Search

This paper contributes to art marketing and consumption literature by studying how art market participants from Brazil – a market considered "emergent" – position themselves in the global art market. Drawing on qualitative interviews with 60 art market participants and participant observation in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, the paper shows how position and validation gains are understood as entailing practices of (ex)change (or troca in Portuguese) at the individual and field level. Beyond the extension of their social networks and circulation in art market circuits outside Brazil, art market participants understood their positioning gains as dependent on changes to (the perceptions of) art market practices and operating context, and the negotiation of alternative valuations of Brazilian contemporary art in the global art market, addressing power inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the history of government-sponsored rural settlements in the province/state of São Paulo, Brazil, as a pendular movement, whose points of reversion depended on the interests of a landowning elite to obtain labour for newly expanding plantations from the 1820s to the 1920s. Faltering infrastructure and ill-defined property rights over public lands were persistent constraints to the development of such rural settlements. Part of this failure can be attributed to a lack of State capacity and part to the opposition of plantation owners to the settling of independent smallholdings. The paper complements this historical-institutional analysis with a quantitative description of such settlements in 1898–1920. These late government-sponsored rural settlements showed the potential to grow in demographic and economic terms and had an overall demographic and occupational composition well aligned with the goal of creating a family-based peasantry. However, there were enormous heterogeneities in ethno-linguistic composition, educational attainment, and economic prosperity between and within such rural settlements, which point to idiosyncratic features that should be taken into account in future research assessing the short- and long-run effects of immigration and settlement policies in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the distribution of foreigners across counties of the province of São Paulo, Brazil, in 1872. The analysis stresses the historical importance of policies that fostered immigration in the nineteenth century by discussing the two main migratory strategies pursued in Brazil by the 1870s, namely the recruitment of foreign bonded labourers to the plantations and of settlers to rural colonies. The empirical approach studies the sorting of foreigners according to the economic, institutional, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the counties. Results show that the number of foreigners in 1872 was positively correlated with the ease of access to a region and with contemporaneous immigrant networks. The number of foreigners in 1872 also correlated negatively with the free, non-white, population, suggesting a degree of substitutability in local labour markets in a period before mass immigration to the region. Finally, the economic structure of the counties influenced the allocation of foreigners. Agricultural employment was associated with less immigrants, while manufacturing and trade-related activities were linked with a larger number of foreigners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sophisticated spatial labour markets can promote better opportunities for functional upgrading in value-added trade. This paper estimates the skill-based functional specialization in Brazilian labour factor content in trade in value-added (LTiVA), considering different geographical scales. We combined an interregional input–output model for Brazilian states with occupational data to identify the skill intensity embedded in LTiVA based on the hypothetical extraction method (HEM) technique. Our findings show that the largest Southeastern economic area specializes in highly sophisticated functions, while the rest of the country embodies low skills in value-added trade for domestic and global trade levels. Furthermore, the results reveal a central role for the São Paulo state governing the subnational value chains and reinforcing the international uneven spatial functional division pattern at the subnational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a synthetic travel demand for the Greater São Paulo Metropolitan Region of Brazil, entirely based on open data and representative of the observed travel demand. The open-source and extendable pipeline creates a path from raw data to the synthetic travel demand and, further, to the downstream agent-based mobility simulation. An advantage of this approach is that it enables the reproduction of the synthetic travel demand and, therefore, provides the foundation of repeatability of downstream studies. Furthermore, as the methodology is based on open data, the study's outcomes are easily accessible to the broad research and practice-oriented community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frederico Baptista de Souza was born to a slave mother during the period of the Free Womb Law in Brazil (1871). After slavery's abolition, Souza campaigned in favor of full citizenship for formerly enslaved people. Black newspapers in São Paulo originated from the clubs of people who were prohibited from enjoying the clubs attended by whites regardless of their class. I examine the Black press' rise through Souza, founder of one of the region's oldest and longest running racial groups, the Dramatic and Recreational Guild Kosmos. Apart from coordinating, producing, and editing papers, Souza wrote op-eds and figured among those who shaped public opinion about Brazilian racial matters, often articulating ideas and concepts from other regions of the world, especially the "uplift generation" of the United States. Souza's life is evidence of a once thriving and engaging Black press in this corner of the Atlantic that was São Paulo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the interregional linkages and the relative intensity of CO2 emissions embedded into domestic and global value chains from Brazilian states. An extended environmentally interregional input-output model (EEIIO) was applied to measure the bilateral trade in value-added (TiVA) and the total implicit emissions trade (TTE). The results