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Orbital degree of freedom plays a crucial role in governing the physical and chemical properties of solid materials, and it is widely investigated in the fields of physics, material science, and chemistry. Typically, orbital‐energy‐related scenarios, such as d‐band center or electron occupancy, have been discussed in the catalytic materials, since they can control the surface‐adsorbate bonding strength to modulate the catalytic activity. However, the impact of orbital morphology, that is the "posture" of orbitals on catalysts' surfaces, has never been studied. Here the importance of 3d‐orbital morphology on the activity of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in a strongly correlated oxide α‐Ti2O3 is highlighted. Superior ORR performance is observed in α‐Ti2O3 (Ti3+:3d1) than that of the anatase and rutile TiO2 (Ti4+:3d0), with higher Faradaic efficiency (87.3%) and H2O2 selectivity (93.2%). More importantly, a novel orbital‐morphology‐based mechanism is developed and the orbital morphology dominates the catalytic activity by determining the surface‐adsorbates d–p orbital hybridization via orbitals' overlap, resulting in a crystal‐plane‐dependent ORR activity in α‐Ti2O3. The work reveals the strong interplay between the orbital morphology, d–p hybridization, and ORR activity, which broadens the fundamental understanding of catalysts from a new view of the orbital degree of freedom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient photosensitizers are crucial for advancing solar energy conversion and storage technologies. In this study, we designed and synthesized a novel organic dye, denoted as YB6, for p‐type dye‐sensitized solar cells (p‐DSCs) and photoelectrochemical H2O2 production. YB6 features an extended conjugated π‐bridge derived from indacenodithieno[3,2‐b]thiophene and exhibits notable advantages: a two‐fold higher molar extinction coefficient at its main absorption peak and a broader absorption as compared to the PB6 dye. In p‐type dye‐sensitized NiO photoelectrochemical cells, the YB6‐based device demonstrated superior performance as compared to the PB6‐based device. It delivered nearly a 50 % higher H2O2 production over 5 hours. Furthermore, when fabricated into p‐DSCs, the YB6‐based device exhibited a 33 % higher power conversion efficiency. This enhancement is caused by suppressed charge recombination from the dye structure, which in turn may be traced to a larger thermodynamic up‐hill process for recombination losses in the YB6‐based system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of efficient, stable, and recyclable photocatalysts for organic synthesis is vital for transformation of traditional thermal organic chemistry into green sustainable organic chemistry. In this work, the study reports an electrostatic approach to assemble meso‐tetra (4‐sulfonate phenyl) porphyrin (TPPS)tetra (4‐sulfonate phenyl) porphyrin (TPPS) as a donor and benzyl viologen (BV) as an acceptor into stable and recyclable photocatalyst for an efficient organic transformation reaction – aryl sulfide oxidation. By use of the electrostatic TPPS‐BV photocatalysts, 0.1 mmol aryl sulfide with electron‐donating group can be completely transformed into aryl sulfoxide in 60 min without overoxidation into sulfone, rendering near 100% yield and selectivity. The photocatalyst can be recycled up to 95% when 10 mg amount is used. Mechanistic study reveals that efficient charge separation between TPPS and BV results in sufficient formation of superoxide which further reacts with the oxidized sulfide by the photocatalyst to produce the sulfoxide. This mechanistic pathway differs significantly from the previously proposed singlet oxygen‐dominated process in homogeneous TPPS photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic field line curvature (FLC) scattering is an effective mechanism for collisionless particle scattering. In the terrestrial magnetosphere, the FLC scattering plays an essential role in shaping the outer boundary of protons radiation belt, the rapid decay of ring current, and the formation of proton isotropic boundary (IB). However, previous studies have yet to adequately investigate the influence of FLC scattering on charged particles in the Earth's dayside magnetosphere, particularly in the off‐equatorial magnetic minima regions. This study employs T89 magnetic field model to investigate the impacts of FLC scattering on ring current protons in the dayside magnetosphere, with a specific focus on the off‐equatorial minimum regions. We analyze the spatial distributions of single and dual magnetic minima regions, adiabatic parameter, and pitch angle diffusion coefficients due to FLC scattering as functions of Kp. The results show that the effects of FLC scattering are significant not only on the dusk and dawn sides but also in the off‐equatorial minima regions on the noon. Additionally, we investigate the role of dipole tilt angle in the hemispheric asymmetry of FLC scattering effects. The dipole tilt angle controls the overall displacement of the dayside magnetosphere, resulting in different FLC scattering effects in the two hemispheres. Our study holds significance for understanding the FLC scattering effects in the off‐equatorial region of Earth's dayside magnetosphere and for constructing a more accurate dynamic model of particles. Key Points: Ring current protons in the dayside off‐equatorial regions are significantly affected by field line curvature (FLC) scatteringThe scattering effects driven by FLC on protons display distinct hemispheric asymmetry in the dayside off‐equatorial regionsThe dipole tilt angle affects hemispheric asymmetry, thereby influencing the strength and extent of FLC scattering [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, Zhou et al. have proposed an Interpolation‐based (INTERP) strategy to generate the initial parameters for Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). INTERP guesses the initial parameters at level i+1$i+1$ by applying interpolation to the optimized parameters at level i$i$, achieving better performance than random initialization (RI). Nevertheless, INTERP consumes extensive costs for deep QAOA because it necessitates optimization at each level depth. To address it, a Multilevel Leapfrogging Interpolation (MLI) strategy is proposed. MLI produces initial parameters from level i+1$i+1$ to i+l$i+l$ (l>1$l>1$) at level i$i$, omitting the optimization rounds from level i+1$i+1$ to (i+l−1)$(i+l-1)$. MLI executes optimization at few levels rather than each level, and this operation is called Multilevel Leapfrogging optimization (M‐Leap). The performance of MLI is investigated on the Maxcut problem. The simulation results demonstrate MLI achieves the same quasi‐optima as INTERP while