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Due to the increasingly warm winters of the last 20 years, the wintering of cultured carp is achieved with increasing numerical and weight losses. Water temperatures during the winter period reach 10-12oC, temperatures that intensify the metabolism and set the fish material in motion. Because these temperatures are for short periods, no natural food grows in the water. The paper presents the results of the research carried out in the cold seasons of 2020-2021, 2021- 2022, and 2022-2023 on cultured carp aged two summers, from the Research and Development Station for Fisheries Nucet. Wintering was done in earthen ponds, in two variants: variant V1 - without feed distribution and variant V2 - with feed distribution. In view of this study, somatic measurements were carried out, both in autumn and in spring, to assess the change in the values of the condition coefficient, survival percentages, as well as the decrease in weight and number, during the cold season period, in the context of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legumes represent crops with multiple values at the farm level, from an economic and ecological point of view. The study evaluated the variation of biological yield, grain production and some productivity elements in field peas. The research took place in ARDS Lovrin, Romania. The experiment was organized under the conditions of a cambic chernoziom type soil, in a non-irrigated system. The 'Boxer' pea cultivar was cultivated. Fertilization was done with phosphorus, applied in autumn, in five concentrations (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1 a.s.; a.s. - active substance). On each phosphorus level, nitrogen was applied in spring in five doses (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1 a.s.). The combination of the two fertilizers resulted in 25 experimental variants, in four repetitions. Biological yield recorded values BY=0.800 - 1.640±0.046 kg m-2. Pea grains production recorded values PgP=0.091 - 0.604±0.031 kg m-2. Pea stalks varied between PS=0.584 - 1.026±0.026 kg m-2. Secondary pea production varied between PsP=0.659 - 1.127±0.027 kg m-2. Correlation of variable intensity was recorded between determined parameters. Based on PCA, PC1 explained 72.664% of variance, and PC2 explained 27.217% of variance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to present alternative against the pathogen Pyrenophora teres (anamorph Drechslera teres) which parasitizes barley crop in western parts of Romania even beginning with late autumn period, observing the evolution and symptoms spreading of this fungus. Across the world, Pyrenophora teres causing the net blotch of barley is regarded as the major foliar disease in Hordeum vulgare L. Throughout its two form of Phyrenophora teres, however different from genetical point of view, P. teres f. sp. maculata and P. teres f. sp. teres causes economic losses by reducing yield and grain quality and poor emergence in area with a high biological pressure of the pathogen. The trial extends for two years (2019-2020, 2020-2021) in the same area of cropping (monoculture system) using same seed treatment list and following the seed-borne cereal fungi assessment protocol [(EPPO 1/19 (4)]. Trial setup consisted in complete randomized blocks, 6 treatments like fludioxinil, fluxapyroxad and mixture, every plot measuring 10 m2 and observations performed an al plants/1 m in length sample. When treated with two active ingredients the result obtained exerts an efficacy up to 98%, maintained in both trial years compared with the untreated plots where the pathogen was well established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Crocosmia, from the Iridaceae family, includes the plants with obvious potential both for garden decoration and as a cut flowers. This paper evaluated the influence of the planting times and the size of the corms on the some characters of ornamental interest of Crocosmia plants, in the agroecological conditions from northeastern Romania (Iași). The corms of Crocosmia 'Lucifer' from two size categories (3-5.9 g and 6-9 g) were used, which were planted in the experimental field in November and April. The observations and determinations made during 2018-2021 highlighted the fact that from the corms with a mass between 6-8 g, planted in autumn, they ensured the obtaining of plants with the highest number of flower stems and the most flowers on the stem. Regarding the height of the flower stems, the best results were recorded in corms with a mass between 3-5.9 g, planted in autumn. In the case of corms planted in the spring, the results were less significant, except for the number of shoots in plants resulting from large corms (6-8 g). The flowering period was longer to the plants obtained from corms of 3-5.9 g, planted in autumn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Romania, castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is not cultivated on large areas, offering beneficial perspectives to those who want to set up a business in the agricultural field. The expansion of surfaces with this