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In "Truth by Analysis: Games, Names, and Philosophy," Colin McGinn seeks to revitalize the traditional approach to conceptual analysis. He asserts that the definition of a concept involves specifying necessary and sufficient conditions for its application, a task he deems achievable. In pursuit of this goal, McGinn critiques opposing perspectives, including that of Wittgenstein. He explores various ways to define the concept of game, and at his best, he relies on Bernard Suits' definition. This paper argues that McGinn's attempts fall short and affirms the significance of Wittgenstein's insight. It critiques all definitions put forth by McGinn, particularly that of Suits, presenting counterexamples to challenge them. Furthermore, the paper uncovers deeper misconceptions underlying these criticisms: McGinn expects family resemblance to serve as both the necessary and sufficient conditions for applying a concept and perceives it as a theory explaining how concepts refer to their extensions, contrasting with Wittgenstein, who does not aim to develop a theory and does not propose family resemblance as a sufficient condition for a concept's application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we acquire novel traveling wave solutions of the generalized seventh-order Korteweg-de Vries equation and the seventh-order Kawahara equation as a special case with physical interest. Primarily, we use the advanced exp(φ,ξ)-expansion method to find new exact solutions of the first equation, by considering two auxiliary equations. Then, we attain some exact solutions of the seventh-order Kawahara equation by using this method with another auxiliary equation, and also using the modified (G'/G)-expansion method, where G satisfies a second-order linear ordinary differential equation. Additionally, utilizing the recent scientific instruments, the 2D, 3D, and contour plots are displayed. The solutions obtained in this paper include bright solitons, dark solitary wave solutions, and multiple dark solitary wave solutions. It is shown that these two methods provide an effective mathematical tool for solving nonlinear evolution equations arising in mathematical physics and engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with a class of stochastic delay differential equations (SDDEs) of second order with multiple delays. Here, two main and novel results are proved on stochastic asymptotic stability and stochastic boundedness of solutions of the considered SDDEs. In the proofs of results, the Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional (LKF) method is used as the main tool. A comparison between our results and those are available in the literature shows that the main results of this paper have new contributions to the related ones in the current literature. Two numerical examples are given to show the applications of the given results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the distinguished Persian Sufi mystic Shaykh Maḥmūd Shabestarī's Golshan-e Rāz, or The Rose Garden of Mystery. Adopting a hermeneutic approach, it scrutinizes the intricate spiritual journey towards divine realization delineated in Shabestarī's poetry, utilizing qualitative content analysis of original texts and interpretations by scholars such as Lāhījī and Ibn Turka Iṣfahānī. The main question the paper addresses is this: "How can the spiritual journeyer overcome obstacles--particularly 'otherness'--and achieve unity with the divine Essence within the framework of Islamic mysticism, as interpreted through Shabestarī's teachings in Golshan-e Rāz?" To answer this inquiry, the paper addresses pivotal questions concerning Shabestarī's depiction of the spiritual journeyer's path, its stages and challenges, and the critical role of the human form in divine manifestation. The study underscores the necessity of overcoming duality and distinction, alluding to the transformative nature of the journey that necessitates self-purification and the cessation of otherness. Findings from this study provide an enriched understanding of Shabestarī's thought, contributing to the discourse on Islamic metaphysics. It presents valuable insights into the spiritual journeyer's path, offering a comprehensive interpretation of the challenges, practices, and transformative experiences leading to divine realization and unity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific scepticism, fundamentally, questions the veracity and epistemic value of claims not supported by scientific evidence. Motivated by the assumption that only the empirical investigation of reality leads to the truth, the scientific sceptics often maintain that only scientific method is best suited for this purpose. Claims found to be wanting in scientific evidence are considered untrue, and of little or no epistemic consequence. Using the analytical and critical methods, this paper interrogates this epistemic criterion of justification of scientific scepticism. It shows the inherent epistemic deficits in this criterion of the scientific sceptics, and how absolutizing its demands in such a manner as to undermine the veracity and epistemic significance of claims outside the mainstream discipline of science is not only to entrap themselves in many epistemic burdens, but also to sink under the unsavoury weight of criteriological egocentrism, detrimental to cognitive progress. As a credible alternative, this paper explores the epistemic fecundity of contextualistic pluralism - the pluralism of contextually underwritten cognitive positions - in truth and knowledge justification. It concludes with the relevance of this approach in epistemic justification as evident in its inclusive nature as well as its shift of the focus of philosophical thinking from identity to diversity in an interculturality society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea that science is objective, or able to achieve objectivity, is in large part responsible for the role that science plays within society. But what is objectivity? The idea of objectivity is ambiguous. This paper distinguishes between three basic forms of objectivity. The first form of objectivity is ontological objectivity: the world as it is in itself does not depend upon what we think about it; it is independent of human thought, language, conceptual activity or experience. The second form of objectivity is the objectivity of truth: truth does not depend upon what we believe or justifiably believe; truth depends upon the way reality itself is. The third form of objectivity is epistemic objectivity: this form of objectivity resides in the scientific method which ensures that subjective factors are excluded, and only epistemically relevant factors play a role in scientific inquiry. The paper considers two problems that arise for the notion of epistemic objectivity: the theorydependence of observation and the variability of the methods of science. It is argued that the use of shared standard procedures ensures the objectivity of observation despite theory-dependence. It is argued that the variability of methods need not lead to an epistemic relativism about science. The paper concludes with the realist suggestion that the best explanation of the success of the sciences is that the methods employed in the sciences are highly reliable truth-conducive tools of inquiry. The objectivity of the methods of the sciences leads to the objective truth about the objective world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a reversible data embedding algorithm in encrypted images of cloud storage where the embedding was performed by detecting a predictor that provides a maximum embedding rate. Initially, the scheme generates trail data which are embedded using the prediction error expansion in the encrypted training images to obtain the embedding rate of a predictor. The process is repeated for different predictors from which the predictor that offers the maximum embedding rate is estimated. Using the estimated predictor as the label the Convolutional neural network (CNN) model is trained with the encrypted images. The trained CNN model is used to estimate the best predictor that provides the maximum embedding rate. The estimation of the best predictor from the test image does not use the trail data embedding process. The evaluation of proposed reversible data hiding uses the datasets namely BossBase and BOWS-2 with the metrics such as embedding rate, SSIM, and PSNR. The proposed predictor classification was evaluated with the metrics such as classification accuracy, recall, and precision. The predictor classification provides an accuracy, recall, and