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This Regional Science Policy & Practice issue section includes papers that problematize and develop methods and theories that can be used to better understand and define amenities in studies of housing markets or place attractiveness. In recent years, an increasing amount of spatio-temporal data have been made public and openly available for research, particularly in online map databases. Results show that the new geographic information system (GIS)-related variables from open-source data are very useful in predicting housing prices controlling for many other variables. [Extracted from the article]

How should the government support small and medium‐sized enterprises amid a pandemic crisis while balancing the trade‐off between short‐run stabilization and long‐run allocative efficiency? We develop a two‐sector equilibrium model featuring small businesses with private information on their likely future success and a screening contract. Businesses in the sector adversely affected by a pandemic can apply for government loans to stay afloat. A pro‐allocation government sets a harsh default sanction to deter entrepreneurs with poorer projects, thereby improving long‐run productivity at the cost of persistent unemployment, whereas a pro‐stabilization government sets a lenient default sanction. Interest rate effective lower bound leads to involuntary unemployment in the other open sector and shifts the optimal default sanction to a lenient stance. The rise in firm markups exerts the opposite effect. A high creative destruction wedge polarizes the government's hawkish and dovish stances, and optimal default sanction is more lenient, exacerbating resource misallocation. The model illuminates how credit guarantees might be structured in future crises. This paper is part of the Economica 100 Series. Economica, the LSE "house journal" is now 100 years old. To commemorate this achievement, we are publishing 100 papers by former students, as well as current and former faculty. Charles Goodhart, CBE, FBA was the Norman Sosnow Professor of Banking and Finance at the London School of Economics and Political Science until 2002. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable entrepreneurs operating in protected areas face distinctive barriers that place additional emphasis on the need to build legitimacy. To date, how they do this has not been entirely explored. This paper addresses this need through an exploratory study of sustainable entrepreneurs in a transnational protected area. The results indicate that sustainable entrepreneurs in protected areas face barriers that can be broadly classified as cognition spanning, locale and sector‐related barriers. The findings highlight that a key way sustainable entrepreneurs overcome these distinctive barriers is by building legitimacy through activism. Activism became instrumental in building legitimacy with varied stakeholders and actors. This is all geared towards overcoming barriers during the sustainable entrepreneurship process. The findings add to existing literature on the role of legitimacy building in sustainable entrepreneurship by detailing the different forms of legitimacy and how they are built through activism. The paper concludes with propositions about the conditions necessary for sustainable entrepreneurs to build legitimacy in fragile socioecological contexts through activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide a comprehensive analysis of income inequality and income dynamics for Germany over the last two decades. Combining personal income tax and social security data allows us--for the first time--to offer a complete picture of the distribution of annual earnings in Germany. We find that cross-sectional inequality rose until 2009 for men and women. After the Great Recession, inequality continued to rise at a slower rate for men and fell slightly for women due to compression at the lower tail. We further document substantial gender differences in average earnings and inequality over the life cycle. While for men earnings rise and inequality falls as they grow older, many women reduce working hours when starting a family such that average earnings fall and inequality increases. Men's earnings changes are on average smaller than women's but are substantially more affected by the business cycle. During the Great Recession, men's earnings losses become magnified and gains are attenuated. Apart from recession years, earnings changes are significantly right-skewed reflecting the good overall state of the German labor market and increasing labor supply. In the second part of the paper, we study the distribution of total income including incomes of self-employed, business owners, and landlords. We find that total inequality increased significantly more than earnings inequality. Regarding income dynamics, entrepreneurs' income changes are more dispersed, less skewed, less leptokurtic, and less dependent on average past income than workers' income changes. Finally, we find that top income earners have become less likely to fall out of the top 1 and 0.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Cancer Institute's Small Business Innovation Research Development Center (NCI SBIR) supports the commercialization of novel cancer‐related technologies by providing resources to 300–400 small businesses each year. Whereas Federal funding is crucial for the translation of technologies to the clinic, the majority of these technologies will need to undergo regulatory review to reach clinical testing. Many small businesses find navigating their regulatory pathway challenging, largely due to lack of regulatory expertise on small startup teams with limited revenue. In collaboration with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), NCI SBIR launched a new regulatory assistance program called Connecting Awardees with Regulatory Experts (CARE). The goal of the CARE program is to connect NCI‐funded small businesses with the FDA to receive feedback on their regulatory questions during early‐stage product development. The program has a multipronged support approach and also educates companies about the FDA process and existing resources. To date, 141 companies have participated