species is limited by climatic conditions, and in particular by the fall of early autumn broths, which can compromise the entire production of secondary colds. Climate change in recent years has led to the expansion of the castor cultivation area, which has obtained satisfactory production in the central area of Moldova if all technological links are respected. The research aimed to identify the genotype with the highest adaptability to the pedoclimatic conditions in the area of influence in order to establish the optimal sowing age and the distance between rows on the production and quality of seeds, implicitly in obtaining a net profit. The results obtained from 2018-2020 showed that the best option of cultivation and obtaining high net profit for the pedoclimatic conditions in the center of Moldova is the one for the variety Teleorman sown in second age and 70 cm distance between rows (12,046 lei·ha-1 for a production of 1,607 Mg·ha-1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over a period of three years (2019-2022), 25 varieties of autumn wheat were studied at SCDA Caracal (University of Craiova), in terms of yield and its quality under different technological conditions (fertilization level and sowing time). Several aspects were addressed: the variability of the characters influencing quality and the way the applied technologies influence it; the productivity and baking quality of the tested wheat varieties, depending on the applied technologies; the stability of the studied characters for the tested wheat varieties; the ranking of the values of the studied characters expressed by a score-based ranking. The results showed that yield gain could be obtained by increasing the nitrogen dose and that the quality of the yield was significantly improved by delaying sowing. Increasing the nitrogen dose resulted in higher yields, protein content, wet gluten content, flour power and gluten index, all of which were statistically assured. The most stable character was found to be hectolitre mass, whereas yield was medium stable and the wet gluten content was unstable for all varieties tested. The highest ranked Romanian varieties were Dropia, Glosa and Șimnic 50. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the autumn of 2022, 37 specimens of Orpheus dace (Squalius orpheus Kottelat & Economidis, 2006) were subjected to helminthological examination. The fish were caught from the lower section of the Chepelarska River (in the area of Katunitsa village). Three endohelminth species were isolated - Acanthocephalus tenuirostris (Achmerov & Dombrovskaja-Achmerova, 1941) Yamaguti, 1963 (class Trematoda), Contracaecum sp., Rhabdochona denudata (Dujardin, 1845) Railliet, 1916 (class Nematoda). The component community and infracommunity of Orpheus dace were reviewed. One core species (Contracaecum sp.; P% = 32.43) was found in the component community of Sq. orpheus. Brillouin's diversity index (HB), Pielou's evenness index (E), and Simpson's dominance index (C) were calculated. The research aims to provide data on the helminths and helminth communities of Orpheus dace from the freshwater ecosystem of the Chepelarska River. The studied biotope (Katunitsa) is a new habitat for the found helminth species of Orpheus dace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study presents new data on the helminths and helminth communities of fish from the freshwater ecosystem of the Luda Yana River as part of the Maritsa River Basin in Bulgaria, Eastern Aegean Water Basin. In connection with this, 32 specimens of Orpheus dace (Squalius orpheus Kottelat & Economidis, 2006) were collected and examined. The specimens were collected in the autumn of 2022 in the vicinity of the Popintsi village, located in the middle section of the Luda Yana River. The helminthological examination was carried out according to standard methods. Invasion with 3 species of helminths was found - one cestode species (Caryophyllaeides fennica (Schneider, 1902) Nybelin, 1922); one acanthocephalan species (Acanthocephalus lucii (Müller, 1776) Lühe, 1911) and one nematode species (Rhabdochona denudata (Dujardin, 1845) Railliet, 1916). Ac. lucii is reported for the first time from Sq. orpheus in Bulgaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of research on the formation of phytocenosis of winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) depending on the hydrothermal conditions of the autumn period, varietal characteristics and sowing dates in irrigated lands in the South of Ukraine. Based on long-term research on irrigated lands on the growth and development of plants in the autumn growing season and increasing winter hardiness of winter barley varieties, it has been established that irrigation efficiency has significantly increased over the past twenty years due to regional climate change. Moreover, the extended period of autumn vegetation requires a change in the timing of sowing of winter crops on 13-15 days later. Domestic breeders have created new varieties of winter wheat and winter barley with a short period of vernalization, which are less responsive to the reduction of daylight hours, and