precision of 92.63%, 91.73%, and 90.13% respectively. The reversible data hiding using the proposed predictor selection approach provides an embedding rate of 1.955 bpp with a PSNR and SSIM of 55.58dB and 0.9913 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we proposed a numerical method based on the shifted fractional order Jacobi and trapezoid methods to solve a type of distributed partial differential equations. The fractional derivatives are considered in the Caputo-Prabhakar type. By shifted fractional-order Jacobi polynomials our proposed method can provide highly accurate approximate solutions by reducing the problem under study to a set of algebraic equations which is technically simpler to handle. In order to demonstrate the error estimates, several lemmas are provided. Finally, numerical results are provided to demonstrate the validity of the theoretical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hybrid method utilizing the collocation technique with B-splines and Lie-Trotter splitting algorithm applied for 3 model problems which include a single solitary wave, two solitary wave interaction, and a Maxwellian initial condition is designed for getting the approximate solutions for the generalized equal width (GEW) equation. Initially, the considered problem has been split into 2 sub-equations as linear Ut = Â(U) and nonlinear Ut = B(U) in the terms of time. After, numerical schemes have been constructed for these sub-equations utilizing the finite element method (FEM) together with quintic B-splines. Lie-Trotter splitting technique ÂoB has been used to generate approximate solutions of the main equation. The stability analysis of acquired numerical schemes has been examined by the Von Neumann method. Also, the error norms L2 and L∞ with mass, energy, and momentum conservation constants I1, I2, and I3, respectively are calculated to illustrate how perfect solutions this new algorithm applied to the problem generates and the ones produced are compared with those in the literature. These new results exhibit that the algorithm presented in this paper is more accurate and successful, and easily applicable to other non-linear partial differential equations (PDEs) as the present equation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development of a series of fractional multi-step linear finite difference methods (FLMMs) designed to address fractional multi-delay pantograph differential equations of order 0 < α ≤ 1. These p-FLMMs are constructed using fractional backward differentiation formulas of first and second orders, thereby facilitating the numerical solution of fractional differential equations. Notably, we employ accurate approximations for the delayed components of the equation, guaranteeing the retention of stability and convergence characteristics in the proposed p-FLMMs. To substantiate our theoretical findings, we offer numerical examples that corroborate the efficacy and reliability of our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce a generalized delta q-Mittag-Leffler function. Also, we solve some Caputo delta q-fractional dynamic equations and these solutions are expressed by means of the newly introduced delta q-Mittag-Leffler function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the identification of upper and lower solutions for a high-order fractional integro-differential equation featuring non-linear boundary conditions. By introducing an order relation, we define these upper and lower solutions. Through a rigorous approach, we demonstrate the existence of these solutions as the limits of sequences derived from carefully selected problems, supported by the application of Arzel\a-Ascoli's theorem. To illustrate the significance of our findings, we provide an illustrative example. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of solutions in the context of complex fractional integro-differential equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we transform the given nonlocal boundary condition problem into a manageable local equation. By introducing an additional transformation of the variables, we can simplify this equation into conformable Burgers' equation. Thus, the Keller Box method is used as a numerical scheme to solve the equation. A comparison is made between numerical results and the analytic solution to validate the results of our proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Computing the eigenvalues of the Conformable Sturm-Liouville Problem (CSLP) of order 2α, 1/2 < α; ≤ 1, and dirichlet boundary conditions is considered. For this aim, CSLP is discretized to obtain a matrix eigenvalue problem (MEP) using finite element method with fractional shape functions. Then by a method based on the asymptotic form of the eigenvalues, we correct the eigenvalues of MEP to obtain efficient approximations for the eigenvalues of CSLP. Finally, some numerical examples to show the efficiency of the proposed method are given. Numerical results show that for the nth eigenvalue, the correction technique reduces the error order from O(n4h²) to O(n²h²). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can atheistic explanations scientifically explain the world and humans? Can theistic deductive arguments provide a rational explanation of the world? Many philosophers of contemporary religion believe that deductive arguments for the existence of God are invalid because they are either deductively invalid or based on one or more false or uncertain premises. Hence, they turned to non-analogical arguments about the existence of God. The purpose of this paper is to examine and evaluate one of these interesting new arguments, the Swinburne inductive argument. This research paper is a library-based theoretical analysis that is done through the concepts, propositions, and arguments. Swinburne claims that humanistic and materialistic explanations cannot explain the world and humans. In contrast, he has three arguments for the existence of the universe, the existence of scientific laws, and the laws of the process of evolution; He uses the existence of God as three affirmative inductive arguments and concludes the accumulation of theism as the best explanation. The result of such arguments is that theism can be the ultimate explanation of the world. It will also be shown that such arguments are less challenging and can greatly increase the likelihood of God's existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenfunctions of a fractional order Sturm-Liouville problem (FSLP) are approximated by using the fractional differential transform method (FDTM), which is a generalization of the differential transform method (DTM). FDTM reduces the proposed fourth-order FSLP to a system of algebraic equations. The resulting coefficient matrix defines a characteristic polynomial which its roots correspond to the eigenvalues of FSLP. The obtained numerical results which are compared with the results of other papers confirm the efficiency of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent literature, many researchers are interested to apply standard computational methods for exact or numerical solutions of many classical nonlinear partial differential equations. Some leading methods are based on Lie group analysis, Painleve Analysis, G'/G expansion techniques, homotopy perturbation methods, and so on. The equations include complicated Navier-Stokes equation, Schrödinger equation, KdV-like equations, and so on. As a result, the glory of nonlinear dynamics can be witnessed through its applications in many fields namely: ocean engineering, plasma physics, optical communications, fluid dynamics, and much more. One of the significant observations is that whatever may be the order of nonlinear PDE, as far as the soliton and multi- solitons of KdV like equation or Boussinesq equation are concerned Hirota's method and tanh -- coth method play a crucial role. The main result of the paper demonstrates that the above novel theme works well with the generalized Boussinesq equation of 10th order. In this paper, the Boussinesq equation of order ten is derived and its multi-soliton solutions are deduced by the Hirota's method. The one soliton solution is reconfirmed using the tanh method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine Putnam's views on the application of quantum logic is the aim of this paper. Hilary Putnam defends quantum logic in his works. According to him, classical logic cannot answer the problems arising in quantum mechanics. Therefore, we need to present a non-classical logic, namely quantum logic. Putnam argues three main reasons for the transition from classical logic to