data infrastructures that are provisional by design. People and forms are used as provisional gateway to interconnect various installed bases of national police and coast guard authorities, informal communication channels and 'other' entry fields proliferate around partially standardized classification systems, and ongoing coordination and repair tame and validate the proliferation of data. With this, the data infrastructure of joint border operations hints to a mode of Europeanization that is neither supranational nor intergovernmental. Instead of centralized administrations or fully integrated information systems, it aims for partial harmonization through interconnecting loosely information systems and institutional ecologies of national and EU agencies alike. This causes issues of accountability and requires an analysis that takes the mundane socio-technical conditions of knowledge production into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In education and psychology, single-case designs (SCDs) have been used to detect treatment effects using time series data in the presence or absence of intervention. One popular design variant of SCDs is a multiple-baseline design for multiple outcomes, which often collects outcomes with some form of a count. A Poisson model is a natural choice for the count outcome. However, the assumption of the Poisson model that the outcome variable's mean is equal to its variance is often violated in SCDs, as the variance is often larger than the mean (called overdispersion). In addition, when multiple outcomes are from the same participant, it is likely that they are correlated. In this paper, we present a vector Poisson log-normal additive (V-PLN-A) model to deal with (a) change processes (auto- and cross-correlations and data-driven trend) and (b) correlation and overdispersion in multivariate count time series. A multivariate normal distribution was adapted to account for correlation among multiple outcomes as well as possible overdispersion. The V-PLN-A model was applied to an educational intervention study to test treatment effects. Simulation study results showed that parameter recovery of the V-PLN-A model was satisfactory in a large number of timepoints using Bayesian analysis, and that ignoring change processes and overdispersion led to biased estimates of the treatment effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of metrics and analytics at Norway's national broadcaster, NRK, allows the audience to participate in the news process, impacting story promotion, selection, and formatting. Cognizant of the inherent limitations of quantitative data, NRK created what employees describe as a qualitative analytics system, Janus. Janus was designed in an effort to better measure a digital story's journalistic value, but its use was sporadic. Conversely, analysis of quantitative data significantly impacted editorial decision-making. Discussions surrounding analytics were part of a greater negotiation inside the public broadcaster that challenged traditional ideas surrounding a story's relevance and worth. Through the lens of media logic, with data gathered through ethnographic research and analyzed within a sociological framework, this paper explores how audience participation is changing how the value of a story is measured; the difficulty of developing and using a qualitative analytics system; the resulting prominence placed on quantitative metrics; and the tensions that arise with the use of new technologies that push professional boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At a United Nations space conference in 1982, NASA officials unveiled Global Habitability, an Earth science initiative to study the physical, chemical, and biological processes of the world's lands, oceans, and atmosphere as a single, integrated system using a fleet of Earth observing satellites. A peaceful and timely initiative that focused on global environmental problems and invited international participation, US officials fully anticipated that it would be favourably received. However, the international response to Global Habitability was not merely unfavourable but openly hostile, leading to the initiative's failure and its almost total obscurity today. This paper explores the history of this unsuccessful initiative to launch a global Earth science research program. Global Habitability was the product of a small group of US scientists who failed to grasp the inherently political nature of data and the importance of the geopolitical context of the 1970s and early 1980s for a scientific and technological research program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a hauntological frame, this article investigates how the ghosts of colonial pasts are re-emerging in India's national universal biometric identity system, Aadhaar, and a software infrastructure built on top of it, India Stack. It shows how Aadhaar and India Stack facilitate the extraction of data as a form of 'data colonialism.' Examining data colonialism through an enquiry of how the multifarious and unstable relations of colonialism are bound up with the extractive processes of digital data, the article uses a historical approach considering the shifting trajectories of identity ecologies in India to see what is dispossessed through Aadhaar and India Stack. In doing so it continues a trend in spectral writing – forcing an intervention between colonial pasts and presents. Detailing a specific chronology of events, the article reveals how 'data relations' have been co-produced by the Indian state and corporate fintech bodies over the last decade to coerce populations into a 'digital financialisation.' Using the metaphor of 'structural-shape-shifting', it shows how colonial relations continue within data relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is expected that public policy should be based on evidence rather than on any ideology, or any pre-decided goal. Public policymaking should ideally be 'evidence-based.' Data and information constitute evidence. Data needs to be processed and analysed to be used as evidence. To process and analyse data, we need data literacy. The Covid-19 crisis revealed the importance of data and data literacy for sound policy decisions. In the post-pandemic world, data literacy will be an essential skill for policymakers and civil servants. Data literacy should be an essential part of the relevant undergraduate and post-graduate degree curriculums, but also of the in-service training programmes for civil servants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital transformation of architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) is being hailed as a panacea for the sectors' problems, with major actors in government and business promoting it as a benevolent harbinger of greater efficiency, productivity, better quality, and environmental performance. However, advancing digitalization in AEC is intertwined with a distinct political-economic logic that involves new constraints, dependencies, and a reconfiguration of power relations. Specifically, Building Information Modeling (BIM) as a digital convergence of three-dimensional building models, databases, and interfaces for multidisciplinary collaboration operates as a runway technology for digitalization and an entry point for platformization impelled by global software giants, such as this article's empirical case of software company Autodesk and its BIM product portfolio shows. BIM's linkage of governmental policy strategies with the techno-economic platform logic of software subscription models, open application programming interfaces, and cloud-enabled collaboration ensures management and control of construction data and software interoperability. At the same time, BIM's techno-economic and political configuration facilitates a near-monopolistic structure in the global architecture and construction software market. It thus grants one hegemonic company immense power to define what formats, standards, and data for building models and design processes are being used in