38 results
Search Results
2. Putting the university to work: The subsumption of academic labour in UK's shift to digital higher education.
- Author
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Ivancheva, Mariya and Garvey, Brian
- Subjects
SEXUAL division of labor ,HIGHER education ,DIVISION of labor ,TECHNOLOGY transfer ,ONLINE education ,COVID-19 pandemic - Abstract
This paper considers how the formal and real subsumption of academic labour in UK higher education are exposed and exacerbated by the move towards online teaching, assessment and communication. These processes have been expedited by the COVID‐19 pandemic outbreak and attention is drawn to the technology‐driven organisational and operational innovations that are transforming academic divisions of labour and labour processes. These changes, particularly in relation to the separation of research and teaching, and to the deprofessionalisation, modularisation, and outsourcing of the latter, are the focus of the paper. We argue that the formal subsumption of knowledge production (research) through commercialisation dovetails with a real subsumption of socially reproductive work (teaching) that is undergoing qualitative transformation in an increasingly marketised higher education sector. We show how digitalisation actively contributes to the growing standardisation and flexibilisation of work, deepens long‐standing gendered divisions of labour, and dissolves even further the blurred work/life boundaries for precariously employed workers. These new hallmarks of the contemporary subsumption present new challenges to workers and their collective organisations in Higher Education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. What is the rationale behind China's infrastructure investment under the Belt and Road Initiative.
- Author
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Zou, Longcan, Shen, Jim Huangnan, Zhang, Jun, and Lee, Chien‐Chiang
- Subjects
BELT & Road Initiative ,INFRASTRUCTURE funds ,ECONOMIC conditions in China ,DIVISION of labor ,INDUSTRIAL costs ,INFRASTRUCTURE (Economics) ,CAPITAL movements - Abstract
This research presents a full picture of the rationale behind China's infrastructure investment under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which was formally initiated in 2013. In this paper, we argue that the main reason for China to conduct infrastructure investment under BRI is to strategically respond to the emergence of the "New Normal," which pushes the country to sustain economic growth through further structural transformation. We come up with three relevant factors for why infrastructure projects under BRI could be conducive to structural transformation in China's economy, as it (1) provides a much better alternative to the existing poor logistic conditions and can create accessibility among regions, (2) enables the smooth flow of factor endowments of production that significantly reduce production costs, and (3) indirectly strengthens the influence of the debt provider's home currency. This paper also provides three theoretical pillars: the comparative advantage following (CAF) and defying (CAD) development strategies, the late development theory with antineoliberalism characteristics, and the new international division of labor, from which these three factors might potentially explain how BRI could enhance the structural transformation of this second‐largest economy in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The gendered division of paid and domestic work under lockdown.
- Author
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Andrew, Alison, Cattan, Sarah, Costa Dias, Monica, Farquharson, Christine, Kraftman, Lucy, Krutikova, Sonya, Phimister, Angus, and Sevilla, Almudena
- Subjects
DIVISION of labor ,GENDER differences (Sociology) ,HOUSEKEEPING ,SOCIAL norms ,STAY-at-home orders ,UNPAID labor ,SCHOOL children - Abstract
This paper provides novel empirical evidence on the effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the division of labour between parents of school‐aged children in two‐parent opposite‐gender families. In line with existing evidence, we find that mothers' paid work took a larger hit than that of fathers, and that mothers spent substantially longer doing childcare and housework than their partners. We go further to show that these gender differences cannot be explained by gender differences in the industries and occupations in which parents worked prior to the lockdown. Nor can they be explained by gender differences in earnings prior to the crisis: independently of which parent earned the most before the pandemic, it tended to be the mothers who adjusted time spent on paid and unpaid work more significantly. This is the case even in households where only one partner remained active in paid work. While we cannot fully rule out that these asymmetric responses are explained by gender differences in productivity in domestic work, our results do suggest that other factors, such as gender norms, may play an important role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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5. Global governance for digital sequence information on genetic resources: Demand, progress and reforming paths.
- Author
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Qin, Geng, Yu, Hanzhi, and Wu, Chao
- Subjects
GERMPLASM ,INTERNATIONAL organization ,INTELLECTUAL property ,INFORMATION resources ,DIVISION of labor ,COOPERATION ,RIGHTS ,FORCED labor - Abstract
The cross‐border transmission of digital sequence information (DSI) on genetic resources is an emerging global governance issue, particularly since its inclusion in the post‐2020 framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Based on a brief review of the value of DSI and the need for global governance, this paper identifies three elemental regimes on 'physical' genetic resources that are in conflict: divergent principles of sovereignty claim, global multilateral sharing and intellectual property rights protection. It then traces the progress of each elemental regime on DSI and describes their ongoing conflicts. Two reform strategies for better governance are suggested: one gradual and path‐dependent and one more radical. The basis of the radical strategy is to promote labour division and cooperation among institutions of different elemental regimes within a three‐layered system of DSI values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
