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The contents of his Red Book document experiences that C.G. Jung had during his confrontation with his unconscious. Jung's great imaginal work was possibly composed while he was in the midst of a pathological process. This paper identifies two works that foreshadowed The Red Book: Nietzsche's Thus spoke Zarathustra, and Hildegard's Scivias. Of interest is the fact that these two precursors of the red book were also great works of imaginal literature that were composed when their respective authors were in the throes of illness. The second part of this paper discusses the relationship between the imaginal and the pathological. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was aimed to examine the probability problems which were posed based on continuous sample space and discrete sample space. Participants of the study consisted of 48 university students selected by using the convenience sampling method. Eight tasks related to continuous and discrete variables were designed by the researcher. Eight problems posed by each student in accordance with these tasks, their reflection papers and interviews conducted with them constituted the data of the study. Problems were analysed according to appropriateness, solvability, context, applicability, language and variable type dimensions. Findings revealed that most solvable problems were in real-life context, applicable and had clear language. However, most of the unsolvable problems had missing information. Inappropriate problems either were not generated depending on the task instructions or suitable variables were not used in them. Students had difficulties particularly in posing continuous sample space problems. It was concluded that problem posing was an effective practice for students since it enhanced their knowledge about probability and helped them to gain insight into problem posing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MOOCs (massive open online courses) have attracted a great deal of research and attention; however, few studies have focused on the factors that influence MOOC teacher effectiveness, which is the key to the development of MOOCs. Based on the perspective of professional capital and social exchange theory, this paper aims to study the factors that influence MOOC teacher effectiveness. First, the research hypotheses are proposed from the teacher's perspective to build the research model based on factors affecting MOOC teacher effectiveness. Second, the iCourse platform is selected as the research object because it has the largest number of active users in China. As of March 1, 2019, the effective research data of 7380 teachers were obtained from iCourse to build a multivariate regression model. The results highlight the main factors that affect MOOC teacher effectiveness from the perspective of professional capital. Finally, relevant suggestions are proposed for the development of MOOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated health inequalities worldwide, having a disproportionately harsh impact on unprivileged populations such as migrants and refugees. These populations are often more exposed to the virus, but less protected, while at the same time being at higher risk of suffering from poor living and working conditions, limited access to healthcare, and discrimination by the host society, all of which is challenging to their mental health. Empirical evidence on how the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting migrants and refugees is required to design effective actions aimed at ensuring health equity. Therefore, this paper aims to analyse how the pandemic has impacted the psychological well-being of migrants and refugees living in Spain. This study was carried out within the framework of the ApartTogether study sponsored by the World Health Organization. Data collection was carried out during March-November 2020, through an online survey completed by 241 participants (age: M = 37 years; 129 women). The results indicate that 78.7% of participants had suffered a decrease in their psychological well-being since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, with number of difficulties and worries experienced being the best individual predictors of this outcome. Enjoying social connections and perceiving positive treatment from the host society were positively associated with psychological well-being at a relational and community level, respectively. Based on these findings, we outline priority areas of psychosocial interventions aimed at guaranteeing the mental health of migrants and refugees in the face of the pandemic in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining values for latent variables in factor analysis models, also referred to as factor scores, has long been of interest to researchers. However, many treatments of factor analysis do not focus on inference about the latent variables, and even fewer do so from a Bayesian perspective. Researchers may therefore be ill-acquainted with Bayesian thinking on this issue, despite the fact that certain existing procedures may be seen as Bayesian to some extent. The focus of this paper is to provide a conceptual grounding for Bayesian inference for latent variables, articulating not only what Bayesian inference has to say about values for latent variables, but why Bayesian inference is suited for this problem. As to why, it is argued that the notion of exchangeability motivates the form of factor analysis, as well as Bayesian inference for latent variables. The argument is supported by documenting the widespread use of Bayesian inference in analogous settings, including latent variables in other measurement models, multilevel models, and missing data. As to what, this work describes a Bayesian analysis when other parameters are known, as well as partially and fully Bayesian analyses when other parameters are unknown. This facilitates a discussion of various choices researchers have when adopting Bayesian approaches to inference about latent variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applications of circular regression models are ubiquitous in many disciplines, particularly in meteorology, biology and geology. In circular regression models, variable selection problem continues to be a remarkable open question. In this paper, we address variable selection in linear-circular regression models where uni-variate linear dependent and a mixed set of circular and linear independent variables constitute the data set. We consider Bayesian lasso which is a popular choice for variable selection in classical linear regression models. We show that Bayesian lasso in linear-circular regression models is not able to produce robust inference as the coefficient estimates are sensitive to the choice of hyper-prior setting for the tuning parameter. To eradicate the problem, we propose a robustified Bayesian lasso that is based on an empirical Bayes (EB) type methodology to construct a hyper-prior for the tuning parameter while using Gibbs Sampling. This hyper-prior construction is computationally more feasible than the hyper-priors that are based on correlation measures. We show in a comprehensive simulation study that Bayesian lasso with EB-GS hyper-prior leads to a more robust inference. Overall, the method offers an efficient Bayesian lasso for variable selection in linear-circular regression while reducing model complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertility rates in Nigeria are declining at such a modest rate, that if more proactive measures are not employed to reduce fertility, the nation may double its population before long. We empirically examined fertility behaviour as derivatives of specific subgroup social norms, and the variations in the factors responsible for different fertility behaviours, using