quantum: I. to be false some of the necessary truths of logic, II. have to change of logic, III. the pattern of three-valued logic. Putnam's views about this transition to quantum logic can be considered from several points: First, despite Putnam's criticism of classical logic, he defends quantum logic through the rules of classical logic. Second, it is a bulky claim to know of quantum logic as "true" logic. Third, the conclusions of the Cartesian product have changed in Putnam's analysis. Fourth, in his logic system, Putnam pays attention to "intuition" instead of relying on "axioms." Fifth, the middle value of truth is ineffective and erroneous in quantum logic. Despite these criticisms, many of them can be answered analytically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Water is one of the main pillars of the country's sustainable development, and surface water resources play an undeniable role in this by providing many needs for drinking, industry and agriculture. These resources must meet different demands not only in terms of quantity but also in terms of quality. In most studies, complex watershed models that evaluate hydrology and water quality simultaneously are widely used (Borui and Gazzetti 2014, Haas et al. 2016), but these models are difficult to run on large amounts of data and information. They require input and this can be considered as a limitation for use in developing countries where we face a lack of quality data (Paiva et al. 2012, Melo et al. 2016). This limitation in the use of models can be overcome by using simpler qualitative-quantitative methods that require less data and are less dependent on pollutant flow and transfer equations, such as the Load Duration curves (LDC) method (Serrano et al. 2020). LDC is a graphical output obtained by combining daily flow values with water quality data and is used to assess pollutants (McKay et al. 2010). The LDC curve provides insight into the loading pattern under different flow conditions, particularly by characterizing point and nonpoint pollutant sources (Johnson et al. 2009). This technique is often used in the development of watershed protection plans as well as in TMDL calculations (Beynam 2007, Ward et al. 2009). The use of load Duraton curves (LDC) for water quality planning and management, especially to support TMDL programs, is common in different countries due to the need for less data compared to complex quality models. However, this method has been used in Iran. has not been In this research, by drawing the LDC and TMDL curves for the nitrate pollutant in the Tejn River, the qualitative condition of the river for agricultural and aquatic uses along the 80-kilometer route from the downstream of the Shahid Rajaei Dam to the mouth of the sea has been investigated. Methodology: In this research, by choosing two hydrometric stations, Rig Cheshme and Kordkheyl, along the flow path of the Tejn River, the Tejn watershed was divided into three sections with different characteristics. The upstream area of Rig Cheshme station, where the Shahid Rajaei Dam is located, mostly includes forest and mountain areas with natural vegetation and agricultural lands and less human settlements. The middle area includes the areas between Rig Cheshme station and Kordkheyl station, which mostly includes agricultural lands, especially rice fields, citrus and blackberry orchards, as well as numerous urban and rural areas, and the lower area, which includes the downstream areas from Kordkheyl station to the mouth of the sea. Investigating the quality conditions of the river flow path in these two stations can determine the perspective of nitrate pollution under the influence of these two land use patterns in the region. The data of the research includes the information of the daily discharge of the stream for 18 years (1998-1999 to 2016-2017) and the nitrate concentration measured for 8 years (2011-2012 to 2019-2020) at the location of the hydrometric stations, which were obtained from the Mazandaran Regional Water Company. In order to analyze the flow conditions and the rate of nitrate pollution in the water of Tajen river, the latest quantitative and qualitative long-term information was obtained from the regional water company of Mazandaran province and the average flow rate in the months of the year and the changes of nitrates in the basin were investigated. The 18-year daily flow data from the water year 1998-1999 to the water year 2016-2017 were used to draw the flow Duraton curve. Considering that the studied area mostly includes agricultural lands and as a result, the entry of pollutants from these lands is a function of the conditions of the cultivation and non-cultivation seasons. Therefore, the discharges are divided into two groups of discharges of the cultivation and non-cultivation seasons. Then for each of these seasons, the Flow Duraton curve was drawn. For this purpose, the discharges were arranged in descending order and using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov index of probability distribution function suitable for each data series, the probability of occurrence of each of the discharges was calculated. To investigate the quality conditions of Tajen river in terms of nitrate concentration, the data measured in 2011-2012 to 2016-2017 were used. After drawing the continuous Flow Duration curve (FDC), by multiplying the standard values of nitrate concentration by the flow rate, the maximum allowable daily nitrate load was obtained. Also, by multiplying the measured nitrate load with the corresponding flow rates, the amount of nitrate passing through was calculated. Investigation and determination of Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) curves for two agricultural uses and water ecosystems (environment) in two seasons of cultivation and non-cultivation were carried out at measuring stations along the flow path. By drawing the curves of TMDL and LDC values, investigating and analyzing the quality conditions of the river along about 80 kilometers between the Shahid Rajaei dam and the mouth of the river in terms of the amount of nitrate pollution with the aim of agricultural and aquaculture applications in terms of space and time, and the necessary implementation proposals presented. Findings: The discharge data series of Rig Cheshmeh station has a Normal distribution in the cultivation season and a Burr distribution in the non-cultivation season, and the data series in Kordkheyl station have a better fit with the Burr distribution in both the cultivation and non-cultivation seasons. The flow rate at Rig Cheshme station is higher in the first half of the water year and lower in the second half of the year. This is due to the withdrawal of water from Shahid Rajaei Dam in the second half and the release of more water for agricultural uses in the first half of the year. The discharge changes in Kordkheyl station have different conditions, so that in the first half of the year we see lower discharges and in the second half of the year more discharges. This issue is due to more harvests of river water for agriculture, especially rice cultivation in the river terrace lands, during spring and summer. The reason for the higher discharge in the second half of the year is the connection of the branches downstream of Rig Cheshme station. Flow Duraton curve (FDC) and discharges with a probability of 90% for Rig Cheshme and Kordkheyl stations and separated by cultivation and non-cultivation seasons. At Rig Cheshme station in discharges with a probability of 90%, it has more values than at Kordkheyl station, which is justified considering that Rig Cheshme station is located upstream and the withdrawals from the river are less in those areas. On the other hand, because there are limited agricultural lands upstream of Rig Cheshme station, and most of the lands are forest and pasture, therefore, due to the need of water during the cultivation period in the downstream; More water has been released from Shahid Rajaei Dam and higher discharges have occurred. On the other hand, due to the location of abundant agricultural lands and harvesting from the river in the cultivation season upstream of Kordkheyl station, the discharge values in this station are lower in the cultivation season than in the non-cultivation season. In the investigated period, in none of the data collection times, nitrate values (LDC) were not more than the permissible limit (TMDL) and therefore, from the upstream of the river to the location of Rig Cheshme station, favorable quality conditions were established in terms of nitrate pollutant concentration, and in terms of agricultural uses and There is no limit to