some of them have increased winter hardiness.On average, in 1998-2001, the shift in the sowing date of winter barley from September 20 to October 15 led to a deterioration of growth processes, and during the last sowing period, tillering did not occur in the autumn. Among the biomorphological indicators of barley plants there is a close correlation between bushiness, ground mass of plants and their height (r = 0.94-0.99). Compared to the period 1971-1990, the sum of average daily air temperatures in 2001-2005 increased by 110°C, in 2006-2010 – by 191°C, in 2011-2015 – by 222°C and in 2016-2020 – 220°C, and the autumn growing season increased by 8, 10, 15 and 13 days, respectively. On the other hand, the amount of precipitation in most cases was less than the long-term average. During the sowing of winter barley on September 20, the varieties of the winter barley Akademichnyi, Deviatyi val and Dostoinyi have time to carry out tillering well in autumn, forming 3.5–5.2 shoots. During the sowing on October 1, their bushiness was 2.3–3.2, and during the sowing on October 20, the plants do not have time to carry out tillering well, they enter the winter in the phase of 2-3 leaves. For high hardening of winter barley plants and accumulation of sugars in bushes at the level of 30.22-38.8%, the best time for sowing of the studied varieties is the beginning of October. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effect of seasonality and genotype on the productivity of goats and the quality of their milk, 30 goats of three different breeds were taken: 10 Saanen goats, 10 Russian white goats and 10 local Ukrainian goats. The milk yield of the experimental goats was evaluated during the year for the volume, protein content, fat content, lactose content, acidity and density. The effect of both genotype and season on protein content, and the effect of only season on fat content and lactose content were determined. The most dependent on seasonal factors (change of season, temperature fluctuations, amount of precipitation) were goats of Saanen and Russian white breed, the least dependent were goats of local Ukrainian selection. Acidity and density of milk did not change during the entire experiment. The highest protein content (3.32%) and fat content (3.37%) were found in Saanen goats. The highest lactose content (4.53%) was found in goats of local Ukrainian breeding. During the spring and summer months, goats of local Ukrainian selection and Russian white showed the best productivity.Goats of the Saanen breed had the best productivity during the autumn and winter months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, in Romania special attention was given to the culture of Saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.), a species originating from North America, whose berries are very appreciated both for their nutritional and medicinal values. The aim of this study was to highlight the yield of a culture installed in Bărzani Farm, Arad county, Romania. The plants were produced in 2012 from seeds originating from Alberta (Canada). In the first two growing seasons the plants were kept into a nursery and specific treatments were applied. In Autumn 2013, the plants were transferred to two experimental plots, with a total area of 0.74 hectares, and a 3 m x 1 m planting scheme was adopted (i.e. 3 meters between the rows and 1 meter between the plants in the same row). Starting with 2018 different fertilizers were applied and soil analysis were performed. In most of the cases as regards the main micro- and macro-elements from the soil increasing trends were recorded thanks to the applied fertilizers. As regards the harvested quantities in the last five growing seasons, they grew from 1,250 kg (in 2018) to 6,800 kg (in 2022), meaning that, on average, each plant produced from 0.5 kg (in 2018) up to 2.7 kg (in 2022). The results recorded in the two experimental plots from Bărzani Farmrepresent an important step in the breeding program of this species in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction into the system of sustainable agriculture is an alternative to the harvesting of medicinal plants from the spontaneous flora, ensuring the conservation of natural resources. By including in phytotherapy the active principles of the organs of this species, a qualitative leap was made. The aim was to determine the optimal planting period of the species Primula officinalis, in a experience lasting 4 years, in order to introduce it into culture. The best emergence in the following years, the plant being a perennial, had the version planted with seedlings on 28.03.2017, with an average of 7 plants, and the lowest emergence was recorded in the version planted on 10.04.2017. Analysing the influence of the planting date on the average height of the plants, it was observed that the V1 variant planted on 20.10.2016 has the highest values, with an average of 47.33 cm, the V2 variant planted on 11.11.2016 has a significant increase of 4, 00 cm compared to the control, variants V4, V5 and V6 registering negative differences. The favourable planting period proved to be autumn, in