in the interagency program. Follow‐up surveys indicate that the program guided the companies in planning the next regulatory steps for their technology development (89%) and provided critical information that changed their future NCI small business grant project aims (81%). Overall, companies reported they would recommend the program to other companies (90%). This paper will discuss the CARE program outcomes as well as other NCI and FDA collaborations that support early‐stage small businesses, including the joint development of funding opportunities and online resources that focus on the oncology startup community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops a North–South trade model with heterogeneous labour and horizontally differentiated products, and compares the implications of two policies: Southern intellectual property rights (IPR) and Northern immigration policy, with the latter aiming to attract Southern talent as a means of pre‐empting imitation. Individuals self‐select into becoming entrepreneurs and innovate (imitate) in the North (South). The likelihood of imitation depends on product quality, imitator's talent and IPR strength. Several interrelated channels of competition are identified. Allowing high‐talent migration when IPR protection in the South is weak shifts imitation to low‐quality products and innovation to high‐quality products. The outcome is in stark contrast to the policy of strengthening Southern IPR, which limits low‐talent imitation in the South and encourages low‐quality innovation in the North. Migration also increases the income of low‐talent entrepreneurs, as well as the average quality of products imitated by high‐talent entrepreneurs in the South. Global income rises with migration, but is not guaranteed to rise with stronger Southern IPR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends prior scholarly works on entrepreneurial failure, entrepreneurial resilience and learning from failure by examining how the effects of prior experiences of entrepreneurial business failure (EBF) manifest in the entrepreneurial process of subsequent venture formation. We elucidate the pre‐founding and post‐founding effects of prior EBF via insights drawn from 25 serial entrepreneurs in Nigeria. The findings demonstrate that entrepreneurs were often motivated to start another venture as a result of the economic hardship and social stigmatization that occurs after business closure. We identified a three‐stage fine‐grained process perspective of successive entrepreneurial engagement (e.g. pre‐founding, formation and development, and post‐founding conditions and effects on subsequent entrepreneurial ventures). These stages shed light on entrepreneurial fragility, entrepreneurial resiliency and the development of anti‐fragility capabilities that are conducive to subsequent venture formation and survival. We shed light on how individual‐level factors shape how prior failure experiences can shift from liability immediately after business collapse and at pre‐founding to become an asset during and after new‐venture formation. Such learning from past failure is vital in adapting to dynamic environmental changes, especially those observed in emerging‐market settings. Taken together, we demonstrate how entrepreneurs bounce back from errors, failures and setbacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Income‐generating activities by women are an effective means of reducing gender‐based deprivation and disparities. In the constrained familial and community settings of developing economies, online platforms can be an appropriate means for women to carry out economic activities. In this context, important initiatives taken by the Government of India, such as the Common Service Centres scheme, are worth studying. This paper critically evaluates such revolutionary online platform–based entrepreneurial initiatives using the capability approach developed by Amartya Sen. We examine through case studies how women‐run businesses use online platforms and what determines their success, inputs, capabilities, and conversion factors. Further, national enterprise‐level data from Indiaʼs National Sample Survey Office are analysed to show that states with a higher level of gender inequality are also the regions with a lower level of information and communications technology usage by women‐run enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role that universities play in supporting social entrepreneurs (SEs) across their ecosystem. Adopting the resource‐based view (RBV) approach, we argue that universities attract, mobilize, and deploy multiple resources that benefit SEs through four main mechanisms (i.e., teaching, research, outreach, and the development of partnerships). We use a qualitative approach of 62 semi‐structured interviews and 8 focus groups in Ecuador, Bolivia, and Colombia. Our contribution shows that employing different resources and engaging in supportive activities of universities towards SEs facilitate the development of university capabilities, such as an increased reputation, development of leadership skills for students and staff, and wider access to ecosystem resources that support other university activities related to teaching, research, and community outreach. The role that partnerships play in the development of these capabilities is fundamental, thanks to the different strategic alliances and mobilization of resources between universities and other actors while supporting SEs. This study contributes to our understanding of the role universities can play to intensify the nature of supportive ecosystems for SEs. This contribution is relevant not only to academics but also to practitioners, as this will shed light on the building, development, and scaling of a supportive ecosystem for SEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers chemistry and industry news briefs. Mark Post, the Dutch scientist has created the world's first cultured beef burger. Consortium led by Unilever and SCI has received funding to develop a project that will convert waste gases into sustainable materials for consumer products. Upcoming presentation of the winner of the 2023 Canada Medal by SCI's Canada Group at an in-person dinner in Toronto in April.