aquaculture throughout the year. Carefully in the curves, it is determined that the values of the passing load in larger flows are closer to the TMDL curve, so that these points are in the range of 10-40% probability of occurrence and in wet conditions. In the LDC curve, if loads are in this range, their origin can be non-point pollution loads (Tiago et al. 2011, Chin 2012, Thiago 2012). Therefore, it can be concluded that the origin of loads in the upstream area of Rig Cheshme station are mostly non-point sources. according to LDC curves of Kordkheyl station, It can be seen that some of the values are tangent or above the TMDL curve, which indicates the violation of the rules of the maximum allowed load in this station. This has occurred in low river flows, indicating the impact of point pollutant sources (Cleland 2002, Bonta and Cleland 2003, Serrano et al. 2020). There are many point sources in the upstream area of Kordkheyl station and its distance from Rig Cheshme station. The location of three industrial centers of wood and paper factory, dairy products company and Sari antibiotic factory in this area introduce point pollutants to the river. Also, the effluents of the city of Sari and the neighboring villages are located in this area and enter the river as a point along the flow path (Sadeghi Azad 2017). The limitation of river water use occurs from medium flows to low flows (probabilities of occurrence (40-100%) which are related to the irrigation seasons of paddy fields. Conclusion: In this research, using LDC in two stations, Rig Cheshme and Kordkheyl, the quality conditions and factors affecting the water quality of Tajen River were investigated. Examining the trend of pollutant concentration changes in consecutive years shows that the Rig Cheshme station has almost a constant trend and the concentrations do not show much change, but in Kordkheyl station, over the years, the nitrate load concentration of the river, both in the cultivation season and in the non-cultivation season, cultivation has been added. The results showed that most of the non-point sources are effective on the nitrate pollution of the river in the area of Rig Cheshme station. But these factors do not create a situation where the nitrate concentration in the river exceeds the maximum limit. The results indicate that the Load Duraton curves compared to the Total Maximum Daily Load for agricultural, fisheries and aquaculture applications from the upstream of Shahid Rajaei Dam to Rig Cheshme Station are in the safe margin and have no limitations. Examining the graphs of the Load Duraton curve for river at Kordkheyl station indicates that the amount of nitrate pollutant has increased from the maximum allowed, and these cases are related to the minimum discharges and during the cultivation seasons. On the other hand, according to the surveys conducted and according to the quality conditions of the river at Kordkheyl station up to 16 km below (the mouth of the Tajen River to the Caspian Sea), during the cultivation seasons, the river will suffer nitrate pollution more than the allowed limit. Therefore, it is necessary to revise the calculations of releasing the flow from Shahid Rajaei Dam. Also, the management of the use of nitrogen fertilizers in the fields and gardens of the region, especially the edges of the flow path from Kordkheyl station to the mouth of the sea, has been reviewed and reconsidered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper, modified simple equation method (MSEM) is implemented for obtaining exact solutions of three nonlinear (3 + 1)-dimensional space-time fractional equation, namely three types of modified Korteweg-de-Vries (mKdV) equations. Here, the derivatives are of the type of conformable fractional derivatives. The solving process produces a system of algebraic equations which is possible to be easily with no need of using software for determining unknown coefficients. Results show that this method can supply a powerful mathematical tool to construct exact solutions of mKdV equations and it can be employed for other nonlinear (3 + 1) - dimensional space-time fractional equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presented paper investigates a new numerical method based on the characteristics of flatlet oblique multiwavelets for solving fractional Volterra integro-differential equations, in this method, first using the dual bases of the flatlet multiwavelets, the operator matrices are made for the derivative of fractional order and Volterra integral. Then, the fractional Volterra integro-differential equation reduces to a set of algebraic equations which can be easily solved. The error analysis and convergence of the presented method are discussed. Also, numerical examples will indicate the acceptable accuracy of the proposed method, which is compared with the methods used by other researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to develop a stochastic perturbation into SEIR (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Removed) epidemic model including a saturated estimated incidence. A set of stochastic differential equations is used to study its behavior, with the assumption that each population's exposure to environmental unpredictability is represented by noise terms. This kind of randomness is considerably more reasonable and realistic in the proposed model. The current study has been viewed as strengthening the body of literature because there is less research on the dynamics of this kind of model. We discussed the structure of all equilibriums' existence and the dynamical behavior of all the steady states. The fundamental replication number for the proposed method was used to discuss the stability of every equilibrium point; if R0 < 1, the infected free equilibrium is resilient, and if R0 < 1, the endemic equilibrium is resilient. The system's value is primarily described by its ambient stochasticity, which takes the form of Gaussian white noise. Additionally, the suggested model can offer helpful data for comprehending, forecasting, and controlling the spread of various epidemics globally. Numerical simulations are run for a hypothetical set of parameter values to back up our analytical conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Implicit-Explicit (IMEX) Exponential Fitted (EF) peer methods are proposed for the numerical solution of an advection-diffusion problem exhibiting an oscillatory solution. Adapted numerical methods both in space and in time are constructed. The spatial semi-discretization of the problem is based on finite differences, adapted to both the diffusion and advection terms, while the time discretization employs EF IMEX peer methods. The accuracy and stability features of the proposed methods are analytically and numerically analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of fractional differential equations are considered on a fixed interval. In this paper, we consider a typical fractional differential equation on a symmetric interval [-α,α], where α is the order of fractional derivative. For a positive real number α we prove that the solutions are Tn,α(x) = (α+x)½ Qn,α(x) where Qn,α(x) produce a family of orthogonal polynomials with respect to the weight function wα(x) = ... on [-α,α]. For integer case α = 1, we show that these polynomials coincide with classical Chebyshev polynomials of the third kind. Orthogonal properties of the solutions lead to practical results in determining solutions of some fractional differential equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on studying the stabilization problems of stochastic nonlinear reaction-diffusion systems (SNRDSs) with time-varying delays via boundary control. Firstly, the boundary controller was designed to stabilization for SNRDSs. By utilizing the Lyapunov functional method, Ito's differential formula, Wirtinger's inequality, Gronwall inequality, and LMIs, sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee the finite-time stability (FTS) of proposed systems. Secondly, the basic expressions of the control gain matrices are designed for the boundary controller. Finally, numerical examples are presented to verify the efficiency and superiority of the proposed stabilization criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern times many militant atheist thinkers and activists have tried to promote the idea that religions, as well as religious ways of life, are one of the main, if not the main source of evil in the social arena. Some other nonbeliever scholars, while taking a respectful approach towards religions and religious people, maintaining that it is more rational for people and communities to