the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. Descriptive bivariate, and multinomial logistic regression analyses were used to predict the contribution of demographic and sociocultural factors contributing to the fertility level, and findings were reported as odds ratios. Results revealed that age, religion and level of education are the most significant predictors of fertility level, with remarkable differences in birth rate across subgroups, whereas North-West Nigeria had the highest fertility level. Furthermore, marriage had a significantly negative effect on high fertility among North-Western women, whereas higher education significantly increased high fertility among North-Eastern women. In conclusion, subgroup social norms fertility behaviour is responsible for the persistent fertility differential outcome in Nigeria. Thus, the paper strongly advocates the need to intensify community-led, norm-based solution and not a universal approach in addressing fertility control in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This perspective paper illustrates the usefulness of explicitly integrating motor learning terminology with evolving therapeutic approaches. Physiotherapy specific scoliosis exercises (PSSEs) include a growing number of approaches to scoliosis management and serve as an example of this integration. Three quintessential patient cases (a young hypermobile adolescent, a post-pubescent teen, and an adult with childhood diagnosis of scoliosis) serve to contrast the clinical decision-making process for a PSSE plan of care when organized within a motor learning framework. As intervention approaches evolve, aligning the unique terminologies from different schools of thought with motor learning constructs would provide a common language for clinicians, academics and researchers to facilitate comparison of approaches and organize intervention care plans. Linking a motor learning framework and terminology to PSSE may facilitate comparison of PSSE treatment approaches by clinicians, academics, and researchers, as well as advance the global quality of care for patients with scoliosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kinetic models were widely used to analyze the dynamic adsorption behaviors in a batch system and reveal the mass-transfer mechanisms. The previous review papers were mainly confined to the description of the kinetic models, assessment of the fitting quality, determination of the model parameters and practical application in the field of water and wastewater treatment. However, the curve characteristics of the kinetic models and their mathematical relations were rarely mentioned in the literature. How to select and determine the optimum model remained to be further discussed. Thus, in addition to improving previous work, the main objectives of this review were: (i) to identify the curve characteristics of the kinetic models by control variates; (ii) to reveal their mathematical relations by variable substitution; (iii) to determine the optimum model by error functions and residual plot; and (iv) to correct some common mistakes in the literature. The pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) equations were two special cases of mixed 1,2-order equation (MOE). The PFO and Furusawa–Smith equations were mathematically equivalent. This review is expected to help readers better understand and use the adsorption kinetic models and provide potential ideas for the development of new kinetic models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child abuse may potentially create the behavioral problems particularly in the children of parents with substance use disorder. Thus, the current study was conducted to investigate the effects of child abuse on the behavioral problems in the children of parents with substance use disorder using the emotional regulation and social skills as mediators. In this paper, the method of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied. The study population included 358 children of parents with substance use disorder whose parents had referred to the addiction treatment center in Kermanshah province, Iran (2017-2018). Conners Comprehensive Behavior Rating Scales (CBRS), Emotion Regulation Checklist (ERC), Social Skills Rating Scale (SSRS) Questionnaire, and Child Abuse Questionnaire were also used for data collection. IBM SPSS Amos 22 software was utilized for statistical analysis of the obtained data. The SEM was also analyzed to confirm fit of the model. The results showed a direct relationship between the child abuse and behavioral problems so that, the boys outperformed the girls in this regard. The findings also suggested a significant relationship between the family characteristics and behavioral problems. On the other hand, family characteristics and emotional regulation had direct and significant effects on improvement of the social skills (P < 0.001). The results revealed a direct effect of child abuse on the behavioral problems in the children of parents with substance use disorder. Thus, it is suggested to take a preventive approach toward child abuse in the children of parents with substance use disorder by employing a comprehensive program and intervention methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hong Kong experienced the SARS pandemic in 2003. Seventeen years later, the Covid-19 pandemic now challenges Hong Kong and the world. This study aims to unveil the impact of the pandemic on health social workers. One hundred and sixty-six health care social workers in Hong Kong were recruited to join a cross-sectional online survey from November 2020 to March 2021. This paper includes the analysis of the demographic information, fear of contamination, resilience, perceived social support and physical health only. Irrespective of the demographic background, the level of fear of contamination, resilience, perceived social support and physical health were similar. The mean scores of the two dimensions of fear of contamination (Harm avoidance: m = 7.49, s.d. = 3.25; Disgust avoidance: m = 7.75, s.d. = 2.90) were higher than those of general public and clinical samples with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. No moderation effects were found in resilience and perceived social support in the relationship of fear of contamination and physical health. Instead, direct effects were shown.The impact of the pandemic on health social workers was universal. Psychoeducational programs to alleviate the fear of contamination and organizational-level interventions to improve workplace social support are highly needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For organisations utilising big data platforms, knowledge sharing helps spread contextualised information of data, increases efficiencies and reduces the cost of lost knowledge when employees leave. Query-Driven Knowledge Sharing Systems (QKSS) partially automate knowledge sharing in analytics teams by building context into data, enabling the reuse of complex queries. Although QKSS can improve knowledge sharing, encouraging reuse behaviour is a significant issue for adoption. This paper analyses the applicability of gamification for improving knowledge reuse in QKSS. In collaboration with a Sydney-based data analytics firm, we recruited professional data analysts to participate in an experiment. The recruited analysts were asked to complete Structured Query Language tasks using either the firm's QKSS platform or a gamified version which included a small number of gamified elements designed to increase the likelihood of query reuse. The results demonstrate the positive impact of gamification on query reuse and the efficiency of tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present ArmMenu, a command input approach for distant displays. ArmMenu has a circular interface like pie menus and menu selection is performed by