consuming 1/2 of costs required by INTERP. Besides, for MLI, where there is no RI except for level 1, the greedy‐MLI strategy is presented. The simulation results suggest greedy‐MLI has better stability than INTERP and MLI beyond obtaining the quasi‐optima. According to the efficiency of finding the quasi‐optima, the idea of M‐Leap might be extended to other training tasks, especially those requiring numerous optimizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of friction stir welded (FSW) joints of the two aluminum alloys 6005A‐5083 were investigated and their correlation was discussed. In contrast to FSW joints of the same aluminum material, this results in a "V" shape curve of hardness distributed nonsymmetrically along the weld. The lowest hardness area occurs at the interface between the heat‐affected zone and the thermo‐mechanically affected zone of 6005A (6‐HAZ and 6‐TMAZ) due to the transformation of the β" phase under the influence of heat input during the stir friction process. This also leads to all tensile specimens fracturing in this area. The corrosion behavior of the FSW joint in acidic solution containing Cl− was determined by an exfoliation corrosion (EXCO) test, an intergranular corrosion (IGC) test, and potentiodynamic polarization measurements, based on the potential application in acid rain environment. The results showed that the corrosion resistance order in the acidic solution is: 6‐HAZ > NZ > 6‐BM > 5‐HAZ > 5‐BM. The 5‐BM has the worst corrosion resistance due to the high corrosion sensitivity of Al3Mg2 in acidic solution. However, good corrosion resistances are shown in NZ and 6‐HAZ, which is related to a relatively homogeneous microstructure in NZ and a dissolution or coarsening of β" phases in 6‐HAZ because of frictional heat input. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The mental health of patients with temporomandibular disorder or other jaw dysfunction is a primary concern in clinical practice, but the extent of these symptoms in this patient subset is not yet well understood. Objectives: This cross‐sectional study aimed to compare the mental health and jaw function between patients with anterior disc displacement with reduction (ADDWR) and healthy individuals. Methods: In total, 170 patients with ADDWR and 163 healthy participants enrolled in this study from March 2020 to December 2021. All participants completed a single assessment, including a pain rating and several questionnaires to assess jaw dysfunction, depression, and anxiety. All scores and the grade distribution of somatization, depression and anxiety were analysed between groups. Results: Significant differences were found in measures of pain, jaw function and somatization; the ADDWR group had significantly higher pain and functional jaw limitations than the healthy group. The grade distribution of somatic symptoms also differed between groups: the distribution of patients who reported mild and above scores in the ADDWR group was significantly higher than that of the healthy group. Depression and anxiety scores or grade distributions were not significantly different by group. Conclusion: The jaw function of patients seeking treatment for ADDWR was lower than that of non‐TMD individuals. They did not show high anxiety and depression symptoms, but their somatic symptoms were more apparent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to secret splitting, secret reconstruction is another important component of secret sharing. In this paper, the first quantum secret reconstruction protocol is proposed to protect the reconstruction process. Before the protocol, a classical secret is divided into multiple shares that are distributed to the shareholds, respectively. In the presented protocol, the dealer utilizes the secret to encrypt a privacy quantum state, and sends the encrypted state to a combiner who is chosen by the dealer within the shareholders. With the help of other shareholders, the combiner utilizes the properties of cluster states to recover the privacy quantum state. It is shown that the proposed protocol is secure against several common attacks, including external and internal attacks. Compared with classical secret reconstruction protocols, this protocol not only achieves information‐theoretic security of all shares, but is also more efficient due to the reduced distribution and computation cost. To demonstrate the feasibility of the protocol, a corresponding simulation quantum experiment is conducted on the IBM Q. Furthermore, in conjunction with quantum fingerprinting, it can be directly applied to achieve the task of quantum multiple secrets sharing, since the classical shares can be reused in the proposed protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose plays a vital role in biomass conversion, renewable energy, and biosensors, but significant challenges remain to achieve high selectivity and high activity simultaneously. In this study, we present a novel approach for achieving complete glucose electrooxidation utilizing Cu‐based metal‐hydroxide‐organic framework (Cu‐MHOF) featuring coordinatively unsaturated Cu active sites. In contrast to traditional Cu(OH)2 catalysts, the Cu‐MHOF exhibits a remarkable 40‐fold increase in electrocatalytic activity for glucose oxidation, enabling exclusive oxidation of glucose into formate and carbonate as the final products. The critical role of open metal sites in enhancing the adsorption affinity of glucose and key intermediates was confirmed by control experiments and density functional theory simulations. Subsequently, a miniaturized nonenzymatic glucose sensor was developed showing superior performance with a high sensitivity of 214.7 μA mM−1 cm−2, a wide detection range from 0.1 μM to 22 mM, and a low detection limit of 0.086 μM. Our work provides a novel molecule‐level strategy for designing catalytically active sites and could inspire the development of novel metal–organic framework for next‐generation electrochemical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing low‐cost and efficient photocatalysts to convert CO2 into valuable fuels is desirable to realize a carbon‐neutral society. In this work, we report that polymer dots (Pdots) of poly[(9,9′‐dioctylfluorenyl‐2,7‐diyl)‐co‐(1,4‐benzo‐thiadiazole)] (PFBT), without adding any extra co‐catalyst, can photocatalyze reduction of CO2 into CO in aqueous solution, rendering a CO production rate of 57 μmol g−1 h−1 with a detectable selectivity of up to 100 %. After 5 cycles of CO2 re‐purging experiments, no distinct decline in CO amount and reaction rate was observed, indicating the promising photocatalytic stability of PFBT Pdots in the photocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction. A mechanistic study reveals that photoexcited PFBT Pdots are reduced by sacrificial donor