adopt a non-religious outlook on life and become members of the community of non-believers. In this paper, I do not take issue with the militant non-believers. The reason is that their approach to religion is so ideologically driven that it leaves not much room for proper rational discussions; it only invites some polemical replies. My aim here is, instead, to enter into a dialogue with those non-believer scholars who view religion in a measured and rational way. My intention is to critically assess the claims of this latter group of scholars and explain why, contrary to what they suggest, certain interpretations of religion, and in particular, the Islamic faith, can provide them with better alternatives than their atheist outlooks. The arguments of this paper are mostly in reply to the views expressed by Professor Shearmur in his paper on critical rationalism and religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that it is not reasonable for a critical rationalist to be a religious believer in the Abrahamic tradition. The argument is distinctive, in that it takes seriously the critical rationalist view that we should abandon ‘justificationist’ argument. What this means, is that the structure of argument then becomes a matter of offering theories as resolutions of problems, and then judging how they fare in the face of ongoing critical appraisal. The paper surveys issues in several areas, including God and what is good; homosexuality; mysticism; and messianic ideas. It argues that, unless the believer engages in intellectual retreat (something that is unacceptable for the critical rationalist), the problem-situation facing the believer appears to be so daunting that it would be unreasonable for them to hope that they can overcome it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our world, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of artifacts. Drawing on Popper's theory of three worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) approach. This theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical world (World 1), the mental world (World 2), and the world of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that artifacts have different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three worlds theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of artifacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to consider whether critical rationalism has any ideas which could usefully be applied to the internet. Today we tend to take the internet for granted and it is easy to forget that it was only about two decades ago that it began to be used to any significant extent. Accordingly in section 1 of the paper, there is a brief consideration of the history of the internet. At first sight this makes it looks implausible that any of Popper’s ideas could be applicable to the internet, since Popper died before the internet came into general use. However, section 2 argues that Popper’s theory of World 3 does apply very well to the internet. This application is significant because, as shown in section 3, it leads to the problem of misinformation, which is one of the most significant problems generated by the internet. In section 4 there is an attempt to solve this problem using ideas taken from Popper’s epistemology. It is argued that there should be changes in education designed to prepare students for the internet age. Teaching in the internet age should focus on presenting to the students not just the accepted theories but also the evidence on which they are based. An illustration of how this might be done is given by considering an example from science teaching, namely the teaching of Newtonian mechanics in the last years of school or first years of university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the liberal society that Popper lauds, that aims to be truly open, and discusses why another, more communitarian kind of society, particularly societies in Africa, may also reflect the quest for intellectual openness that is Popper’s ideal. Moreover, this paper avers reasons why Popper should be comfortable with such a liberal-communitarian mix. The inter-subjectivity in his critical rationalism is a balance of an explicit individualism, and an implicit social element (Afisi, 2016a). Popper is indeed an author of such a balance. For a society to be truly open requires the careful recognition and protection of individual freedom. However, the extent to which individuals are free to perform actions that they desire without external constraints, and the level of their individuality in relation to others when performing such actions, remain a contentious issue between liberals and more communitarian thinkers. Popper’s critical rationalism provides the necessary impetus to this contention through his view of freedom that I contend can best be viewed as carefully balanced, a view which combines individuality with a social element that upholds community values necessary for openness of society. With this combination, Popper’s politics of liberalism provides an effective model of how a truly open society can be achieved. The values inherent to Popper’s liberalism including those concerning intellectual openness, individual freedom, mutual respect, measured selfrespect, welfarism, humanitarianism, accountability, critical debates and feedback from the citizens, together concern the conditions for a society to be truly open. There are many competing thoughts as to what openness might be in Popper’s philosophy. The present study of Popper does not presume to address them all. The focus here is specifically on using Popper’s idea of critical rationalism to balance relations between liberal politics of individual rights and freedom, and communitarian politics of the common good, as it relates to situations about how socio-economic and political conditions in Africa societies should be structured. While I contend that Popper’s works in political philosophy focused centrally on Western political tradition, and not about Africa in its strict sense, significant lessons can be distilled from Popper that can offer suggestions on social reforms in Africa. This paper explores Popper’s project of the open society across the plurality and differences of societies, so that his liberal ideas of individual freedom are not undermined, and the progress of the communitarian idea of the common good, that Africa societies are built upon, is also well enhanced. Liberal individualism and community values inherent to communitarianism are both well accommodated within Popper’s critical rationalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the semi-analytical solutions of linear and non-linear Time Fractional Klein-Gordon equations with appropriate initial conditions to apply the New Sumudu-Adomian Decomposition method (NSADM). This paper shows the semi-analytical as well as a graphical interpretation of the solution by using mathematical software "Mathematica Wolform" and considering Caputo's sense derivatives to semi-analytical results obtained by NSADM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the solutions for a non-integer high order boundary value problem which is subject to the Caputo fractional derivative. The boundary condition is a non-local type. Analytically, we introduce the fractional Green's function. The main principle applied to simulate our results is the Banach contraction fixed point theorem. We deduce this paper by presenting some illustrative examples. Furthermore, it is presented a numerical based semi-analytical technique to approximate the unique solution to the desired order of precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important and most discussed problems of traditional and contemporary metaphysics and philosophy of science is the problem of causality. The problem has generated a lot of controversies and debates from scholars. One clear point amidst these discussions on the causality problem is that the last has neither been written nor heard. It remains an open-ended issue for philosophical consideration. The causation problem itself is not just a problem but a cluster of problems with puzzling questions such as; how do causes bring about their effects? Our concern in this paper is not to examine all the problems that are embedded in the relationship between cause and effect, but to focus on the metaphysical problem of how cause, conceived as a separate event is related or connected to the effect. Several theories have been postulated by Western scholars like Aristotle, Spinoza, Hume, Hempel, Russell, Kant, Mill, among others to explain the kind of causal connection obtainable between causes