proprioception-based lateral arm movements. We implemented ArmMenu with an off-the-shelf body tracking device (Kinect) and conducted two experiments to validate its efficacy. In the first experiment, we explored the design space of ArmMenu by varying the number of menu items, with exposed or hidden menu modes. Users can operate up to 8-item menus with high selection accuracy (>98%). ArmMenu was fast and accurate even with the hidden menu mode. The second experiment compared the performance of ArmMenu and touchless marking menus. While having similar selection accuracy, ArmMenu was faster and more preferable by users. Our studies consequently demonstrate ArmMenu's effectiveness for command input on distant displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lasso and Ridge estimators are effective variable selection methods for a simple linear model. While the multiple linear model is often used in practice, only few studies have examined its problem of variable selection. To address this gap, we study such problem by taking advantage of the Lasso and Ridge estimate. We propose two variable selection methods in the multiple linear model and introduce the multiple random simulation (MRS) algorithm, whose efficiency is similar to that of the least angle regression (LARS) algorithm in a simple linear model. We verify the performance of these two algorithms by applying them to real diabetes data and find that the LARS algorithm cannot be easily applied in a multiple linear model. We also illustrate the excellent performance of MRS by applying this algorithm on a simulated dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined whether cumulative exposure to poor housing conditions is negatively associated with psychological well-being, and whether this association varies by age. Using fifteen waves of the Korean Welfare Panel Study between 2005 and 2019 (118,500 person-observations), this study employed fixed-effects regression models to account for unobserved individual-level heterogeneity. Exposure to poor housing conditions ranged from 1 to more than 5 annual waves. To formally test for age heterogeneity, interactive models were estimated. The trajectories of change in psychological well-being associated with cumulative exposure to poor housing conditions were different between young and middle-aged adults and older adults. Among young and middle-aged adults, the levels of depressive symptoms increased in the first year of exposure but remained at a similar level since then. In contrast, with the persistence of poor housing conditions, older adults continued to develop greater depressive symptoms over time. Similar age differences were found for life satisfaction. As exposure to poor housing conditions accumulated, life satisfaction persistently declined among older adults, but not young and middle-aged adults. This study suggests that cumulative exposure to poor housing conditions has more adverse psychological consequences for older adults than young and middle-aged adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time pressure, a common phenomenon in everyday workplace environments, is an important driver for non-secure cybersecurity behaviour in organisations. Under time pressure, users are more likely to rely upon fast, affect-driven decision making, increasing their susceptibility to make mistakes and justify non-secure workarounds. This contributes to the role of human error in cybersecurity and counteracts cybersecurity measures (CSMs) designed to protect organisations from threats and vulnerabilities. In this study, we report results from an online survey (N = 207), investigating how users perceive the effectiveness of CSMs for facilitating secure behaviour under time pressure. Understanding how users perceive the effectiveness of CSMs is important to inform the design and implementation of such measures in practice. We find that perceived CSM effectiveness differs greatly across measures. Thereby, users' appreciation of incident severity and the general level of time pressure in their daily lives emerge as important antecedents. We discuss theoretical and practical implications for the design and implementation of CSMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study utilizes Hawkley, Cacioppo, and colleagues' model of loneliness and health to examine the influence of parent-child relationships on the health of incarcerated women. Participants were 121 incarcerated female adults who have at least one child, and who completed a questionnaire with measures of parental involvement, parent-child closeness, loneliness, overall health, physical functioning, depression, and anxiety. Results reveal that among incarcerated women, perceptions of close and involved relationships with their children were associated with less loneliness, and less loneliness was associated with better overall health and physical functioning, as well as lower depression and anxiety. Findings highlight the importance of including loneliness in studies that examine the impact of parent-child relationships on health, especially for this vulnerable population, and suggest that it is worthwhile to engage in efforts to help incarcerated women maintain close and involved relationships with their children through high-quality communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of the Internet and the widespread adoption of mobile devices, live streaming has become a new social medium in the last few years. Hence, the continuous usage of live streaming platforms has become an important issue. Based on social exchange theory, this study investigates how different kinds of interactions affect viewers' sense of virtual community (SOVC) and in turn facilitate their continuous watching intention. Empirical results (N = 423) reveal that both viewer-broadcaster interaction and viewer-viewer interaction positively affect viewers' SOVC, which further enhances their stickiness. Furthermore, viewer-platform interaction positively moderates the effects of interactions between viewers and broadcasters on their SOVC, whereas the moderating role of gift-giving behaviour is insignificant. Finally, the effects of viewer-broadcaster interaction and viewer-viewer interaction on stickiness are partially mediated by SOVC. This study contributes to in-depth research on the relationships between different specific interactions and viewers' continuous watching intention, which enriches the existing study on live streaming and deepens our understanding of viewers' stickiness. The empirical findings of this study suggest that social media developers and managers take actions to encourage interactions that increase viewers' stickiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their racialized identity and immigrant status, African immigrants face increased risk for social exclusion and other negative outcomes. Research indicates that discrimination, social and economic disadvantage increase risk for substance use among Black populations in the United States. While emerging studies on African immigrants have explored consequences of social exclusion on psychological health, little is known about how these conditions impact substance use patterns. This study examined the effects of social exclusion on alcohol and/or other drug use, and non-medical use of prescription drugs among African immigrants, and explored whether perceived discrimination mediated this relationship. Data were collected between 2019 and 2020 from a cross-sectional survey examining experiences of first and second-generation African immigrants across the United States (N = 597). The majority of the sample identified as female (71%) and Black (82%). Structural equation modeling was conducted with probit regression paths to examine the direct and indirect effects of three dimensions of social exclusion (sociocultural, economic, and structural) on alcohol