reveal unbalanced pollution patterns in space. Few manufacturing hubs in core Brazilian states (mainly São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro) are net importers of intensive greenhouse gas (GHG) inputs from peripheries, implying an environmental responsibility driven by networks' governance and relative position. By recognizing the role that multiscalar integration plays in implicit CO2 in both production and trade, it is possible to build local strategies to reduce sustainable spatial gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to discuss the relations between the built environment and the patient's health, considering the context of the pandemic experienced since 2020. We assessed the results of a systematic literature review to create a theoretical framework. Based on that, we evaluated the performance of five diagnostic facilities sited in São Paulo, Brazil, during the occupation phase. These buildings share a similar design programme in a way that enables a systematic qualitative assessment. We organised the design requisites in a Table of Diagnostics and Recommendations. Based on the gathered evidence, we proposed reviewing the existing guidelines to promote healthier indoor environments. Among the leading design guidelines updates are issues regarding the management of contamination risk, such as the strategic planning of circulation routes, increasing outdoor air rates, and the specification of disinfection systems. We also present measures to promote healthiness and well-being for both patients and the medical team, including improving solar access to indoor environments and physical and visual access to the outdoors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comparative case study examines community self-governance in informal settlements in São Paulo, Brazil, through the Policy Arrangement Approach. Drawing on participant observation and semi-structured interviews, I highlight the importance of context in shaping self-governance and outcomes. Self-governance embodies power and politics, often not contained to the spatial boundaries of the informal settlements, and developed through intersecting nodes of people, organizations, institutions, resources, spaces. Ultimately, this study questions the notion of self-governance as a simplistic binary to propose self-governance as a dialectical continuum of self/non-self, recognizing the realities of governing communities as multiple, complex, and fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Risk factors for severe SARS-CoV2 infection in pregnancy have not been extensively studied. This information can help guide the management of pregnant women with COVID-19. Objective: Examine risk factors for severe COVID-19 in pregnant women. Methods: We reviewed the records of all pregnant women with positive SARS-CoV2 tests (qRT-PCR) managed at a single tertiary private maternity in Sao Paulo, Brazil. We categorized women as having non-severe (mild or moderate) or severe (severe or critical) COVID-19. We conducted multivariable analyses to identify differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the two groups as risk factors for severe COVID-19. Results: Between March 13 and June 7 2020, 114 women tested positive for SARS-CoV-2; 80.7% (n = 92) had non-severe disease (69 mild, 23 moderate), 15.7% (n = 18) had severe, and 3.5% (n = 4) had critical COVID-19. Women with severe/critical COVID-19 (n = 22) were significantly older (35.0 ± 5.9 × 31.8 ± 5.1 years, p = 0.011), more likely to have at least one medical comorbidity (81.8% × 52.2%, p = .011) or a history of asthma (18.2% × 3.3%, p = .025), and tended to have a higher median body mass index (30.1 kg/m2, IQR 28.1–33.9 × 28.6, IQR 26.2–32.0, p = .056) than women with non-severe disease. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified four factors as independent predictors of severe/critical COVID-19: asthma (OR 34.469, 95% CI 1.151–78.030, p = .026), non-white ethnicity (OR 7.932, 95% CI 1.311–47.973, p = .024), maternal age with a best cutoff of ≥ 34 years (OR 1.195, 95% CI 1.001–1.427, p = .048) and gestational age at diagnosis with a best cut-off of ≥ 35 weeks (OR 0.876, 95% CI 0.780–0.983, p = .025). The predictive value of the model including all variables was 0.823 (p < .001). Conclusion: A history of asthma, non-white ethnicity, and older maternal age were risk factors for, while higher gestational age was protective against severe/critical COVID-19 in pregnant Brazilian women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze fish pricing in the São Paulo wholesale market, the second largest seafood market in South America. Quantitative price analysis is complemented by interviews with participants in the value chain to answer how the multitude of fish products supplied in this market are related and the challenges facing future growth. The results reveal a clear separate pricing of domestically produced fishery species (whitefish and pelagics) from the internationally traded aquaculture species (tilapia and salmon). Tilapia and salmon are uniquely priced, less volatile and more persistent with a price dynamic more akin to local terrestrial meats. Fishery prices show large month-by-month fluctuations and compete more with each other. Participants in the different levels of the value chain corroborate the uniqueness of salmon and state a preference for stable availability and low prices, with less concern about the specific sourcing of fish (aquaculture/fisher, or domestic/imported). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popular approach to select a suitable distribution to characterize extreme rainfall events relies on the assessment of its descriptive performance. This study examines an alternative approach to this task that evaluates, in addition to the descriptive performance of the models, their performance in estimating out-of-sample events (predictive performance). With a numerical experiment and a study case in São Paulo state, Brazil, we evaluated the adequacy of seven probability distributions widely used in hydrological analysis to characterize extreme events in the region and compared the selection process of both popular and altenative frameworks. The results indicate that (1) the popular approach is not capable of selecting distributions with good predictive performance and (2) combining different predictive and descriptive tests can improve the reliability of extreme event prediction. The proposed framework allowed the assessment of model suitability from a regional perspective, identifying the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution as the most adequate to characterize extreme rainfall events in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the role of social learning among local government officials in fostering the diffusion of an education programme presented with a reasonable degree of technological and political uncertainty about its outcomes, the schooling decentralisation reform in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We consider different natures of the exchange of information on the newly adopted tasks, and assess which aspects of the returns to programme participation were most valued by officials in their learning process. Specifically, we attempt to determine the extent to which adherence to the reform resulted from electoral motivations rather than from concerns regarding the quality of education. We present evidence that social learning constitutes a key factor to policy implementation, and we find that mayors that could run for re-election became more likely to support the programme upon receiving good news about its electoral returns. By contrast, information on experiences that were successful in improving the quality of education appears to have been valued and effectively put to use only by term-limited officials or when conveyed by copartisan neighbours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rights-based urban social movements have proliferated since the mid-1970s, but our understanding of their real impacts remains insufficient. Using the housing movements in São Paulo as an example, the article demonstrates both the limits and the strengths of the rights-based approach. It argues that housing movements in São Paulo must be understood in the global context of the coexistence of two contradictory trajectories: the neoliberal urbanism and the rights-based movements. While the rights-based approach has yet to bring fundamental changes to the unequal housing distribution in Brazil, it provides the housing movements with new legal and institutional devices to justify their actions and influence the policy process, thus contributing to the unusual resilience and scale of the movements. The article reveals that the gap between rights promised and rights delivered can be utilized as a political opportunity for facilitating collective mobilization, contesting neoliberalism, and advancing new conceptions of citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an exploratory analysis of the expansion of the railway network and the practice of football in São Paulo state (Brazil). An isolated region of Brazil experienced an economic boom in the middle of the nineteenth century due to the expansion of the coffee production. This transformed the region from an underdeveloped province into the most populous and richest state in Brazil, which resulted in the rapid expansion of the railway network. Designed initially to take the coffee to the coast, and transport workers and industrialised goods, the railway connected the small cities to the larger population centres, bringing new trends and fashions from abroad. Football would also spread alongside the railway network. The people responsible for its construction and administration were also associated with the creation of the first football clubs in the state, presenting this new practice to the local elites and urban dwellers. This article focuses on the foundation of the first football clubs in the most important cities of São Paulo state, analysing the impact that the expansion of the railway played in the popularisation of football, especially how in the majority of the cases the first football clubs were founded by railway personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airtightness refers to the amount of air leakage through a building's envelope. This uncontrolled exchange of air between inside and outside, either infiltration or exfiltration, may lead to thermal discomfort. Nevertheless, little or no attention has been given to airtightness in some countries including Brazil. In Brazil, a range of different strategies are suitable to achieve thermal comfort depending on the several climatic regions. In those regions where winter conditions are noticeable, such as in São Paulo, airtightness is a key parameter, but it has been historically overlooked. In this work, the authors deployed the innovative Pulse test methodology to determine airtightness levels for the first time in Brazil, in the city of São Paulo. Three representative multifamily residential buildings dating from the 1970s, 1980s and 2000s were measured, and the results' values widely ranged from 1 to 5.7 h−1, at 4 Pa. Next, dynamic building simulations were conducted using measured and representative airtightness values (converted to infiltration) to understand the contribution of this variable on the thermal comfort. The results suggested that up to 9% improvement in the thermal comfort levels could be achieved by adopting 1 h−1 as maximum infiltration, and up to 14% by adopting 0.5 h−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates ceriantharian tubes to better understand the biodiversity of marine benthic crustaceans. The inner and outer surfaces of eight tubes of Ceriantharia from the northern coast of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed. We observed 14 taxa of crustaceans, including one novel species, Podocerus carmelina sp. nov. We also report two new location records for previously known species and provide an identification key for Podocerus species with type localities in the Atlantic Ocean. The new species can be easily differentiated from its congeners by the following features: pereonite 3 with weak dorsal carina; gnathopod 2 carpus indistinct, almost entirely fused to propodus, propodus bearing several facial short plumose setae, palm defined by a proximal blunt projection, with a subtriangular tooth medially, a 'u-shaped' concavity and a crenulated lobe distally; pereonite 4 elongated, about 2.2 × deeper than wide; pereonites 5–6 anteroventral corner with a subacute projection; coxa 5 anteroventral corner with a notch, forming an acute spine; telson dorsal lobe with three stout setae, with naked lateral margins; uropod 2 outer ramus with one subapical long and stout plumose seta. Publication LSID: lsid: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]