first, then the reduced PFBT Pdots can bind CO2 and reduce it into CO via their intrinsic active sites. This work highlights the application of organic Pdots for CO2 reduction in aqueous solution, which therefore provides a strategy to develop highly efficient and environmentally friendly nanoparticulate photocatalysts for CO2 reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pyruvate kinase deficiency (PKD) is a rare congenital hemolytic anemia. Here, we summarized the clinical features and laboratory examinations of four Chinese children with PKD and analyze genomic mutations. Method: Collected and analyzed the clinical data of all children and their parents and completed the relevant laboratory examinations of all children. Analyzed the sequences of related genes in children by second‐generation sequencing technology and verified the suspected mutations in children's family by Sanger sequencing method or second‐generation sequencing technology. Results: A total of six mutations in gene PKLR were detected in four cases. Except for c.1510C>T (P1) and c.941T>C (P2 and P4), which had been reported in previous studies, the other four novel gene mutations were reported for the first time, including a rare homozygous mutation with large fragment deletion. All those gene mutations cause changes in the amino acids encoded by the gene, as well as subsequent changes in protein structure or loss of function. Conclusion: Compound heterozygous or homozygous mutations in the coding region of PKLR gene are the causes of PKD in these four Chinese children. The second‐generation sequencing technology is an effective means to diagnose PKD. The mutations of c.457‐c.462delATCGCC, c.1297T>C, c.1096C>T and Exon4‐10del of PKLR reported in this article have not been included in the Thousand Genome Database, dbSNP(v138) and ExAC Database. The PKLR gene mutations found in these children with PKD can provide references for further research of the genetic characteristics of PKD and subsequent gene therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Our previous works revealed Yangjing capsule (YC) could inhibit cell apoptosis and promote testosterone production in Leydig cells. SET protein has been reported to be important in regulating testosterone synthesis and apoptosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the steroidogenic and antiapoptotic effects of YC are mediated in part by the SET/PI3K/Akt pathway in Leydig cells. Methods. MLTC-1 cells were treated with YC-medicated serum. si-RNA was used to knockdown SET expression in MLTC-1 cells. The elderly BALB/c mice were treated with different doses of YC extract. Flow cytometry and TUNEL staining were used to assess apoptosis in MLTC-1 cells and mouse testes. HE staining was conducted to detect the morphological changes in mouse testes. Testosterone levels in cell culture medium and serum were measured by ELISA kit. Quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the expression levels of key molecules. Results. YC-medicated serum could significantly increase the expression of SET and StAR, P450scc, HSD17B, and testosterone production in MLTC-1 cells. YC-medicated serum could increase Akt phosphorylation and Bcl-2/Bax ratio to suppress apoptosis in MLTC-1 cells. SET knockdown significantly inhibited YC-medicated serum-induced steroidogenic and antiapoptotic effects in MLTC-1 cells. In vivo experiments revealed the YC extract could enhance SET expression, trigger Akt phosphorylation, and suppress apoptosis in mouse testis to raise serum testosterone levels. Conclusions. A possible mechanism of promoting testosterone production induced by YC in Leydig cell was by triggering SET/PI3K/Akt pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generalized Feistel schemes (GFSs) are extremely important and extensively researched cryptographic schemes. In this paper, the security of Type‐1 GFS in quantum circumstances is investigated. On the one hand, in the qCCA setting, a new quantum polynomial‐time distinguisher on (d2−1)$(d^2-1)$‐round Type‐1 GFS with branches d≥3$d\ge 3$ is given, which extends the previous results by (d−2)$(d-2)$ rounds. This leads to a more efficient analysis of type‐1 GFS, that is, the complexity of some previous key‐recovery attacks is reduced by a factor of 2(d−2)k2$2^{\frac{(d-2)k}{2}}$, where k is the key length of the internal round function. On the other hand, for CAST‐256, which is a certain block cipher based on Type‐1 GFS, a 17‐round quantum distinguisher in the qCPA setting is given. Based on this, an r(r>17)$r (r>17)$‐round quantum key‐recovery attack with complexity O(237(r−17)2)$O(2^{\frac{37(r-17)}{2}})$ is constructed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The Chinese anti‐rheumatic herbal remedy Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHF) has been widely shown to be effective in treating lupus nephritis (LN), but the therapeutic targets and mechanisms of action are still unclear. In this study, we aimed to combine mRNA expression profile analysis and network pharmacology analysis to screen the pathogenic genes and pathways involved in LN and to explore the potential targets of TWHF in the treatment of LN. Methods: The mRNA expression profiles of LN patients were used to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and to predict associated pathogenic pathways and networks via the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis database. Through molecular docking, we predicted the mechanism by which TWHF interacts with candidate targets. Results: A total of 351 DEGs were screened from the glomeruli of LN patients and were mainly concentrated in the role of pattern recognition receptors in the recognition of bacteria and viruses and interferon signaling pathways. A total of 130 DEGs were screened from the tubulointerstitium of LN patients, which were concentrated in the interferon signaling pathway. TWHF might be effective in treating LN by hydrogen bonding to regulate the functions of 24 DEGs (including HMOX1, ALB, and CASP1), which are mainly concentrated in the B‐cell signaling pathway. Conclusion: The mRNA expression profile of renal tissue from LN patients revealed a large number of DEGs. TWHF has been shown to interact with the DEGs (including HMOX1, ALB and CASP1) through hydrogen bonding to treat LN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α‐type Ti35 alloy (Ti‐6 wt%Ta) has been recommended as one of the candidate materials for advanced nuclear reactors due to its excellent overall performance. Nonetheless, irradiation effects on the alloy remain scarcely understood by far. Herein, the primary irradiation damage of Ti35 alloy is investigated from multiple perspectives using atomistic simulations. Results show that with the increasing energy of the primary knock‐on atom (2 keV ≤ EPKA ≤ 10 