and/or other drug use and non-medical use of prescription drugs, with perceived discrimination as the mediator. Increased sociocultural and structural exclusion significantly increased the likelihood of alcohol and/or other drug use and non-medical use of prescription drugs through the perceived discrimination pathway. Structural exclusion also had direct effects on substance use. Findings highlight the importance of examining social stressors when exploring risk for substance use, and point to the need for prevention efforts that reduce negative attitudes and promote inclusivity of this marginalized population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the categorization of relationships between child complainants and accused perpetrators in cases of child sexual abuse (CSA). Researchers that have focused on complainant-accused relationships and other case variables, often combining two extrafamilial complainant-accused relationship categories: Relationships where the accused is connected to the child through their position in the community (i.e. community connections) and relationships where the non-relative accused is known to the child through a connection to the child's family (i.e. non-relative family connections). Using a database of 4,237 Canadian judicial decisions in cases of CSA, we reviewed a subset of 1,515 judicial decisions to explore differences between these two relationship categories. Compared to cases involving non-relative family connections, cases involving community connections had more male complainants, more multiple complainants, older complainants, higher frequencies of abuse, longer durations, and longer delays. We conclude that community and non-relative family connections are distinct relationships that should be separated for analyses in future research. Practical implications of recognizing the distinctiveness of non-relative family and community connection relationship categories in the context of abuse prevention and treatment are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate potential means to bridge the digital divide between person with and without disabilities in Malaysia. A conceptual framework with one endogenous variable (digital divide) and two exogenous variables (government initiatives and assistive technology) was developed. The study applied quantitative survey research through the distribution of self-administrated questionnaires. The Department of Social Welfare reported that the total population of persons with disabilities in Malaysia was 453 258 and 497 390 in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The sample size of this study was 398. A total of 450 questionnaires were distributed and 438 questionnaires were returned, with a response rate of 90%, exceeding the total sample size initially required. The collected data were analysed through structural equation modelling using SmartPLS 3.0. The findings reveal a significant relationship between government initiatives, assistive technology and the digital divide. Eight exogenous constructs are found to be of high predictive relevance, whereas two present low values, indicating that assistive technology and government initiatives have a minor effect on the digital divide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although infertility is not a life-threatening condition, it decreases the quality of life of people. This single blind randomized controlled trial was conducted with 80 women who received infertility treatment in an IVF Center located in a city center in the west of Turkey between May 2020 and February 2021. It was determined that thanks to the holistic care given in line with Levine's Conservation Model (LCM), fatigue levels of the women in the experimental group decreased, their energy levels increased, their structural, personal and social integrity was conserved and thus their quality of life improved compared to the women in the control group (all p < 0.001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with Parkinson's disease (hereafter Parkinson's) can experience stigma through the attitudes and actions of others (enacted stigma) and through anticipation of enacted stigma and internalisation of negative stereotypes (felt stigma). Self-compassion may protect against the impact of stigma. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between self-compassion, stigma, and psychological distress among people with Parkinson's. A total of 130 people with Parkinson's completed questionnaires measuring self-compassion, enacted and felt stigma, and depression, anxiety, and stress. Correlation, mediation, and moderation models were used to investigate relationships between variables. All variables correlated significantly in the expected directions. Felt stigma mediated the relationship between self-compassion and the three outcome variables – depression, anxiety, and stress. Self-compassion did not moderate the relationship between enacted stigma and distress and suggested enacted stigma was associated with distress, regardless of levels of self-compassion. Self-compassion and both enacted and felt stigma are important predictors of distress for people with Parkinson's. Part of the relationship between lower self-compassion and psychological distress appears to occur via the internalisation of stigma. These findings may be relevant to the development of individualised and societal interventions with the aim of improving the psychological wellbeing of people with Parkinson's. Self-compassion was associated with lower levels of psychological distress (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) and self-stigma partially mediated this relationship. Self-compassion did not moderate the relationship between enacted stigma and psychological distress, suggesting enacted stigma increases distress, regardless of self-compassion. The development and assessment of the effectiveness of compassion-focused interventions tailored for people with Parkinson's may be important as well as systemic stigma focused interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental approaches to substance use prevention currently rely on a behaviorist paradigm. On this theoretical foundation, useful intervention strategies may be overlooked, and effectiveness may be limited. To address these issues, this study drew on Löw's 'sociology of space' to develop a socio-spatial theory for prevention research. Salient dimensions of everyday settings (e.g. home, bar) were identified through mixed-methods research with 24 female university students who were current users of alcohol or cigarettes. Situational pathways explored the event-level interplay of these dimensions with other factors in relation to situational substance use and abstinence. On this basis, the article proposes a visual theory which outlines three mediating steps between physical environment and situated substance use outcomes: perceived space (construal of manifest aspects); interpreted space (construal of latent aspects); and momentary thoughts and feelings. Personal and cultural factors moderate this process. The theory is illustrated using three pathways in smoking ban contexts. The findings can inform intervention design and research into contextual factors of substance use by outlining a mechanism with specified variables, highlighting the role of subjective meaning-making, and suggesting specific environmental aspects for future consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of research investigates how changes in weather shape individual choices about migration, yet highly variable results continue to challenge our understanding of the weather-migration nexus. We use a data-driven approach to identify which weather variables best predicted migration decisions of 54,986 individuals originating in Mexico between 1989 and 2016. Using supervised machine learning, we fit