October and November, when the highest values were recorded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific experiment was conducted during the period of 2018-2020 in a collection plantation of the Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture in Troyan. The object of the study is the 'Shopska Alena' raspberry cultivar. The plantation was created in the autumn of 2016. Correlation analyzes were made between the vegetative indicators: number, height and thickness of the shoots with the yield. The highest values for height (1.38 m) and thickness (8.41 mm) of the shoots were recorded in the second year of the experiment, and the highest yield was obtained in the third year - 1.69 kg/1m². A high correlation dependence between the height and thickness of the shoots was recorded through all three years and between the height and thickness with the yield in the second and third year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have been conducted in the fruit tree nursery of Agricultural Experiment Station - Khan Krum between 2013 and 2016. Research subjects were the selected cherry rootstock hybrids 20-181 and 20-192 as clonal rootstocks grafted with cultivars Kossara, Trakiiska hrushtyalka and Van. Prunus mahaleb seedlings were used as a reference. The aim of the study was to investigate the growth characteristics, quality of planting material, and compatibility of the rootstocks with commercial cultivars. The average success rate of grafting reported in the autumn of the analyzed cultivar-rootstock combinations varied as follows: P. mahaleb (89-92%), hybrid 20-192 (85-89%), and hybrid 20-181 (81-86%). The clonal rootstock 20-192 induces relatively weaker growth than the Mahaleb. The weakest growth characterizes hybrid 20-181. Both tested rootstock hybrids, obtained by the crossing of 'Polevka'×'Compact Van', produce planting material with standard trunk diameter and tree height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study describes the results of a pollen analysis carried out using light microscopy of a sample of bee pollen collected from a stationary apiary situated in the commune of Cornetu (Ilfov County) in October 2022, during a period with low temperature during the night, and after a summer characterized by very hot weather and severe drought conditions. To determine the preference of pollen sources by the honey bee colony, identification of melliferous plants in the apiary vicinity and up to the periphery of the commune of Cornetu was carried out. Cultured crops such as artichoke, buckwheat, cabbage, common vetch, mustard, phacelia, rape and several autumn-flowering garden plants were blooming at the moment when the current study was carried out. Also, uncultivated areas colonized by allergenic plants were identified in the foraging area around the beehive. After sorting the pollen pellets based on colour, the results indicated several origins of pollen, including pollen of Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Portulaca and also pollen of the highly allergenic anemophilous species ragweed - Ambrosia artemisiifolia, known as a popular source of pollen for bees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Agricultural Institute - Shumen it has been carried out maintenance and multiplication of the first Bulgarian stevia variety 'Stela', certified in 2017. In vitro technics for maintenance and micropropagation are used, as well as in vivo development of seedlings from cuttings by preservation and reproduction of rhizomes. During the last years are often the conditions of warm and continuous autumn with a regime of the short day from the end of September, which favors the reproductive development of seeds. The results for the measured indices of height, number of stems, fresh and dry mass and the calculated randeman and dry leaves yield of seed off-springs are indicative for the stabilization of comparatively high levels of productivity of elite clones of the variety 'Stela'. The assessment shows that the most effective scheme for practical realization of seedlings is by sowing seeds in controlled conditions in January-February, diving off the germinated and stabilized plants in April-May, transplanting in June-July and receipt of formed rhizomes in September-October, which, after preservation to be realized during the next period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ontogenetic cycle of the plant involves going through the phases of seeds, seedlings, juvenile, maturity, and senescence. Leaves senescence of woody plants represents a physiological phase of transition from the nutrient's assimilation to their remobilization to different plant' organs, to ensure the survival of the species and its growth in the following year. The purpose of the present study was to quantify the leaves gas exchanges (photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular carbon dioxide content) and to estimate their chlorophyll content, during the autumn senescence, in some deciduous tree species (belonging to 16 different families), grown in the Botanical Garden of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest. The