keV), the number of Frenkel pairs (NFP) gradually increases independent of the incident direction of PKA (IDPKA) and the ambient temperature (100 K ≤ T ≤ 700 K), while it exhibits a downtrend at each IDPKA as the T elevates. The magnitude of EPKA can affect the anisotropy of IDPKA on irradiation damage. Unrelated to EPKA, IDPKA, and T, di‐interstitial clusters and Nvacancy > 3 clusters respectively account for the largest proportion of their categories, highlighting their stability. In any case, vacancies are more prone to cluster than interstitials. The increase of EPKA has a greater effect on vacancy clustering than interstitial clustering but can promote the increase in both the clustering fractions. An important insight into the understanding of the irradiation damage behaviors for the alloy has been provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Ethos CBCT‐based adaptive radiotherapy (ART) system can generate an online adaptive plan by re‐optimizing the initial reference plan based on the patient anatomy at the treatment. The optimization process is fully automated without any room for human intervention. Due to the change in anatomy, the ART plan can be significantly different from the initial plan in terms of plan parameters such as the aperture shapes and number of monitor units (MUs). In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using calculation‐based patient specific QA for ART plans in conjunction with measurement‐based and calculation‐based QA for initial plans to establish an action level for the online ART patient‐specific QA. Methods: A cohort of 98 cases treated on CBCT‐based ART system were collected for this study. We performed measurement‐based QA using ArcCheck and calculation‐based QA using Mobius for both the initial plan and the ART plan for analysis. For online the ART plan, Mobius calculation was conducted prior to the delivery, while ArcCheck measurement was delivered on the same day after the treatment. We first investigated the modulation factors (MFs) and MU numbers of the initial plans and ART plans, respectively. The γ passing rates of initial and ART plan QA were analyzed. Then action limits were derived for QA calculation and measurement for both initial and online ART plans, respectively, from 30 randomly selected patient cases, and were evaluated using the other 68 patient cases. Results: The difference in MF between initial plan and ART‐plan was 12.9% ± 12.7% which demonstrates their significant difference in plan parameters. Based on the patient QA results, pre‐treatment calculation and measurement results are generally well aligned with ArcCheck measurement results for online ART plans, illustrating their feasibility as an indicator of failure in online ART QA measurements. Furthermore, using 30 randomly selected patient cases, the γ analysis action limit derived for initial plans and ART plans are 89.6% and 90.4% in ArcCheck QA (2%/2 mm) and are 92.4% and 93.6% in Mobius QA(3%/2 mm), respectively. According to the calculated action limits, the ArcCheck measurements for all the initial and ART plans passed QA successfully while the Mobius calculation action limits flagged seven and four failure cases respectively for initial plans and ART plans, respectively. Conclusion: An ART plan can be substantially different from the initial plan, and therefore a separate session of ART plan QA is needed to ensure treatment safety and quality. The pre‐treatment QA calculation via Mobius can serve as a reliable indicator of failure in online ART plan QA. However, given that Ethos ART system is still relatively new, ArcCheck measurement of initial plan is still in practice. It may be skipped as we gain more experience and have better understanding of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the low luminous‐efficiency of two‐dimensional (2D) perovskite, its quantum yield (QY) and stability are effectively improved by a fluorinated second insulator layer 3,4‐difluoroaniline (F2PA) outside of the first insulator 2‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl) ethylamine (FPEA). The QY of perovskite with two insulator layers is improved by 3.4‐time in contrast with its counterpart with one insulator, which originates from the defect suppression and reduction of exciton Bohr radius by the second layer. The optical stability has extended 1.5‐time by the introduced second layer, as an isolation role for inner decomposed products to volatilize and for outer water molecules to penetrate. The perovskite with two insulator layers retained 90% of its initial optical properties in relative humidity 90%–95% atmosphere for 600 h, meanwhile only 50% for its counterpart with one layer. Two‐more fluorine with stronger hydrophobicity can account for this feature. Adding a second insulator layer is an effective strategy to engineer 2D perovskites and push forward its applications in optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Describe an early‐adopting institution's experience with online adaptive radiation for stereotactic partial breast irradiation. Methods and materials: Retrospective review of 22 women treated between May 2021 and March 2022 with adaptive stereotactic partial breast irradiation. A total of 106 of 110 fractions were evaluated for dosimetric changes in target coverage and organ‐at‐risk (OAR) dose. Patient set up with stereotactic wooden frame and adapted per fraction. Treatment and planning times were collected prospectively by radiation therapists. Results: Scheduled PTV30 Gy was <95% in 72.1% and <90% in 38.5% of fractions, and both PTV and CTV coverage were improved significantly after adaption, and 83.7% of fractions were delivered as adapted per physician choice. There was no difference in OAR coverage. Average adaptive treatment planning took 15 min and average time‐on‐couch was 34.4 min. Conclusions: Adaptive stereotactic breast irradiation resulted in improved target coverage with equivalent dosing to OARs in an efficient and tolerated treatment time. Improved target coverage allowed for decreased PTV margins compared to prior trial protocols that may improve acute and late toxicities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) represents a widely explored technique to generate light, in which the emission intensity relies critically on the charge‐transfer reactions between electrogenerated radicals. Two types of charge‐transfer mechanisms have been postulated for ECL generation, but the manipulation and effective probing of these routes remain a fundamental challenge. Here, we demonstrate the design of quantum dot (QD) aerogels as novel ECL luminophores via a versatile water‐induced gelation strategy. The strong electronic coupling between adjacent QDs enables efficient charge transport within the aerogel network, leading to the generation