creating the built environment. The expansive, intersecting logics of assetization, platformization, and datafication have been taking hold in the AEC sector, raising questions about their stratifying effects in the built environment and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schooling in Australia has become subject to increased processes of data-based governance. This article draws upon the insights of an experienced teacher, 'Meriam', who, having taught more than 34-years over almost a 50-year span, reflected upon the nature of such changes. Utilising theorising in relation to datafication processes and accountability logics, the article elaborates Meriam's efforts to engage productively with increased attention to measuring and monitoring students' performance via various modes of data. This is in the context of increased pressure in the state of Queensland to justify teachers' practices, and to show how their students' learning had shown improvement on these data over short periods of time. In this sense, the article challenges a more post-performative conception of professionalism as Meriam struggled to comprehend how the increased attention to a plethora of data could serve as a useful vehicle to inform teachers' work and learning; this was the case even as she found some benefits in increased attention to her own practice and learning. The article delineates the constraints associated with increased attention to data, and how current managerial and neoliberal policy conditions in schools may contribute to potentially significant and harmful effects for both teacher and student learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data from seven R1 and R2 universities in Ohio, this study seeks to determine the extent of usage of full-text e-journal articles stored across multiple platforms. Specifically, COUNTER 5 data is presented from five major academic journal publishers (Taylor & Francis, SAGE, Oxford, Wiley, and Springer), looking at usage within each of the publishers' respective platforms, as well as in EBSCO, JSTOR, and OhioLINK's Electronic Journal Center platform. The overarching goal of the analysis is to identify where exactly usage occurred for this e-journal content within the different platforms, especially in cases where an individual title has duplicate full-text access. Analysis of this data was conducted using Tableau and Excel. Findings raise significant questions about end-user behavior in terms of students' and faculty's ability to locate full text, regardless of whether it is discoverable from Google or other commercial search engines. The findings also suggest a strong connection between EBSCO usage and the academic calendar, with peak usage (as a percentage of overall usage) occurring in October, November, March, and April. Lastly, findings for Taylor & Francis e-journals within EBSCO call into question what these duplicate holdings mean for "big deal" subscription packages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional reasonable estimation algorithm of data movement trend has some problems, such as easily falling into local optimum, high computational complexity, and poor generality. This paper presents a reasonable estimation algorithm of data movement trend based on big data analysis. The combination of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and mutation operation can prevent the stagnation of particle swarm evolution and improve the estimation ability. While using the PSO algorithm for global search, it combines the characteristics of the movement vector effectively, selects the appropriate particle population, and uses the appropriate termination strategy to reduce the computational complexity and obtain the constraint conditions of the trend trajectory of the data movement. Through the database system center server and the location server, the data access is carried out co processing and querying, and the differential evolution algorithm is used to estimate the original database in the system initialization stage. Experiments show that the proposed algorithm can reasonably estimate the trend of data movement under big data analysis, with low computational complexity and good versatility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A standard element of the undergraduate ordinary differential equations course is the topic of separable equations. For instructors of those courses, we present here a series of novel modeling scenarios that prove to be a compelling motivation for the utility of differential equations. Furthermore, the growing complexity of the models leads to the development of various types of separable equations. Finally, survey data of the student experience of modeling indicates a general appreciation for modeling tasks such as this and a positive indication of their educational value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study seeks to design a communication system for a power grid, that will ensure real-time and low-latency communication and automation between the utility and the end users. The performance characterization of the VCSEL in G.655 non-zero dispersion shifted fibre transmitting at 1550 nm is experimentally and theoretically analysed. The experiment reported the various evaluations of BER and eye diagrams using a VCSEL and a DFB laser as light sources. There was the successful achievement of 10 Gbps in 25 and 50 km for VCSEL and DFB respectively. In simultaneous data and clock transmission, 0.4 GHz and 10 Gbps over 25 km was successfully achieved using a VCSEL. The study is significant in the establishment of a pervasive communication system as the backbone of smart power grid design technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintenance is evolving due to the double-sided influence of the Asset Management paradigm and digitalization. In this evolution, assessing the maintenance management process status in terms of process completeness, information and data completeness and integration is paramount to boost reliable data-driven decision-making. Grounding on Design Science Research, a methodology is realized to favour the comparison of two data models, a reference one and a company-specific one, used as a means to evaluate the process status. In particular, the methodology embeds a reference data model for the maintenance management process. Both methodology and data model are artefacts tested and refined during action research in an automotive company willing to improve the maintenance management process. The application of both artefacts demonstrates that the company is facilitated in planning improvement actions for various time horizons to foster a modern maintenance practice whose decision-making is more data-driven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate data collection from LGBTIQ+ communities is crucial for public health research and the provision of equitable services. Emergent fluid, multiple, trans and non-binary gender identities complicate data collection in ways that make an excellent case-study for rethinking the categorization of such data. In this article, we explore some of the obstacles to collecting data from trans, gender-diverse and non-binary (TGD) communities, and the difficulties in synthesizing meaning about fluid or multiple identity categories. We review a selection of international surveys from the last 10 years and then present a case-study of data collection in an Australian mixed-methods study of LGBTQ+ young people's uses of social media. In doing so we draw upon trans and gender diverse people's lived experiences to reinterpret our survey dataset in which responses that 'refused categorisation' were initially removed. We argue that theorizing the 'social life of data' – that is analysing the disciplinary orientation and purpose of research, while also acknowledging the moment and site of data collection, the methods used, and the mutable meanings in play – better accounts for the lived experiences of gender beyond binary and static identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]