obtained data can be added to those already existing, to better understand the plants behaviour during leaves senescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific experiment was conducted in the period 2018-2020 in a collection plantation of the Research Institute of Mountain Stockbreeding and Agriculture in Bulgaria. The plantation was created in the autumn of 2016. The planting scheme of the plants is 3.00/0.50 m. The objective of the study is 'Tulameen' cultivar. Vegetative parameters were monitored: average number of shoots, average thickness and average height of shoots and reproductive: average fruit weight and yield per linear meter. The number of shoots had the highest values in the first year of the experiment (29.33), and their height (1.51 m) and thickness (7.60 mm) in the second year. The highest yield was recorded in the third year (1.48 kg/1 m2). A high to very high positive correlation between shoot height and thickness was reported in all three years. In the first year, a high correlation dependence was registered between shoot height and yield (0.76) and negative in the second (-0.85) and third (-0.51) years of the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The grain yield of the national soft winter wheat standards for 1967-2018 in Ukraine was analyzed and its connection with the duration of the autumn vegetation and the time of spring vegetation recovery was established. Significant effects of climate change have been identified on the cessation of autumn vegetation, the duration of winter dormancy and the duration of the growing season of soft winter wheat. Based on the analysis of yield and cessation of autumn vegetation for 50 years, it was found that soft winter wheat forms mostly higher yields (6.13 t/ha) under the late cessation of vegetation (from 19 November to 29 November). During the very early (until 28 October) and early cessation (from 28 October to 07 October) of autumn vegetation, the yield decreased slightly and amounted to 5.77 and 5.45 t/ha, respectively. The calendar dates for the cessation of autumn vegetation have a clear tendency to change to later dates. With a slight difference in the recovery time of spring vegetation over 10-year periods, its significant variability was observed during the research years from 90 days (2013) to 150 days (1990). The highest grain yield (7.26 t/ha) of winter wheat was obtained with early (until 03 March) recovery of spring vegetation. The lowest grain yield was in wheat (5.00 t/ha) with a late and very late (4.50 t/ha) recovery of spring vegetation. On the basis of the data analysis, it was established that duration the late stop of the autumn vegetation (45-55 days), winter wheat plants accumulate the optimal amount of plastic substances, which contributes to their better overwintering and the growth of grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted during the fall season of 2020 in one of the protected facilities (plastic house) in the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa/Iraq. This research aimed to study the effect of applying three types of decomposing organic residue solution to soil (cow, sheep, and chicken), and foliar spraying of proline with three concentrations (0, 40 and 80) mg·L-1 on some indicators of the vegetative growth of a local variety of faba bean. A factorial experiment was conducted according to R.C.B.D with three replications. The results revealed significant effects of organic residue solution of chicken for plant height 46.03 cm, leaf number 26.10 (leaf·plant-1 ), branch number 4.32 (branch·plant-1 ), and chlorophyll content 44.04 (SPAD unit) in comparison with cow residue solution. Moreover, spraying with proline at 80 mg·L-1 realized a significant increase in leaf number 25.96 (leaf·plant-1 ), branch number 3.73 (branch·plant-1 ), and relative chlorophyll content 34.68 (SPAD unit) compared to the control treatment. Consequently, the combination of the two factors was the most efficient treatment for faba bean plant growth indicators studied aforementioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyze at NARDI Fundulea (44ᵒ26̕ N latitude, 68 m altitude) the influence of time of planting on yield and other traits at winter peas, as support of the appropriate technological decision. A split plot layout with in randomized block design, with three replications has been applied in this study. Four dates of planting were considered as main plots, respectively: October 11, 2019/October 21, 2020 (autumn) and February 19, 2020/March 03, 2021 (spring), while three replication subplots include twelve winter peas varieties and breeding lines (Lavinia F, Ghittia F, 13008MT28-1, 13020MT, 12018MT1, 12023MT1-1, 13002MT, 12038MT2, 13008MT42-2, 12025MT4, 13020MT1-2, 12004MT2). According to the analyzed variables such plant height, seed yield, TGW and protein content, results suggest that planting in autumn leads to a higher performance of the both TGW and Yield capacity (4838 kg/ha), as compared to the spring one, in this case being registered an yield of 1796 kg/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]