of highly efficient ECL based on the selectively improved interparticle charge‐transfer route. This mechanism is further verified by designing CdSe‐CdTe mixed QD aerogels, where the two mechanistic routes are clearly decoupled for ECL generation. We anticipate our work will advance the fundamental understanding of ECL and prove useful for designing next‐generation QD‐based devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Degenerative joint disease (DJD) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an important type of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) potentially leading to orofacial pain and jaw dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is important in TMD diagnosis; however, its diagnostic ability for DJD remains unknown. Objective: To explore the utility of MRI in diagnosing DJD according to the latest diagnostic criteria for TMD and detecting condylar bone abnormalities and their severity. Methods: Overall, 122 participants were examined using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) and MRI. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of MRI for detecting DJD and different types of TMJ condylar bone abnormalities were calculated (considering CBCT as gold standard); in addition, we tested MRI and CBCT's consistency in scoring five types of condylar bone abnormalities. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of MRI for DJD were 95.3% and 43.1%, respectively. The MRI sensitivities for condylar flattening, erosion, osteophytes, sclerosis and cysts were 98.6%, 96.2%, 79.4%, 50%, and 79.2% (specificity, 53.6%, 48.3%, 81.6%, 83.3%, and 88.2%, respectively), respectively. The consistency between MRI and CBCT in assessing the severity of condylar bone abnormalities was fair‐to‐moderate (kappa coefficient: 0.278–0.491). The inter‐observer consistency for CBCT was good, whereas for MRI, it was relatively poor. Conclusion: MRI can detect DJD and condylar bone abnormalities. However, MRI could not efficiently detect the severity of condylar bone abnormalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the intergranular corrosion (IGC) defect depth on the high circle fatigue performance of tungsten inert gas (TIG)‐welded joints of 6005A–5083 dissimilar aluminum alloys were investigated. After soaking in different IGC solutions for 72 h, corrosion defects of different depths were generated in various areas of the specimen surfaces. It was found that the 5083 base metal exhibited the poorest corrosion resistance, while the welded metal displayed the best corrosion resistance. Fatigue tests carried out after precorrosion revealed that when the IGC depth was shallow, the weld defects on the weld metal were the main source of cracking for fatigue extension. However, when the IGC depth in the 5083 base metal was >248 μm, the corrosion defect acted as the origin of the fatigue crack, and the fatigue life of the sample was significantly reduced. This was attributed mainly to the local high‐stress field at the tip of the corrosion defect. Finally, a corrosion fatigue crack expansion model was established to analyze the influence of the corrosion defect depth on the fatigue lives of welded joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is considered as one of the major roadblocks for many renewable electrochemical energy technologies, such as water splitting, rechargeable metal‐air batteries. Thus the development of efficient and low‐cost OER electrocatalysts has achieved a lot of research and development attention. Aerogels, as featured by large surface area, high porosity, and self‐supportability, provide an excellent platform for the design of efficient electrocatalysts. This review summarizes the recent progress of the aerogel‐based design of catalysts in tackling the challenges in the field of OER electrocatalysis. The correlation between catalyst design strategy and catalytic performances is evaluated to provide a roadmap for the development of aerogel‐based OER electrocatalysts. Thereafter, the current state of our understanding of the application of the aerogel concept in OER electrocatalysis is provided, which could serve as a guide to the development of future aerogel electrocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical implementation of online adaptive radiation therapy requires initial and ongoing performance assessment of the underlying auto‐segmentation and adaptive planning algorithms, although a straightforward and efficient process for this in phantom is lacking. The purpose of this work was to investigate robustness and repeatability of the artificial intelligence‐assisted online segmentation and adaptive planning process on the Varian Ethos adaptive platform, and to develop an end‐to‐end test strategy for online adaptive radiation therapy. Five synthetic deformations were generated and applied to a computed tomography image of an anthropomorphic pelvis phantom, and reference treatment plans were generated from each of the resulting deformed images. The undeformed phantom was repeatedly imaged, and the online adaptive process was performed including auto‐segmentation, review and manual correction of contours, and adaptive plan creation. One adaptive fractions in five different deformation scenarios were performed. The manually corrected contours had a high degree of consistency (> 93% Dice similarity coefficient and < 1.0 mm mean surface distance) across repeated fractions, with no significant variation across the synthetic deformation instance except for bowel (p = 0.026, one‐way ANOVA). Adaptive treatment plans also resulted in highly consistent dose–volume values for targets and organs at risk. A straightforward and efficient process was developed and used to quantify a set of organ specific contouring and dosimetric action levels to help establish uncertainty bounds for an end‐to‐end test on the Varian Ethos system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐performance flexible pressure sensors have attracted a great deal of attention, owing to its potential applications such as human activity monitoring, man–machine interaction, and robotics. However, most high‐performance flexible pressure sensors are complex and costly to manufacture. These sensors cannot be repaired after external mechanical damage and lack of tactile feedback applications. Herein, a high‐performance flexible pressure sensor based on MXene/polyurethane (PU)/interdigital electrodes is fabricated by using a low‐cost and universal spray method. The sprayed MXene on the spinosum structure PU and other arbitrary flexible substrates (represented by polyimide and membrane filter) act as the sensitive layer and the interdigital electrodes, respectively. The sensor shows an ultrahigh sensitivity (up to 509.8 kPa–1), extremely fast response speed (67.3 