random forests to model migration choices based on individual, household, and community attributes in training data (three-fourths of the sample) from the Mexican Migration Project. We aggregated 36 annual weather variables at the community level and applied k-fold cross-validation to evaluate which models best predicted migration decisions. The top performing models were then applied to the test data (one-fourth of our sample). Three weather variables consistently out-performed others across models: minimum temperature during day, maximum temperature at night, and 'growing degree days' – the number of days with optimal growth temperatures for corn (the major crop for most communities). Our results demonstrate that weather is related to individual choices about migration and illustrate the utility of using principled variable selection which revealed that both customized (growing degree days for a particular crop) and generic (max-min temperatures) metrics can be predictive of migration behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines cross-national variation in school-based bullying victimization. Specifically, we address whether decommodification, a concept implicated in Institutional Anomie Theory that measures the degree of a society's social welfare protection, is a protective factor against school-based bullying victimization. To test this theory, we retrieve data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) questionnaire and combine this data with other sources capturing cross-national factors hypothesized to impact bullying victimization. The sample consists of 286,871 adolescents (with an average age of 15 years) attending 14,192 schools nested within 55 high-and-middle-income countries. We estimate multilevel regression models with three levels of analysis (student, school, and country), finding that countries with a greater degree of decommodification have lower rates of school-based bullying. Overall, our findings illustrate that the national level of social welfare protection, which had been previously neglected in this research literature, is a robust predictor of bullying victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature in the field of health communication has shown the existence of gaps between groups of different socioeconomic levels both in exposure to health campaign messages and in the influence these messages exert on individuals' health decisions. In this article, we examine the association between educational attainment and exposure to messages promoting COVID-19 preventive behaviors, namely, physical distancing, handwashing, and masks wearing in Chile. In addition, we model the association between exposure to these messages and the intentions to carry out the behaviors, as well as the differences attributable to educational attainment in the influence of exposure. A cross-sectional population survey combining online and telephone techniques was conducted among 3,592 adults in Chile. Regression analysis revealed that lower educational level and frequency of television use were positively associated with greater exposure to preventive messages. Exposure to preventive messages, in turn, was positively associated with intentions to maintain the three behaviors examined. Individuals in the lower educational attainment group had lower intentions to engage in two of the three behaviors, but those in these segments who were more exposed to preventive messages were as likely as their more educated counterparts to intend wearing masks and adhering to physical distance. The findings of this study underscore the importance of reaching the least educated segments with campaign messages in the context of public health crisis, since these messages can close gaps between the more and less educated group in their intentions to engage in preventive behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How does attitude to death influence consumption level and profiles and conversely? The database is a representative follow-up of Korean respondents from 2006 to 2016. Satisfaction with quality of life is combined with endogenous consumption level, consumption patterns, deviation from expected mortality—the propensity for dying—, and wealth. Exogenous variables include sex, age, education, children, place of residence, and employment. Satisfaction decreases with age; women are less satisfied and anticipate higher mortality than men. Older people anticipate an age-specific mortality rate that increases only linearly with age, while mortality actually increases exponentially. This cognitive bias, due to the fact that people perceive linear progressions but find it difficult to project themselves over time, leads them to overestimate their satisfaction in terms of quality of life, thus creating a protective effect on well-being, to the detriment of accurate economic visibility of the life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most research on workaholism has been conducted at the between-person level and has considered mainly psychological outcomes of the phenomenon (e.g. burnout, job satisfaction). Building on the allostatic load model and on the idea that workaholic cognition and behaviour may show variation at the within-person level, we tested the hypothesis that fluctuations in daily workaholism would be related to parallel fluctuations in daily systolic blood pressure as reported at the end of the working day. Additionally, based on previous research and theoretical contributions in the field, we also tested the hypothesis that the daily workaholism-systolic blood pressure relationship would be particularly accentuated for women, when compared to men. Data have been collected from a sample of 61 participants who were followed for ten consecutive working days, for a total of 544 observations. In line with the hypotheses, workaholism revealed substantial variation at the day level and daily workaholism predicted daily systolic blood pressure. The workaholism-systolic blood pressure relationship was only partially mediated by the objective number of hours worked in the day and, as hypothesised, was more accentuated in women. The study contributes to advancing workaholism research by showing micro-processual (i.e. day-level) aspects of the health impairment path potentially activated by workaholism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience is the ability to adapt to adverse life events. Studies that explore diabetes self-management interventions integrating resilience in African-Americans with diabetes include few African-American men, who have higher diabetes-related mortality and complication rates compared to African-American women. We conducted a cross-sectional study of African-American men with uncontrolled diabetes living in diabetes hotspots. We measured resilience levels using the General Self Efficacy Scale (GSES), adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors using the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ), and incarceration history by phone survey. We categorized participants as higher or lower resilience level and higher or lower adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors. Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined the relationship between resilience and adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors. Our model accounted for potential confounders, including age, incarceration history, and socioeconomic factors. Of 234 patients contacted by mail and phone, 94 (40.2%) completed the survey. Mean age was 60.6 years, 59.5% reported an annual household income of less than $20,000, and 29.8% reported a history of incarceration. The mean unadjusted GSES score was 25.0 (sd 5.2; range: 0–30, higher scores indicate greater resilience), and the mean DSMQ score was 7.34 (sd 1.78; range: 0–10, higher scores indicate greater adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors). In multivariable analyses, higher levels of resilience were associated with higher adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors (aOR = 9.68, 95% CI 3.01, 31.12). History of incarceration was negatively associated with higher adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors (aOR = 0.23, 95% CI 0.06, 0.81). Resilience and personal history of incarceration are associated with adherence to diabetes self-management behaviors among African-American men residing in diabetes hotspots. Future interventions should incorporate resilience training to improve diabetes self-management behaviors. At a societal level, social determinants of health that adversely affect African-American men, such as structural racism and mass incarceration, need to be eliminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnosis of semantic impairment in stroke and progressive neuro-cognitive conditions is typically facilitated using tests of word comprehension, such as word-picture matching. Many of these tests are not controlled for psycholinguistic variables or the semantic relationships between competitor stimuli and involve pictures which are not controlled for ease of access. Semantic assessment also demands additional cognitive resources, such as explicit decision-making and suppression of semantic competitors. These factors may all confound test performance and subsequent diagnosis. To develop novel semantic test stimuli for three new semantic processing assessments, which are controlled for psycholinguistic variables, semantic relationship between stimuli, and visual similarity between images presented simultaneously. An additional aim included matching stimuli for these variables across three tests: semantic priming, word-picture verification, and word-picture matching, to allow direct comparison of performance on tests that differ in terms of the additional cognitive demands involved, with priming entailing implicit semantic processing. In phase one, novel stimuli were developed for the three semantic processing tests. Existing databases were searched for values to match stimuli psycholinguistic variables. In phase two, new data were collected from control participants regarding the semantic and visual similarity of stimuli presented simultaneously. Data for three sets of target and distractor stimuli are presented, which are psycholinguistically matched within and between the three semantic tests for concreteness, imageability, age of acquisition, frequency, word length, and emotional valence. "Semantic" relationships between pairs of stimuli are differentiated by semantic similarity (dog-cat) or association (dog-lead). Visual similarity is controlled between images presented in an array. The data provided ensure that test performance across three semantic tasks, differing in additional cognitive demands, can be directly compared in people with potential semantic deficits. This is the first such study to provide control of stimuli within and across a range of semantic tests. Patterns of performance via test reaction time and accuracy data may reveal semantic deficit or competence, contributing to more accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapy choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the role of religion in attitudes toward euthanasia requires viewing religion as a multidimensional construct. In this study, four dimensions operationalized religion: religiosity, spirituality, afterlife beliefs (afterlife, heaven, and hell), and religious denomination. Using data from 1066 adults interviewed in the 2018 General Social Survey, a logistic regression showed religiosity, belief in afterlife and heaven, and religious denomination were significantly associated with opposition to euthanasia. Although most studies have shown a negative influence of religion, we found that not all dimensions of religion have a negative association with opposition to euthanasia and the role of each dimension differs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The WHOunderlined the importance of a healthy diet for the psychophysical well-being of the person. Self Determination Theory highlighted how the interaction between contextual, such as peer pressure, and motivational factors play a fundamental role in promoting healthy eating habits. The present study aims to assess if peer pressure affects eating habits and binge eating through the mediation of motivation. Questionnaires were administered to 588 young-adults aged between 18 and 24 years (M = 20.56, DS = 1.78) in the Italian context. Results suggest that Peer Pressure predicted Controlled Motivation and Autonomous Motivation, and that motivation predicted Eating Behaviors and Binge Eating. In addition, Peer Pressure also has a direct effect on Binge Eating. The results confirm the importance of investigating contextual and motivational factors in the area of prevention and intervention in eating habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the recent rise of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement limited empirical research has been conducted examining knowledge of and attitudes toward this group, especially of that held by college students. College students have been a major force in overt activism related to the movement, and university communities tend to reflect many of the qualities of society as a whole. The purpose of this current study was to examine college students' understanding and attitudes toward the BLM movement. Two hundred seventy college students completed a survey measuring knowledge and awareness of BLM. The responses highlighted the growing awareness (especially as intergroup empathy grows, and ethnic groups experience more racism and microaggression) of the wide variety of goals that the movement espouses. Findings illuminated the current knowledge, attitudes, and opinions of the college students regarding the BLM movement, and detailed how ethnic identity increased prosocial involvement. College students are engaging in more prosocial involvement. It is evident that intergroup empathy is growing. Racial discrimination and oppressive elements within the U.S. society are being reacted to by college students, demanding equality and positive changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A clinical diagnosis of primary progressive aphasia relies on behavioral characteristics and patterns of atrophy to determine a variant: logopenic; nonfluent/agrammatic; or semantic. The dual stream model is a contemporary paradigm that has been applied widely to understand brain-behavior relationships; however, applications to neurodegenerative diseases like primary progressive aphasia are limited. The primary aim of this study is to determine if the dual stream model can be applied to a neurodegenerative disease, such as primary progressive aphasia, using both behavioral and neuroimaging data. We analyzed behavioral and neuroimaging data to apply a multivariate classification tool (support vector machines) to determine if the dual stream model extends to primary progressive aphasia. Sixty-four individuals with primary progressive aphasia were enrolled (26 logopenic variant, 20 nonfluent/agrammatic variant, and 18 semantic variant) and administered four behavioral tasks to assess three linguistic domains (naming, repetition, and semantic knowledge). We used regions of interest from the dual stream model and calculated the cortical volume for gray matter regions and white matter structural volumes and fractional anisotropy. We applied a multivariate classification tool (support vector machines) to distinguish variants based on behavioral performance and patterns of atrophy. Behavioral performance discriminates logopenic from semantic variant and nonfluent/agrammatic from semantic variant. Cortical volume distinguishes all three