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Introduction: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is one of the leading allergic diseases worldwide. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) induces persistent specific allergen tolerance to achieve remission of the symptoms in AR patients. We creatively conducted the intra‐cervical lymphatic immunotherapy (ICLIT) for AR patients. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of immune cell response of AIT in AR remains elusive. Method: To investigate the transcriptome profile in AR patients who underwent ICLIT, we comprehensively investigated the transcriptional changes in B cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of AR patient by single‐cell RNA sequencing. Immunoglobulins and relative key gene, which influences the B cell differentiation, was demonstrated. The biomarkers' association with different types of tumors was investigated. Results: Naive B cells, germinal center B cells, activated memory B cells, and memory B cells constituted the B cells subsets. The expression of IGHE, IGHGs, IGHA, IGHD, and IGHM from memory B cells was validated. Pseudotime analysis further indicated the dynamic change from the expression of the immunoglobulins in the memory B cells, suggesting that ITGB1 may contribute to the differentiation procedure of memory B cells. The cell–cell communication among these immune cells demonstrated the significantly enhanced CD23, BTLA signaling after ICLIT in AR patient. ITGB1 was upregulated in 13 tumors and downregulated in six others. High ITGB1 expression was linked to poor prognosis in eight types of tumors. ITGB1 expression showed correlations with tumor mutation burden, tissue purity, and microsatellite instability in different types of tumors. Discussion: ITGB1 was demonstrated as a potential biomarker for AR patients after ICLIT and is significant in identifying immune infiltration in tumor tissue and predicting tumor prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The efficacy and safety of the novel immunotherapy method, intra‐cervical lymphatic immunotherapy (ICLIT), need to be investigated. Comparing it with subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT), we clarified the long‐term efficacy and safety of intra‐cervical lymphatic immunotherapy on allergic rhinitis (AR), and investigated the improvement of clinical efficacy of the booster injection at 1 year after ICLIT treatment. Methods: Ninety adult patients with dust mite allergy were randomly divided into 3 groups: 30 in the SCIT group, 30 in the ILCLIT group, and 30 in ICLIT booster group. Changes in total symptom score (TSS), nasal symptom score (TNSS), ocular symptom score (TOSS) and total medication score (TMS) were evaluated in the three groups. Adverse reactions were recorded, and serum dust mite specific IgE (sIgE) and specific IgG4 were assessed in the ICLIT group and ICLIT booster group. Results: TSS, TNSS, TOSS, and TMS scores were significantly lower in the three groups at 36 months after treatment (p < 0. 05). And at 36 months the ICLIT‐booster group showed results similar to SCIT and superior to ICLIT (p < 0. 05). Serum specific IgE decreased in all three groups at 12 and 36 months after treatment, p < 0.01. The ICLIT group and the ICLIT booster group showed a significant increase in sIgG4, p < 0.01. None of the patients in the three groups had any serious systemic adverse effects during the 3‐year follow‐up. Conclusion: The ICLIT treatment is effective and safe on AR. One booster injection of allergens at 1 year can greatly improve its long‐term efficacy. Trial Registry: Clinical trial registration number: ChiCTR1800017130. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: COVID-19; delayed therapy; depression; efficacy; subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) EN COVID-19 delayed therapy depression efficacy subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) 1 3 3 03/30/22 20220301 NES 220301 To the editor, Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) is highly effective for seasonal pollinosis and perennial disease in patients with mite allergy.1 SCIT usually involves administering a gradually increasing dose of the specific allergens to allergic patients until the effective dose is reached then followed by administering the maintenance doses for 3 years or more.2 As the end of 2019 witnessed an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China, clinical, educational, research, and community responsibilities have been tremendously influenced in the whole world. Sustained impact of subcutaneous immunotherapy among patients with allergic rhinitis who experienced treatment delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic: A multicenter, two-arm, real-world study The time for 83.6% of SCIT delayed patients was less than 10 weeks, 10-20 weeks for 14.5% patients, and only 1.9% patients were more than 20 weeks (Figure 1A). [Extracted from the article]