ms), recovery speed (44.8 ms), and good stability (10 000 cycles) due to the interaction between the sensitive layer and the interdigital electrodes. In addition, the hydrogen bond of PU endows the device with the self‐healing function. The sensor can also be integrated with a circuit, which can realize tactile feedback function. This MXene‐based high‐performance pressure sensor, along with its designing/fabrication, is expected to be widely used in human activity detection, electronic skin, intelligent robots, and many other aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A photocatalyst comprising binary organic polymer dots (Pdots) was prepared. The Pdots were constructed from poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐alt‐benzothiadiazole), as an electron donor, and 1‐[3‐(methoxycarbonyl)propyl]‐1‐phenyl‐[6.6]C61, as an electron acceptor. The photocatalyst produces H2O2 in alkaline conditions (1 M KOH) with a production rate of up to 188 mmol h−1 g−1. The external quantum efficiencies were 30 % (5 min) and 14 % (75 min) at 450 nm. Furthermore, photo‐oxidation of methanol by Pdots, followed by a disproportionation reaction and an oxidation reaction, produced the high‐value chemical formate. On the basis of various spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements, the photophysical processes of the system were studied in detail and a reaction mechanism was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Calibration of a radiotherapy electronic portal imaging device (EPID) using the pixel‐sensitivity‐map (PSM) in place of the flood field correction improves the utility of the EPID for quality assurance applications. Multiple methods are available for determining the PSM and this study provides an evaluation to inform on which is superior. Methods: Three different empirical methods ("Calvary Mater Newcastle" [CMN], "Varian," and "WashU") and a Monte Carlo‐based method of PSM determination were investigated on a single Varian TrueBeam STx linear accelerator (linac) with an aS1200 EPID panel. PSM measurements were performed for each empirical method three successive times using the 6 MV beam. The resulting PSM from each method was compared to the Monte Carlo method as a reference using 2D percentage deviation maps and histograms plus crossplane profiles. The repeatability of generated PSMs was also assessed via 2D standard deviation (SD) maps and histograms. Additionally, the Beam‐Response generated by removal of the PSM from a raw EPID image for each method was visually contrasted. Finally, the practicality of each method was assessed qualitatively and via the measured time required to acquire and export the required images. Results: The median pixel‐by‐pixel percentage deviation between each of the empirical PSM methods and the Monte Carlo PSM was ‐0.36%, 0.24%, and 0.74% for the CMN, Varian, and WashU methods, respectively. Ninety‐five percent of pixels were found to be repeatable to within ‐0.21%, 0.08%, 0.19%, and 0.35% (1 SD) for the CMN, Monte Carlo, Varian, and WashU methods, respectively. The WashU method was found to be quickest for data acquisition and export and the CMN the slowest. Conclusion: For the first time four methods of generating the EPID PSM have been compared in detail and strengths and weaknesses of each method have been identified. All methods are considered likely to be clinically acceptable and with similar practical requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The EPID PSM is a useful EPID calibration method for QA applications. The dependence of the EPID PSM on the photon beam used to acquire it has been investigated in this study for the four available PSM methods. The aim is to inform upon the viability of applying a single PSM for all available photon beams to simplify PSM implementation and maintenance. Methods: Four methods of PSM determination were each measured once in a single session on a single TrueBeam ® STx linac using 6 MV, 10 MV, 6 MV Flattening‐Filter‐Free (FFF), and 10 MV FFF photon beams. The resultant PSM was assessed for both intra‐ and inter‐method beam dependence via comparison between PSM of the same method compared to the 6 MV PSM and via comparison between PSM of the same beam with the corresponding Monte Carlo PSM. Comparisons were performed via 2D percentage deviation plots with associated histograms, 1D crossplane profiles, and via mean, median, and standard deviation percentage deviation statistics. Generated beam‐response was compared qualitatively via 1D crossplane profile comparison and quantitatively via symmetry assessment with comparison to the IC profiler device. Results: The Varian method provided the most consistent PSM with varying photon beam, with median percent deviation from the 6 MV PSM within 0.14% for all other beams. Qualitatively, each method provided similar beam‐response profiles. The measured beam‐response symmetry agreed to within 0.2% between the Calvary Mater Newcastle (CMN) method and IC profiler, but agreement reduced to within 0.9% and 2.2% for the Varian and WashU methods. PSM percent deviation with Monte Carlo PSM was within 0.75% for all methods and beams. Conclusion: Results suggest that the PSM may be independent of photon beam to clinically relevant levels. The Varian method of PSM determination introduces the least beam dependence into the measured PSM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interconnectivity of porous scaffold is vital for cell and tissue infiltration, and vascular networks formation, determining the successful bone regeneration in large bone defects. Here, inspired by the lotus‐root and Haversian system of natural bone, a nano‐hydroxyapatite/polyurethane (n‐HA/PU) lotus root‐like scaffold inlaid with micro holes on the wall of the adjacent channel was utilized to mediate cell biomineralization and vascularized bone tissue regeneration. Such a particular lotus‐type structure remarkably promoted cells to proliferate and infiltrate into the center of the entire scaffold, serving as a clue to account for regulating cell alignment and differentiation physically. In vitro studies suggested that apatite accumulated dramatically on the channel wall in the lotus‐type scaffold, probably promoting specific osteogenic differentiation of cells by the orientated channels, even in the absence of osteogenic factors. In vivo creation of critical bone defects (15‐mm segments) was done in the radius of rabbits and implanted with the scaffold of different geometry to assess the structural parameters on the efficacy of new bone regeneration. The more extensive positive staining of BMP‐2, more considerable amount of infiltrated capillary, more robust new bone formation, particularly the biomechanical strength of lotus‐type scaffold group could reach the level of the control group without