and effects. Some of these theories of causation are traditional view or common sense view, Humean, and the host of others. It is a fact that some of these theories have failed in proffering a philosophical solution to the traditional causation problem. In an attempt to further reflect on the traditional causation problem, this paper undertakes an exposition of the nature of causality, determinism, freedom and predestination in traditional African thought with the aim of proffering better explanation towards resolving the traditional causation problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an examination of Bochenski's conception of an acceptable methodology for research in philosophy. Generally methodology refers to the building of scientific knowledge, methods are the how for building knowledge. it is the how, why method we have elected to reflect on the method of doing philosophy. This reflection proceeds from a preliminary discourse on the various methods that have been deployed in doing philosophy in the past to a discourse on the lessons from Josef Maria Bochenski's thought. The paper, found out that such methods as the phenomenological method, the analytical method, the dialectical method, the hermeneutical method amongst others have been used in doing philosophy, past and present. We have argued in this paper that while it is true that real progress in philosophy can only be guaranteed by an adequate method that is grounded in logic and semantics, there is no single universally accepted method of doing philosophy. However, the conclusion that is reached in this paper, drawing from a reflection on Bochenski's thought and insights from an intercultural perspective is that, an authentic philosophical method that rest on the phenomenological analysis and proceeds through analysis. Finally, whichever method one elects to use in doing philosophy, it must be guided by logic, and it must be complementary and not confrontational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Blue Book (pp. 17-18) and in the Philosophical Investigation (§§ 66-67), Wittgenstein offers the idea of 'family resemblances' to explain the relation between some 'things'. This paper first explores two accounts of this idea, one by Renford Bambrough and the other by Ilham Dilman. This reveals that there are at least two different accounts of 'family resemblances'. Secondly, the paper sets out a critical assessment of both accounts so as to suggest that they both fail at what they claim to do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work takes a critical and cursory look at the term 'education' as well as the challenges of higher education in Nigeria. The paper explicates these issues from Hegel's model of development. It argues that education is imperative for the development of any nation and underscores the relevance of man to his socialcultural milieu. It insists that the current problems or challenges bedeviling higher education in Nigeria is a systemic one, especially given the long, total neglect by the Nigerian political institution. The article concludes that Hegel's view of society as containing intrinsic or inner contradictions; exemplified by the dialectic of history--portrayed by the triadic movement could not be sustained when x-rayed vis-à-vis the enormous problems plaguing higher education in Nigeria. However, the view of the paper is that though the challenges are not insurmountable, determined and pragmatic efforts must be made by all stalk-holders to address the ills bedeviling Nigerian education sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Food security is a critical global challenge that is influenced by research and innovation in the field. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the scientific output of developing countries in food security and examine its relationship with patents and Gross Domestic Product (GDP).Methodology: This applied research utilized the Scientometric approach. A total of 8,416 papers published between 1992-2023 in the field of food security by developing countries were included in the study using citation databases from Clarivate Analytics. Additionally, patent registrations from the WIPO database and GDP data from the World Bank were analyzed. Information was collected through note-taking, and the data was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient.Findings: The findings reveal an upward trend in the publication and citation of scientific outputs related to food security in developing countries. China has higher numbers of papers, patents, GDP, and food production index compared to Iran, Japan, and South Korea. There is also a positive correlation observed between population and the number of papers, gross production and the number of papers, food production and the number of published papers, as well as the number of patents and papers citing scientific outputs of countries.Conclusion: These results highlight the significant relationship between increasing scientific output, GDP, the number of patents, and food security. Greater emphasis on food security contributes to enhanced scientific output, GDP, and innovation. Similarly, increasing scientific output, GDP, and innovation positively impact food security in countries.Value: This study emphasizes the importance of scientific outputs in driving technological advancements, innovations, and ultimately, ensuring food security in developing countries.

Background and objective: Since, feeding in animal husbandry is one of the most critical and costly issues, therefore should focus on cheap resources like agricultural wastes which provide adequate nutrients for livestock. Olive pomace is a residue of the oil extraction of olive fruit, which after drying can be used as a by-product in animal feed. Olive pomace contains high lignin (32% DM), cellulose and hemicellulose (Sadeghi et al. 2009). Raw olive pomace contains high amounts of 16 and 18 fatty acids; and about 96% of olive pomace fatty acids include linoleic acid and oleic acid (Nazari et al. 2009). Olive pomace is containing anti-nutritional components such as phenolic compounds and tannins (0.58 to 1.1 g/kg DM), and it may have adverse effects on livestock (Molina et al, 2003). Feeding dairy ruminants with non-core olive cake containing tocopherol, retinol and phenols can cause positive changes on milk quality, and improved oxidative stability of milk (Pauselli et al, 2007). Some of buffalo breeders use wheat flour in buffalo diet. Using wheat flour, can destroy the rumen microbial population and as an important part in human foods, increases costs. However, there is no research on wheat flour replaced with olive pomace in buffalo nutrition. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the effect of olive cake on digestibility, blood biochemical parameters and production performance of Khuzestani dairy Buffalo. Material and methods: Fifteen dairy buffaloes average 4 years, average body weight 570 kg and 2 parities were used in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 5 repeats. Experimental treatments were included 0%, 7.5%, and 15% olive pomace substituted with wheat flour, which fed two times daily for 45 days in a completely randomized design. Diets were formulated according to the NRC. The olive pomace used in this study dried by air drying. The pomaces were stirred and mixed several times daily. The crude protein, metabolizable energy, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fibers, and fat of olive pomace were 6.5%, 2.65 Mk / kg DM, 56, 45, and 9 %, respectively. At the end of the experiment, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, production performance and blood parameters were measured. The diets were prepared completely mixed and given daily at 7:00 and 17:00. Fresh water was also available to them. The combination of control diet consisted of corn silage, wheat straw, olive cake, wheat flour, wheat bran, rice bran, mineral supplement and vitamins, limestone. Milking was done every day in the morning and evening and milk production was recorded. Milk scanner was used to measure milk protein, fat, and lactose. The milk pH determined by using pH papers or electrical pH meters; and milk solids and non-fat solids (SNF), by lactometer. Also, blood samples were taken from all buffaloes at the end of the period, 3 to 4 hours after morning intake and blood metabolites determined. For apparent digestibility of the diets, during three consecutive days, buffalo feces were collected. Also, sampling of feed residuals in the last three days of the period was weighed. Then, the digestibility of organic matter, dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, acid