Prior studies have examined effectuation and causation as alternative behavioural logics used by entrepreneurs to manage uncertainty, noting a number of antecedents of the tendency to rely on a given logic at different levels of analysis. This study aims to broaden the understanding of individual‐level antecedents by examining the role of the so‐called dark side of the CEO personality on decision‐making processes within small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). Using the lens of upper echelons theory and trait‐activation theory, we focus on three personality characteristics: narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. The impact of dark triad traits on the behavioural logic employed by the CEO is argued to be moderated by the perceived level of uncertainty experienced by the firm. A set of hypotheses regarding these relationships are tested with a random sample of CEOs of Russian SMEs. The findings suggest that CEOs scoring higher in psychopathy tend to adopt a causal logic, while Machiavellians rely on an effectual logic. The level of uncertainty shapes these relationships by weakening the links between dark triad traits and behavioural logics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Networking helps people explore careers and find jobs. To date, the scientific literature has described few evidence‐based techniques for boosting networking self‐efficacy in university students. Here, two studies assessed the effectiveness of informational interviewing as a theory‐based technique for improving networking self‐efficacy. Study 1 (n = 90) used a pre–post, quasi‐experimental design and found participants who conducted a virtual informational interview with business professionals reported higher networking self‐efficacy at posttest than participants in a comparison condition. Study 2 (n = 72) used a single‐group design with three measurement occasions and found self‐reported learning during an in‐person informational interview moderated the relationship between participants' pre‐ and posttest networking self‐efficacy. Results suggest that informational interviewing can be an effective technique for increasing networking self‐efficacy among university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the SCI Sustainability & Innovation Awards held in London, England celebrating advances in sustainability and chemistry and recognizing winners in various categories. Topics include the winners of the SCI Sustainability Award, the SCI Innovation Award Enabled by Partnership, and other distinguished individuals recognized at the event.