surgery, indicating that the lotus‐type scaffold was more favorable for new bone tissue formation along tube‐like channels. These results highlighted the potential of this biomimetic scaffold for cell and tissue infiltration and thus repair large bony defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While bio‐inspired synthesis offers great potential for controlling nucleation and growth of inorganic particles, precisely tuning biomolecule–particle interactions is a long‐standing challenge. Herein, we used variations in peptoid sequence to manipulate peptoid–Au interactions, leading to the synthesis of concave five‐fold twinned, five‐pointed Au nanostars via a process of repeated particle attachment and facet stabilization. Ex situ and liquid‐phase TEM observations show that a balance between particle attachment biased to occur near the star points, preferential growth along the [100] direction, and stabilization of (111) facets is critical to forming star‐shaped particles. Molecular simulations predict that interaction strengths between peptoids and distinct Au facets differ significantly and thus can alter attachment kinetics and surface energies to form the stars. This work provides new insights into how sequence‐defined ligands affect particle growth to regulate crystal morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop efficient sensitizers, five novel metal‐free dyes were designed based on one of the best dyes W05 by inserting auxiliary electron acceptors. The photovoltaic performance of new dyes was studied by density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations in order to shed light on how the auxiliary electron acceptor influences on the photovoltaic performances. Results illustrated that the insertion of auxiliary electron acceptors can narrow the HOMO‐LUMO gap, red‐shift the light absorption band, and enhance the sunlight harvesting. By estimating three important photovoltaic parameters, the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of W05 was estimated to be about 8.96%, in good agreement with its experimental value of 9.22%, indicating that the scheme calculated the photovoltaic parameters is reliable. Interestingly, the estimated PCE values for designed dyes are superior to that of W05, suggesting that the molecular design is reasonable. Especially 5, its PCE was predicted to be as high as 14.07%, indicating that 5 is a promising sensitizer candidate for DSSC applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The effectiveness of platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) injection combined with physical therapy for the treatment of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ‐OA) has not been studied. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of PRP injection combined with individualised comprehensive physical therapy for the treatment of TMJ‐OA. Methods: This prospective cohort study included 40 patients with TMJ‐OA who received PRP injection or PRP injection combined with individualised comprehensive physical therapy. Pain intensity, maximum mouth opening, temporomandibular joint sounds, and the Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS) scores and imaging findings were compared before treatment and during follow‐up. Results: The pain intensity, maximum mouth opening, and temporomandibular joint sounds of the two groups significantly improved with an increase in treatment time (p <.05). The pain improvement in the combined treatment group was greater than that in the PRP injection group at 3 and 6 months (p <.05). The improvement of mouth opening was better in the combined treatment group, whereas the improvement of joint sounds was better in the PRP injection group. The improvement in JFLS scores in the combined treatment group was greater than that in the PRP injection group at 6 months (p <.05). The imaging improvement rates of the two groups were similar. Conclusions: Platelet‐rich plasma injection can significantly improve pain, mouth opening, abnormal joint sound, and mandibular function in patients with TMJ‐OA and has good repair effect on condylar bone defects. PRP injection combined with individualised comprehensive physical therapy can effectively control the medium‐ and long‐term pain of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Ethos adaptive radiotherapy (ART) is emerging with AI‐enhanced adaptive planning and high‐quality cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT). Although a respiratory motion management solution is critical for reducing motion artifacts on abdominothoracic CBCT and improving tumor motion control during beam delivery, our institutional Ethos system has not incorporated a commercial solution. Here we developed an institutional visually guided respiratory motion management system to coach patients in regular breathing or breath hold during intrafractional CBCT scans and beam delivery with Ethos ART. Methods: The institutional visual‐guidance respiratory motion management system has three components: (1) a respiratory motion detection system, (2) an in‐room display system, and (3) a respiratory motion trace management software. Each component has been developed and implemented in the clinical Ethos ART workflow. The applicability of the solution was demonstrated in installation, routine QA, and clinical workflow. Results: An air pressure sensor has been utilized to detect patient respiratory motion in real time. Either a commercial or in‐house software handled respiratory motion trace display, collection and visualization for operators, and visual guidance for patients. An extended screen and a projector on an adjustable stand were installed as the in‐room visual guidance solution for the closed‐bore ring gantry medical linear accelerator utilized by Ethos. Consistent respiratory motion traces and organ positions on intrafractional CBCTs demonstrated the clinical suitability of the proposed solution in Ethos ART. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the utilization of an institutional visually guided respiratory motion management system for Ethos ART. The proposed solution can be easily applied for Ethos ART and adapted for use with any closed bore‐type system, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, through incorporation with appropriate respiratory motion sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the problem of finite‐time stabilization for the maglev system with an output constraint whose range depends on the experimental platform. A tan‐type barrier Lyapunov function is introduced to guarantee that the output of the maglev system is restricted in the prescribed region and the state converges to zero in a finite time. The novelty lies in the fact that the design and the analysis for constrained and unconstrained output are unified without changing the structure of the controller. Finally, simulations are given to validate the effectiveness of the theoretical result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the interface of 2D hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites L2PbI4 (here L stands for phenylethylamine, PEA) is engineered by fluorine substitution in its organic insulator layers, and the stability of the perovskite is investigated. For the water‐resistance, the fluorinated‐perovskite maintained 90% photoluminescence intensity of its initial state after 800‐h exposure to relative humidity 75–80%, while it is 47% for that without fluorine, resulting from hydrophobic property of fluorinated insulator. As for the resistance to light illumination, the stability of the fluorinated perovskite is effectively improved for exposure to both continuous‐wave laser and UV lamp, due to chemical and thermal inertness. Furthermore, the effectiveness by the fluorinated‐insulator in combination with polymer encapsulation is also verified. However, the substitution of fluorinated‐insulator (F‐PEA) results more overlap of absorption and photoluminescence, and produces more defects, both of which would lead to the reduction of the photoluminescence quantum yield. This interfacial modification still paves a new way to improve the stability of 2D perovskites by using fluorinated‐insulator and provides new insight to move forward their applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon‐based gas molecules are readily available feedstocks and are widely used in industry as building blocks or fuels. However, their application in the synthesis of fine chemicals has been hampered due to operational complexity, poor reaction efficiency and selectivity. Recent development of photoredox‐promoted transformations using such gaseous reagents has received considerable attention from the synthetic community. In this review, efforts in developing light‐promoted organic transformations using carbon‐based natural gases as C1 or C2 feedstocks and to overcome the associated challenges are briefly summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

REBUTTAL Daniel Hyer, PhD Dr. Cai has argued against the future of MRI-guided adaptive radiotherapy based on three main points: high capital cost, complex workflows, and low patient throughput. The non-contrast on-board (CB) CTs have and will continue to play an important role in radiotherapy, but the future of online adaptive radiotherapy is the MR toolset. Future mainstream platform for online adaptive radiotherapy will be using on-board MR rather than on-board (CB) CT images The final point that Dr. Cai makes is that the throughput of MR adaptive radiotherapy is lower than that of CT adaptive radiotherapy. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: Establish and compare two metrics for monitoring beam energy changes in the Halcyon platform and evaluate the accuracy of these metrics across multiple Halcyon linacs. Method: The first energy metric is derived from the diagonal normalized flatness (FDN), which is defined as the ratio of the average measurements at a fixed off‐axis equal distance along the open profiles in two diagonals to the measurement at the central axis with an ionization chamber array (ICA). The second energy metric comes from the area ratio (AR) of the quad wedge (QW) profiles measured with the QW on the top of the ICA. Beam energy is changed by adjusting the magnetron current in a non‐clinical Halcyon. With D10cm measured in water at each beam energy, the relationships between FDN or AR energy metrics to D10cm in water is established with linear regression across six energy settings. The coefficients from these regressions allow D10cm(FDN) calculation from FDN using open profiles and D10cm(QW) calculation from AR using QW profiles. Results: Five Halcyon linacs from five institutions were used to evaluate the accuracy of the D10cm(FDN) and the D10cm(QW) energy metrics by comparing to the D10cm values computed from the treatment planning system (TPS) and D10cm measured in water. For the five linacs, the D10cm(FDN) reported by the ICA based on FDN from open profiles agreed with that calculated by TPS within –0.29 ± 0.23% and 0.61% maximum discrepancy; the D10cm(QW) reported by the QW profiles agreed with that calculated by TPS within –0.82 ± 1.27% and –2.43% maximum discrepancy. Conclusion: The FDN‐based energy metric D10cm(FDN) can be used for acceptance testing of beam energy, and also for the verification of energy in periodic quality assurance (QA) processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Previously developed Voxel Spread Function (VSF) method (Yablonskiy, et al, MRM, 2013;70:1283) provides solution to correct artifacts induced by macroscopic magnetic field inhomogeneity in the images obtained by multi‐Gradient‐Recalled‐Echo (mGRE) techniques. The goal of this study was to develop a library‐driven approach for fast VSF implementation. Methods: The VSF approach describes the contribution of the magnetic field inhomogeneity effects on the mGRE signal decay in terms of the F‐function calculated from mGRE phase and magnitude images. A pre‐calculated library accounting for a variety of background field gradients caused by magnetic field inhomogeneity was used herein to speed up the calculation of F‐function. Quantitative R2* maps from the mGRE data collected from two healthy volunteers were generated using the library as validation. Results: As compared with direct calculation of the F‐function based on a voxel‐wise approach, the new library‐driven method substantially reduces computational time from several hours to few minutes, while, at the same time, providing similar accuracy of R2* mapping. Conclusion: The new procedure proposed in this study provides a fast post‐processing algorithm that can be incorporated in the quantitative analysis of mGRE data to account for background field inhomogeneity artifacts, thus can facilitate the applications of mGRE‐based quantitative techniques in clinical practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facet Stabilization, Five-Fold Twinned Au Star, Particle Attachment, Sequence-Defined Peptoids Frontispiz: Peptoid-Directed Formation of Five-Fold Twinned Au Nanostars through Particle Attachment and Facet Stabilization Keywords: Facet Stabilization; Five-Fold Twinned Au Star; Particle Attachment; Sequence-Defined Peptoids EN Facet Stabilization Five-Fold Twinned Au Star Particle Attachment Sequence-Defined Peptoids 1 1 1 03/23/22 20220328 NES 220328 B Nanopartikel b Die peptoiddirigierte Bildung von verzwillingten Au-Nanosternen durch Partikelanlagerung und Facettenstabilisierung wird im Forschungsartikel von James J. DeYoreo, Chun-Long Chen et al. vorgestellt (e202201980). [Extracted from the article]