variants. White matter structural volumes and fractional anisotropy primarily distinguish nonfluent/agrammatic from semantic variant. Regions of interest that contribute to each classification in cortical and white matter analyses demonstrate alignment of logopenic and nonfluent/agrammatic variants to the dorsal stream, while the semantic variant aligns with the ventral stream. A novel implementation of an automated multivariate classification suggests that the dual stream model can be extended to primary progressive aphasia. Variants are distinguished by behavioral and neuroanatomical patterns and align to the dorsal and ventral streams of the dual stream model. Application of the dual stream model to PPA [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hearing rehabilitation attempts to compensate for auditory dysfunction, reduce hearing difficulties and minimise participation restrictions that can lead to social isolation. However, there is no systematic approach to assess the quality of the intervention at an individual level that might help to evaluate the need of further hearing rehabilitation in the hearing care clinic. A data-driven analysis on subjective data reflecting hearing disabilities and handicap was chosen to explore "benefit patterns" as a result of rehabilitation in different audiometric groups. The method was based on (1) dimensionality reduction; (2) stratification; (3) archetypal analysis; (4) clustering; (5) item importance estimation. 572 hearing-aid users completed questionnaires of hearing difficulties (speech, spatial and qualities hearing scale; SSQ) and hearing handicap (HHQ). The data-driven approach revealed four benefit profiles that were different for each audiometric group. The groups with low degree of high-frequency hearing loss (HLHF) showed a priority for rehabilitating hearing handicaps, whereas the groups with HLHF > 50 dB HL showed a priority for improvements in speech understanding. The patterns of benefit and the stratification approach might guide the clinical intervention strategy and improve the efficacy and quality of service in the hearing care clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature suggests that organizational readiness for change (ORC) could facilitate adaptation and implementation of new projects or practices in clinical settings. Limited data are available regarding the longitudinal associations between ORC and psychosocial conditions of HCPs. Using six waves of longitudinal data collected between 2013 and 2016 from 357 HIV HCPs in Guangxi, China, we identify sociodemographic and occupational characteristics that impact ORC and examine how occupational stress and burnout affect ORC adjusting for potential cofounders. A mixed effect model was used to assess the associations of ORC with psychosocial variables controlling for key background variables, and within-cluster and within-subject correlation over time. The ORC level was stable over time. Ethnical minority HCPs reported lower ORC compared with those of Han ethnicity. HCPs with administrative responsibility reported significantly lower ORC compared with the ones without administrative responsibility. HCPs with high school education attainment showed lower ORC compared to those with some college education. The ORC level was negatively associated with occupational stress and burnout controlling all the background variables. It is important to integrate reducing stress and alleviating burnout in the workplace into efforts to promote the acceptance and adaptation of new intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: College student-athletes are a high-risk population for both pain and alcohol use. Although a growing literature indicates that pain motivates alcohol consumption, no studies have tested associations between pain and alcohol in college student-athletes. Methods and Results: Among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes at a large public university (N = 65; 48% Female), nearly all student-athletes (97%) reported alcohol use and 65% reported pain due to an athletic injury. Pain intensity was positively associated with greater motivation to reduce drinking prior to receiving a brief alcohol intervention. Among females, pain intensity was associated with lower self-reported alcohol consumption. Among male athletes, pain-related interference was associated with greater alcohol-related problems and lower perceived ability to deal with alcohol-related situations. Conclusion: Results provide initial evidence that pain may be important to consider when addressing alcohol use among student-athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of mobile phone and factors influencing usage have least been explored in spite of its relevance in mHealth adoption. We conducted a descriptive exploratory study to evaluate the use of mobile phone alarm application, text messaging and voice call among HIV positive clients. We randomly selected 362 respondents who were 18–65 years and receive care from two health facilities in Accra, Ghana. Questionnaires were administered and data analysed to describe and predict mobile phone use. SPSS version 20 was used to process data for analysis. Findings revealed respondent (n = 338, 93%) did not share their mobile phones. Voice call was predominantly used (n = 227, 63%) while text messaging and mobile alarm functions were sparingly used. Majority (n = 285, 78.9%) did not use the mobile phone application to support adherence. Age and employment predicted the use of mobile phone alarm (OR ± 1.56, p < 0.05), test messaging (OR ± 1.48, p < 0.05) and voice calls (OR ± 1.25, p < 0.05). We observed that younger age and employment influence the use of mobile phones. Voice calls are more acceptable because it is simple and easy to use. Knowledge and persuasion are fundamental to mobile phone literacy skills development and should be integrated in mHealth interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Α frequently used indicator to reflect student performance is that of a test score. However, although tests are designed to assess students' knowledge or skills, other factors can also affect test results such as test-taking strategies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to model the interrelationships among test-taking strategy instruction (with a focus on metacognition), answer changing bias and performance on multiple-choice tests among college students through structural equation modelling. This study, which was based on a sample of 1512 students from Greece, has managed to extend the findings of previous research by proposing a model that demonstrates the interplay between these variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the importance of the ability to use variables flexibly in Calculus and students' difficulties related to various uses of variables, this study examined how variables are treated in calculus class. Data for this study came from graduate teaching assistants' (TAs') classroom teaching, which plays a crucial role in undergraduate students' learning of entry-level mathematics, but of which we still have a limited understanding. We analyzed TAs' uses of variables in terms of prior literature examining how students use variables and what uses of variables cause difficulties for students. Our results show that the uses of variables by the TAs in this study typically aligned with students' dominant conception of variables as symbols to be manipulated and did not give students many opportunities to consider the uses of variables that commonly cause difficulties for students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of the use of code.org (particularly Course 2) on elementary school students' attitudes towards programming, and whether the positive effects of this software are lower for students who are 7 or 8 years old. The research involved 293 students (age range: 7–10). After the use of Course 2 of code.org, the older students (9- and 10-year-olds) expressed a significantly more positive attitude towards programming than the younger ones (7- and 8-year-olds). The total number of the tasks that the students solved successfully in Course 2 shows that the older students were significantly more successful than the younger students, which could have influenced the difference in their attitudes. Based upon the results, it can be concluded that the use of Course 2 of code.org by younger students, who are unable to solve a significant number of the programming tasks, can negatively affect their attitude towards programming. Therefore, Course 2 of code.org should not be used on younger students. Some parts of Course 2 could be used by younger students in accordance with K5 standards, but these tasks should be clearly identified on the code.org website or carefully selected by teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly changed the lives of a majority of the world's population. People have been encouraged to implement social distancing behaviors enforced by governments, and have experienced loss of employment or changes to their usual working environment. In the mental health sector, psychologists and psychiatrists have been forced to alter the standard care of patients without compromising safety. This article documents the experiences of the authors – mental health professionals in four countries, Canada, Russia, Australia and Japan – at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, and offers recommendations on how clinical, training, and research practices may need to be adjusted to deal with lockdown situations. Clinicians adapted their usual best practices by learning new skills and updating their knowledge base. Mental health clinicians noticed that the pandemic led to symptomatic changes in some of their patients. Most clinicians moved towards providing telemental health services, such as conducting assessments and treatments remotely. Those who continued seeing patients in person employed personal protective equipment with various impacts on the clinician–patient relationship. The dilemmas of mass quarantines need to be carefully examined, as their effects on numerous health and psychosocial variables appear to be far-reaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies investigating ethnic inequalities in the Internet use relied on the social diversification hypothesis, according to which minority ethnic groups are more likely than the majority group to use the Internet for various purposes in order to expand their scope of social capital. Yet ethnic inequalities in health-related social media use have received less academic attention. In addition, members of minority groups reside in localities of various size and thus are assumed to have different scope of social capital. The main goal of this study was to test the social diversification hypothesis by considering the size of the localities, in which Israeli Arab population reside, regarding health participation on social media. The data for the current study, which represented the part of the research project studying the association between health-related social media use and health behavior changes, was collected via telephone survey. The sample consisted of social media users in Israel (N = 798). Logistic regression was used for the multivariate analysis. Arabs residing in small localities are more likely to discuss the work of health professionals or institutions on social media, and use Facebook, Twitter or similar sites for health participation to a greater extent than Israeli-born Jews. Residing in small localities motivates increased health participation on social media. This signals a major need for accessible information for members of minority group residing in such localities. Policy makers should develop extensive plans in order to mitigate ethnic differences in health by including, among other things, provision of updated and relevant information for the minority population via social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I develop a feminist posthumanist account of biomedical policymaking as a material-discursive intervention that shapes the emergence of phenomena in the scientific laboratory. The setting is United States (U.S.) biomedicine, where a recent policy of the National Institutes of Health has mandated the consideration of sex in basic and preclinical research. Called Sex as a Biological Variable (SABV), the mandate configures cell lines and animal models as the next frontier in the project of advancing gender equity in biomedical research. Given sex and gender are increasingly recognised as having complex, entangled, and dynamic effects on human health and illness, how do laboratory animals respond to their attempted enrolment in this regulatory intervention? Through a qualitative analysis of this policy domain, I show how laboratory animals reveal the context-specific character of sex, its multiplicity and elusiveness as a so-called biological variable, and the considerable work needed to shore up human ideologies of sex as a pervasive cross-species form of binary difference. I suggest that while regulatory interventions constrain patterns of mattering, they also serve as agential openings in which laboratory animals can 'kick back' and reconfigure the pursuit of knowledge, particularly as it relates to difference and health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Big data technology has gained prominence among academia and organizations around the world. As libraries continue to receive data from different sources like physical and electronic books and journals, recordings, maps, field trip documentation, and a host of others, big data technology becomes essential in managing all these datasets. However, much is unknown about its adoption among library personnel in academic libraries in Nigerian tertiary institutions. Thus, the research examined librarians' behavioral intentions to adopt big data technology in Nigerian universities. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to 317 library personnel. The hypothesized relationships in the model were tested using the Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling (CB-SEM). The results show that performance expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions influence behavioral intention to adopt big data technology. Contrarily, effort expectancy does not influence behavioral intention to adopt big data technology. With 50% of the variance in library personnel's intention to use big data technology explained by this model, it could help determine factors that could influence big data technology acceptance and use in academic libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While recent scholarship generally emphasizes how public school principals' perceptions influence various school safety practices, far less is understood about how principals' perceptions of school crime risk and academic climate informs schools' decisions on specific school safety outcomes, including a school's SRO/police presence and policies on whether to report student disciplinary incidents to law enforcement agencies. Using data drawn from the 2017–18 School Survey on Crime and Safety and 2,500 public schools in the United States, this study examines these questions. The results make clear that the influence of principals' perceptions vary across different school safety outcomes. Equally important is that the variation appears to be nonrandom. While the uneven salience of principals' perceptions does not necessarily dilute their importance to school policies, it does underscore the need for a more granular accounting and understanding of how various important school-level safety outcomes arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]