detergent fibers and neutral detergent fibers were measured. The obtained data were analyzed using the General Linear Model procedure of the SAS. A comparison of the mean was made with Duncan. The model of this design was a completely randomized design with three treatments, and each treatment includes five replications based on the statistical model: Yij= µ + Ti+ eij. Also, repeated data per time were analyzed based on the mixed statistical model. Yci = µ + Tc + Ɛic + (T*P) ik. Results: Milk fat and SNF increased in experimental treatments at the end of the period (P<0.05). However, milk production, protein, acidity, density and pH of milk were not affected by the experimental treatments (P>0.05). Milk production increased by using dried olive kernels in dairy buffaloes (Terramoccia et al. 2013). Inclusion of unsaturated fatty acids often reduces the saturated fatty acids of milk. Also, high fat in olive pomace can be a major reason for high percentage of milk fat in the olive pomace treatment compared to control (Chilofalo et al. 2003). Also, the concentration of blood parameters was not affected by experimental diets. But, blood cholesterol in 7.5% olive cake increased and the concentration of alkaline phosphatase enzyme increased by 15% olive cake compared to the other treatments (P<0.05). Obeidat (2017) reported that adding olive pomace to the diet of Awasi lambs had no effect on blood parameters (glucose, blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase). But Hashish and Al-Sameh (2012) declared that saturated fatty acids in olive pomace can increase the concentration of saturated fatty acids and blood cholesterol. Other researchers also concluded that with the increase in dietary fat concentration, blood cholesterol increased (Bhatta et al. 2011). Nutrient digestibility was not affected by experimental treatments (P>0.05). Using olive pomace up to 20% instead of barley in Lori lambs increased microbial protein production in the rumen. Also, olive pomace in the Dalagh sheep diet increased feeding efficiency and carcass weight; and reduced production costs up to 66% (Samadi 2009). The use of olive pomace in Awasi lambs, did not influence dry matter intake, digestibility of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acidic detergent fiber (Obeidat 2017). Conclusion: According to the recent study, replacing wheat flour with olive cake had no negative effect on production, blood parameters and digestibility of nutrients in dairy buffaloes, and due to the reasonable price of olive cake; replacing olive cake up to 15% with wheat flour in the diet of dairy buffaloes is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Unpredictable climate change and the resulting risks have always been one of the serious challenges for agricultural development in developing countries, including Iran. Ranchers and farmers in arid and semi-arid regions are at risk of losing part of their property due to pests, diseases, and climatic shocks. But, climatic shocks such as drought and floods are considered to be the most important causes of macro-level damage )Karanja Ng’ang’a et al 2016(. Therefore, there is a need to limit the effects of natural disasters such as floods, which increase the active role of residents in flood-prone areas. Because, research has shown that risk management at the property level can reduce the effects of floods (Hudson et al 2019). Crop insurance could act as an effective tool for managing risks. For many years, livestock herders have been confronted with losses from natural disasters without livestock insurance. On average, 30% of natural disaster damages are covered by insurance worldwide. Also, in developed countries such as the United States and Canada, the compensation rate is much higher and is about 50 to 60 percent (Re 2017). Due to the relatively slow expansion of insurance in agricultural farms during economic development programs, as well as the requirements related to the performance of the functions of through the agricultural insurance fund, compulsory insurance as the main mechanism of insurance development and performance of the expected function of the agricultural insurance institution received more attention than before (Agricultural insurance fund 2009). Therefore, using the legal capacities and authorities to develop insurance, provide statistical information and details of members of provincial and city unions and cooperatives, make the allocation of all inputs and services to ranchers to receive and provide livestock insurance by the rancher and preparation and delivery. The list of insurable livestock along with the premium to the relevant agency, expresses the need for ranchers to participate in the compulsory insurance plan (Agricultural insurance fund 2013). Compulsory small ruminant insurance is considered an effective way to reduce livestock production risk and the most important strategies to achieve to security of income and stability of production. However, few empirical studies have been done on the influence of socio-economic factors on compulsory livestock insurance in Iran. However, in our country, due to the possibility of climate change and other natural disasters, farmers and ranchers in the event of events such as drought or sudden rains and hail, floods, storms and other events that are under control. They do not have much power, they suffer a lot of damage. Given this important issue, in the present study, the various economic and social factors affecting the adoption of compulsory small ruminant insurance in Ahwaz County in the south of Iran, is survived. According to the 2019 flood in Ahwaz County as one of the most important regions of livestock production, this county selected as the case study of the present study. The main goal of the present paper was to study the economic and social factors affecting the adoption of compulsory small ruminant insurance in Ahwaz County. Material and methods: This study investigates various economic and social factors affecting the adoption of compulsory small ruminant insurance in rural areas of Ahwaz County, using the Logit regression model. The main purpose of using the logit model is to answer the question of what factors affect the acceptance or non-acceptance of insurance by ranchers. Also, at this stage, the main question of the research is answered whether farmers affected by the flood of 2019 are more willing to accept compulsory livestock insurance or not. Therefore, small ruminant ranchers in Ahvaz County should be divided into two general groups. The first group consisted of ranchers who accepted compulsory small ruminant insurance, and the second group included ranchers who did not accept compulsory insurance. In this model, the dependent variable is zero (non-acceptance of insurance) and one (acceptance of insurance). Data and information required for this study are collected using simple sampling and questionnaires completed by the livestock producers in 2019. In the first part of the questionnaire, information about economic variables such as number of livestock, and income, as well as social variables including age, household size, rancher experience, literacy level, etc. were asked. In this questionnaire, in addition to the above information, the impact of damage caused by natural disasters (floods) and as well as the amount of damage in terms of the number of livestock and the amount of damage were also included in the questionnaire. In the second part, ranchers were asked about accepting or not accepting compulsory insurance. Therefore, based on the Cochran formula the sample size of 328 ranchers of Ahwaz County were selected in 2019. Also, the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by calculating Cranach’s alpha coefficient. The factors that affect by livestock herder’s purchase or not pay for the premium of compulsory livestock insurance are age, education, herd size, type of livestock, awareness of compulsory livestock insurance, 2019 flood experience, livestock ownership, access to the brokers and veterinary services, benefits and receive of compensation. Results and discussion: The results of the Logit model showed that age, awareness of insurance benefits, education, type of livestock ownership, access to the broker, access to veterinary services, and the experience of the 2019 flood have a significant effect on compulsory insurance acceptance. Also, all variables have a positive and significant effect on the acceptance of compulsory small ruminant insurance in Ahwaz county and increase the possibility of accepting insurance. The results also showed that, according to the classification intended