Do firms with majority female ownership differ from firms with minority female ownership or male‐owned firms in terms of perceived constraints on accessing finance? Using World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) data for Indian firms, our results show that there is no significant difference in male‐ and female‐owned firms in terms of their perceptions about accessing finance. Yet, this is true only for firms with minority female ownership (less than 50%). Firms with majority female ownership do perceive more constraints on accessing finance relative to firms with minority female ownership or zero female ownership. Based on demand‐ and supply‐side factors relating to business inexperience, weaker networking, and lender perceptions, as suggested by signalling and gender congruity theories, the results imply that majority‐female‐owned firms need to negotiate more for financing access, as they need to display positive signals for those investors who might possess stereotypical and gendered beliefs about the abilities of entrepreneurs. We also find that in relation to funding sources being one's own retained earnings or money from family and friends or advances from clients, majority‐female‐owned firms do not perceive financial barriers differently from male‐owned firms or firms with minority female ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurs' responses to feedback are in part determined by how the interactions during which they receive it unfold. Prior studies primarily discuss feedback interactions between entrepreneurs and their mentors or trusted advisors. As a result of this focus on longstanding relationships, there is limited knowledge of 'early' meetings – conversations between feedback providers and entrepreneurs who do not know each other well – and the ways in which these shape the relationship between the interactants, as well as the way feedback is received. Our analysis of 54 early feedback interactions suggests that changes in epistemic stance and alignment influence whether there is affiliation, that is, affective cooperation, between entrepreneurs and feedback providers. We theorize that affiliation is necessary for early feedback interactions to develop into longstanding feedback relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research advances the understanding of entrepreneurial decisions in the context of perceived uncertainty related to regional political instability. Using qualitative data from a sample of 29 entrepreneurs, we captured the entrepreneurs' perceptions of uncertainty and how these perceptions informed their judgement and led to confidence in their decisions. The perceptions of uncertainty that influenced the entrepreneurs' decision‐making were grouped into three main categories: efforts to understand changes in regional markets; efforts to understand changes in local markets; and identifying multiple and compounded layers of uncertainty. The entrepreneurs' decisions were informed by the interactions between their perceptions of a dynamic and changing environment and their judgements about mobilizing resources in response to that environment. The findings of this research extend the current understanding of how entrepreneurs use judgement to arrive at decisions in contexts of uncertainty and highlight the dynamic relationship between individuals and context. The research has theoretical and practical implications for developing and leveraging entrepreneurial decision‐making in uncertain environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shift towards sustainable development is argued to be achieved by a circular disruption triggered or supported by circular economy (CE) policies. CE policies can pressure the disruption of currently predominant linear socio‐technical systems across sectors towards a circular paradigm. Knowledge on how these policies appear on the agenda is essential to accelerate the circular disruption. Several works highlight the importance of policy entrepreneurs as agenda setters. However, they were not explored by the scholarly community on CE yet. Therefore, this article analyses the characteristics and strategies of CE policy entrepreneurs in Portugal as a circular frontrunner in the European Union (EU). Two groups of policy entrepreneurs were distinguished based on their different characteristics and strategies. Successfully driving the adoption of national CE policies required ambitious, tenacious and perfectionist CE expert(s) who create a CE vision, derive concrete solutions and gather support for their ideas, the CE initiator. Influencing CE implementation and evaluation required politically savvy CE implementers who openly and tenaciously develop projects and secure the continuous development of the policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circular economy (CE) is now widely seen as a key concept to drive sustainability transformations. Existing research on circular business models has tentatively indicated that circular entrepreneurship may be able to play a pivotal role in the transition process. However, grassroots activity in CE has not yet received substantive scholarly attention, nor have the founders of circular ventures. This study attempts to start closing this gap by presenting the first empirical analysis of circular founders' motivations and identities. Our work is based on interviews with 57 founders of circular start‐ups in Europe and Australia. The analysis reveals distinct characteristics for these entrepreneurs. We find that noneconomic motives are dominant drivers of grassroots circular entrepreneurs while they include a triple bottom line orientation (i.e., economic, social, and environmental value) in principle. Yet, circular start‐up founders barely formalize socio‐political dimensions in their activities despite being motivated by social altruism. Furthermore, circular founders have an inventive mindset when starting their entrepreneurial journey, possibly driven by their limited market‐oriented positioning, limited entrepreneurial experience, and managerial education. However, their scaling ambitions grow significantly over time, as opposed to social and sustainable entrepreneurs. Overall, our findings suggest adding grassroots circular entrepreneurs or circular founders as a distinct group of sustainability entrepreneurs to the scientific discourse on sustainability‐motivated entrepreneurship and circular innovation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learning from experiences is key towards the discovery of enterprising knowledge for mumpreneurs in emerging economies such as Indonesia, where most of the entrepreneurship literature is still relatively scant. In discussing entrepreneurial learning of entrepreneurs who are in motherhood, also known as mumpreneurs, these studies require the consideration of gender distinction of women. The term "mumpreneurs" refers to women who embrace the identity of a mother and an entrepreneur, and these two identities engender role conflicts for them. Thus, this phenomenology study explored seven mumpreneurs' experiences of their struggles and strategies to survive the pandemic. The findings shed light on the pandemic impacts and perseverance experiences that mumpreneurs must withstand to maneuver the encountered challenges. This study presents an entrepreneurial learning framework for mumpreneurs by providing pedagogical guidance and inspiration to enable them cruise past future crisis environments. This framework is ultimately crucial in contributing to the ongoing discussions at the academics, practitioners, and policymakers' levels to advise and support mumpreneurial activities that are substantial to the country's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship may be one entry point to trigger transformations toward sustainability. Yet, there is limited knowledge on the ability of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) to play a role in transformation processes, beyond the initial stages of niche innovation. Building on data collected through 125 interviews in Toronto, Vancouver and London, we examine perceived contributions of SME‐led sustainable entrepreneurship to market transformations. Our data show that sustainable entrepreneurs face significant constraints in individually exercising influence over mass markets, as they encounter social forces that generate resistance to change. However, SMEs are able to act collaboratively to shape transformation processes. We propose three mechanisms of institutional co‐evolution that capture these contributions: network learning, collective norm‐construction and collaborative advocacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While numerous models examine the linkages between improvisation and innovation, the factors that moderate this relationship at the team level are unknown. Consequently, this study builds on principles and insights from the jazz jam session framework used by jazz musicians and regression analysis to examine the nature of the improvisation process and consider how it affects innovation. By using unbalanced panel data on 2,749 teams containing between two and eight employees in the United Kingdom during 2002–2016, this study demonstrates that the success of the improvisation process relies on both internal and external factors conducive to innovation. Subsequently, the conclusions drawn may help entrepreneurs and team managers think differently about the role improvisation plays in the innovation activity. As a result, important practical implications are drawn for team managers and entrepreneurs intending to cultivate a willingness to improvise in teams and nurture collaborative relationships with external partners for innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates in which way sustainable entrepreneurship can generate institutional change that transforms markets towards sustainability. A transformation of models of economic organization and market structures through sustainable entrepreneurship fosters the path towards sustainability. Institutional change involves sustainable market entrepreneurs as institutional entrepreneurs that operate in an effectual manner in different market transformation phases. Sustainable market entrepreneurs while seeking entrepreneurial opportunities simultaneously shape existing market structures and market conditions in different sustainable market transformation phases thereby creating new opportunities. Accordingly, a framework that explains institutional change prompted by sustainable market entrepreneurs in market transformation phases is developed. In this framework, various interventions which encourage sustainable market entrepreneurs to co‐create with the stakeholders of their choice are strategized. The provided framework enhances the understanding of the versatile role of sustainable market entrepreneurs and potentially the leverage of their actions towards institutional impact over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioeconomy strategies worldwide emphasize the importance of entrepreneurship in the transformation toward a sustainable and circular bioeconomy. However, the bioeconomy transformation itself also offers great opportunities for creating new ventures. Based on interviews with bioeconomy entrepreneurs from six European countries, we investigate how entrepreneurial opportunities emerge in the bioeconomy context and what competencies entrepreneurs need to act on them. By conceptualizing the bioeconomy transformation as an external enabler of entrepreneurial activity, we open new avenues for research on sustainable development and innovation policy. We conceptualize sustainable entrepreneurship as a phenomenon that can be enabled externally via the transformation toward sustainable development. Furthermore, we show that new venture creation in the bioeconomy requires unique knowledge (transformative knowledge) and specific competencies (sustainable valorization of biomass, marketing of biobased products, and management of limited resources). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the American context, the mayor is weak by design, as Progressive Era reforms almost entirely eliminated the mayor's office in favour of a council and city manager system (Schragger 2005). A change only in the mayor's office led to a significant policy shift in Burnaby, with the rights of renters being recognized in ways not implemented by Council under the former mayor. Keywords: Burnaby; Canadian mayor; housing policy; suburban gentrification; purpose-built rental housing; fonction de maire; politique en matière de logement; embourgeoisement suburbain; logement locatif EN Burnaby Canadian mayor housing policy suburban gentrification purpose-built rental housing FR fonction de maire politique en matière de logement embourgeoisement suburbain logement locatif 581 594 14 09/12/22 20220901 NES 220901 Key Messages The city of Burnaby introduced a significant change in its approach to renter displacement in gentrifying Metrotown following the 2018 electoral loss of the five-term incumbent mayor. In particular, Burnaby's long-serving mayor, Derek Corrigan (hereafter Corrigan) lost the 2018 election, while all seven of his incumbent Councillors won re-election. In a strong mayor system, the mayor holds some executive power, whereas in a weak mayor system the office is largely ceremonial with executive power invested in the city manager. [Extracted from the article]

People move from one region of a country to another not only for employment but also for business opportunities. Their earnings, relative to those of comparable local employees and local entrepreneurs, reflect the efficiency of internal migration policies. Investigating a large number of migrants and non‐migrants in Vietnam, we find that while migrant entrepreneurs earn more than local entrepreneurs, migrant employees earn less than their local counterparts. Moreover, regions with unalloyed socialist norms (North Vietnam) enhance migrants' advantages, leading to higher earnings, whereas migrants in regions with pro‐entrepreneurship norms (South Vietnam) find it difficult to compete with the locals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces the concept of a scholar‐entrepreneurial organization (SEO), defined as an entrepreneurial venture within an academic institution. We explore the case of the Negotiation Task Force (NTF), an SEO hosted at Harvard University's Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies. Equipped with university seed funding, the NTF is intended to be self‐funded at the end of its 36‐month incubation period. We explain the NTF's mission, minimum viable products, history, and now established flagship programs; explore the challenges and opportunities that a scholarly startup confronts; and conclude with recommendations for others seeking to launch an SEO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through a market‐level examination of shifts in power, this article investigates the impact of potential power and actual power variables on negotiation outcomes viewed in terms of capital ($) in exchange for equity (%). The object of the negotiation is an embryonic firm, and the negotiation task is an exchange of capital invested by the angel investor for equity ownership offered by the entrepreneur. The structure of the interaction is an (n) versus (1) negotiation context with the following generalizable conditions: (1) competition exists among the set of buyers, (2) cooperation is allowed among the set of buyers, and (3) all parties have the ability to walk away. Our hypotheses can be summed up in the age‐old question: Is greater value placed on a bird in the hand, or two in the bush? Analyzing the final negotiated outcomes in relation to a common starting point across 147 market instances, we find that potential power initially has a stronger significant impact than actual power. However, after accounting for the impact of coalitions, actual power variables become highly significant while potential power variables become insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the composition of Britain's 'millionaire' population during the late 1920s and early 1930s, based on data for living millionaires (in contrast to previous studies, which have focused on wealth at death). Using tabulated data compiled by the Inland Revenue for all persons on incomes over £50,000 per annum, it explores the factor incomes of Britain's millionaire population and their main sources of income, by sector. It then analyses a unique individual‐level data set of British millionaires, compiled by the Inland Revenue for the 1928/9 tax year, to show their sectoral and geographical composition. Most millionaires are shown to be 'businesspeople' rather than rentiers, while landed millionaires represented only a small proportion of the total. Businesspeople millionaires are shown to be disproportionately active in a relatively narrow range of sectors, the common characteristic of which was the potential to generate abnormal profits, mainly through cartelization or amalgamation. Thus, rather than revealing the sectors most important to national wealth, or competitive advantage, the clustering of millionaires primarily reflects rising barriers to competition in interwar Britain and the abnormal profits they generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the building on the discoveries and publishing the scientific research. It further discusses about making the highest commercial return from its discoveries; construction cost of the building and adds ongoing maintenance fees for pharmacology/ biology labs; and also mentions about tightening the environmental regulations governing chemical usage and disposal in process and wastewater treatment.