for the level of satisfaction with previous insurance policies, the level of satisfaction of ranchers (55% of ranchers) with these policies is very low (maximum frequency). Conclusion: According to the results obtained some suggestions were provided such as focusing on the relevant institutions on risk reduction strategies before the disaster, providing the conditions for the presence of veterinarians in remote areas, and monitoring the government on the fair payment of compensations. Allocating facilities and credits to institutions, fulfilling the obligations of the insurer, providing higher-quality educational services, and informing ranchers to accept insurance were presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the existence, uniqueness, compactness, and stability of a coupled random diffierential equations involving the Hilfer fractional derivatives with nonlocal boundary conditions are discussed. Arguments are discussed via some random fixed point theorems in a separable vector Banach spaces and Ulam type stability. Some examples are presented to ensure the abstract results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the time-fractional Black-Scholes pricing model, the evaluation of an American-style option problem can be formulated as a free boundary problem. It is equivalent to a time-fractional parabolic variational inequality. Due to the time-fractional derivative involved in the problem, increasing the computational cost for large final times has been expected in the numerical solution for this problem. In this paper, we want to propose a new adaptive numerical method to solve this problem accurately, with low computational cost. The presented method is based on interpolating wavelets family. An adaptive scheme in time discretization with an adaptive wavelet collocation method for space discretization has been used for the given problem. We show that combination of interpolating wavelet basis and finite difference method, makes an accurate structure to design an optimal adaptive mesh for this problem. The presented computational mesh by this method can prevent growing of computational cost by time. The performance of the proposed method has been tested by means of some numerical experiments. We show that, in comparison with the full grid algorithms, the presented adaptive algorithm can capture the priori unknown free boundary and is able to find the value of American put option price with high accuracy and reasonable CPU time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a new method to analyze the effects of the white and colored noise perturbations on the robotic arms. To show the effciency of the presented idea the simplest manipulator, two link robotic arm, is considered. Most previous noise analyses of manipulators are done using mechanical or electrical modeling. Applying exact kinematic equations of the robots is the novelty of the proposed research. For this purpose, by adding white and colored noise terms in each angle function of the robotic arm, the end effector linear velocity is studied. Also, mechanical variation's effect on the final velocity in noisy space is considered. The longer the length of the links, the more the noise effect. Analysis of simulation results shows that the root mean square error in 2nd order is more than when angle functions are of the first order. Also, the mean square error is less when colored noise is added in comparison to the white noise. The Matlab programming is used to perform numerical examples to show the efficiency and accuracy of the presented idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, for solving linear and nonlinear Volterra integral equations of the first kind with discontinuous kernels, the Adomian decomposition method, and the modified Adomian decomposition method are presented. We convert the main equation into the Volterra integral equation of the second kind. The numerical examples are given to denote the accuracy of the suggested method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce an operational vector approach that uses Chebyshev wavelets and hybrid functions to approximate the solution of the Riccati differential equation arising in nonlinear physics equations celebrated as cosmology problems. The scheme's main features include a simple structure based on certain matrices and vectors, low computational complexity, and high accuracy. The method is direct, which means that projection methods are not used throughout the approximation procedure in order to reduce computational cost. Error analyses are provided, and several numerical examples and comparisons confirm the proposed scheme's superiority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is associated with a nonlinear parabolic moving boundary problem raised from the mathematical modeling of the behavior of the breast avascular cancer tumors at their first stage. This model is a modification of the previous works. Using the weak form of the proposed problem, the uniqueness of the solution is proved. Based on the finite difference method, a variable time step approach is proposed to solve the problem, numerically. It is shown that the numerical approach preserves the positivity of the solution and is unconditionally stable. To show the robustness and ability of the numerical method, the numerical and exact solutions are discussed and compared for two examples with the exact solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce three types of generalized special functions: beta, Gauss hypergeometric, and confiuent hypergeometric, all involving two generalized M-series at their kernels. We then give several properties of these functions, such as integral representations, functional relations, summation relations, derivative formulas, transformation formulas, and double Laplace transforms. Furthermore, we obtain solutions of fractional partial differential equations involving these new generalized special functions and then we present graphs of the approximate behavior of the solutions. Also, we introduce a new generalized beta distribution and incomplete beta function. Finally, we establish relationships between the new generalized special functions and other generalized special functions found in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a kernel-based method for some pricing financial options. Based on the ideas of the kernel-based approximation and Finite-difference discretization, we present an efficient numerical method for solving the generalized Black-Scholes option pricing models. Utilizing the reproducing property of kernels, we introduce an efficient framework for obtaining cardinal functions. Also, we discuss the solvability of final system to obtain some remarkable results. We provide the error estimate of the proposed kernel-based method and verify its efficiency and accuracy by numerical experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, for solving the HIV fuzzy mathematical model, it is first transformed into a system of three nonlinear fuzzy Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo (ABC) fractional differential equations with three unknowns and fuzzy initial values. Then, using the generalized Hukuhara difference and ABC fractional derivative and applying the fuzzy numerical ABC-PI method, its fuzzy solution is calculated. Moreover, some theorems are deffned to prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution. Then, it is explained that the proposed method can be used for the system of any equations with unknowns. Therefore, in order to determine the solution of the fuzzy mathematical model of the transmission of COVID-19, it is transformed into a system of six nonlinear fuzzy Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo (ABC) fractional differential equations with six unknowns and fuzzy initial values and is solved similarly. At the end, a numerical example is presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the balanced Maruyama with two step approximations of stochastic Hopffeld neural networks with delay. The main aim of this paper is to discover the conditions under which the exact solutions remain stable for the balanced Maruyama with two-step approximations of stochastic delay Hopfield neural networks (SDHNN). The semi-martingale theorem for convergence is used to demonstrate the almost sure exponential stability of balanced Maruyama with two-step approximations of stochastic delay Hofield networks. Additionally, the numerical balanced Euler approximation's stability conditions are compared. Our theoretical findings are illustrated with numerical experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]