6. Exhaustivity and Anti‐Exhaustivity in the RSA Framework: Testing the Effect of Prior Beliefs.
- Author
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Cremers, Alexandre, Wilcox, Ethan G., and Spector, Benjamin
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HUMAN behavior ,DIVISION of labor ,PRAGMATICS ,SEMANTICS - Abstract
During communication, the interpretation of utterances is sensitive to a listener's probabilistic prior beliefs. In this paper, we focus on the influence of prior beliefs on so‐called exhaustivity interpretations, whereby a sentence such as Mary came is understood to mean that only Mary came. Two theoretical origins for exhaustivity effects have been proposed in the previous literature. On the one hand are perspectives that view these inferences as the result of a purely pragmatic process (as in the classical Gricean view, and more recent Bayesian approaches); on the other hand are proposals that treat them as the result of an encapsulated semantic mechanism (Chierchia, Fox & Spector 2012). We gain traction on adjudicating between these two approaches with new theoretical and experimental evidence, focusing on the behavior of different models for exhaustivity effects, all of which fit under the Rational Speech Act modeling framework (RSA, Frank & Goodman, 2012). Some (but not all!) of these models include an encapsulated semantic mechanism. Theoretically, we demonstrate that many RSA models predict not only exhaustivity, but also anti‐exhaustivity, whereby "Mary came" would convey that Mary and someone else came. We evaluate these models against data obtained in a new study which tested the effects of prior beliefs on both production and comprehension, improving on previous empirical work. We find that the models which have the best fit to human behavior include an encapsulated exhaustivity mechanism. We conclude that, on the one hand, in the division of labor between semantics and pragmatics, semantics plays a larger role than is often thought, but, on the other hand, the tradeoff between informativity and cost which characterizes all RSA models does play a central role for genuine pragmatic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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7. Toward an integrative framework of intergenerational coparenting within family systems: A scoping review.
- Author
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Bai, Xue, Chen, Mengtong, He, Ranran, and Xu, Tongling
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FAMILY systems theory ,GRANDPARENTS ,INTERGENERATIONAL relations ,INTEGRAL functions ,POWER (Social sciences) ,DIVISION of labor - Abstract
Intergenerational coparenting has become increasingly prevalent globally. Based on 42 papers identified from a comprehensive search of published studies in five databases, this scoping review identified five major themes related to intergenerational coparenting: power and authority, division of labor, conflict, coping and adaptation, and reciprocity. Guided by family systems theory and an intersectionality perspective, we developed an integrative intergenerational coparenting framework that covers five key themes, illustrates their interrelationships, and links them to influential factors at the individual, familial, sociocultural, and policy levels. This framework can guide future studies on intergenerational coparenting and inform the development of interventions for effectively addressing pragmatic needs of joint childcare, preventing conflict in intergenerational and coparenting relationships, devising useful coping and adaptation strategies for obtaining desirable coparenting outcomes, and nurturing cooperation and reciprocity in the process of coparenting to safeguard the well‐being and functioning of the entire family system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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8. The effect of spouses' relative education on household time allocation.
- Author
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Taveras, Elisa
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TIME management ,HOUSEKEEPING ,DIVISION of labor ,HOUSEHOLDS ,SPOUSES ,HUMAN capital - Abstract
Does spouses' relative education explain their household's distribution of labor? This paper analyzes the effect of spouses' education on time allocated to housework and paid work. To address endogeneity concerns, I exploit changes in spouses' relative education due to remarriage to identify its effects on their time allocation. I find that when a husband marries a wife with a higher relative education than their previous spouse, his share of time on housework increases while his share of time on paid work decreases. In contrast, I find nonsignificant results when a wife remarries a more educated husband than her previous one. I also find that changes in the spouse's education reduce the probability of a spouse staying at home. These findings show that relative human capital plays a role in household labor distribution and motivates a more gender‐neutral division of labor within households due to a more evenly distributed time allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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9. Understanding phenomena: From social to collective?
- Author
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Malfatti, Federica I.
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SOCIAL facts ,COMMUNITIES ,DIVISION of labor - Abstract
In making sense of the world, we typically cooperate, join forces, and draw on one another's competence and expertise. A group or community in which there is a well‐functioning division of cognitive‐epistemic labor can achieve levels of understanding that a single agent who relies exclusively on her own capacities would probably never achieve. However, is understanding also collective? I.e., is understanding something that can be possessed by a group or community rather than by individuals? In this paper, I develop an account of understanding phenomena according to which understanding a phenomenon requires reasonably endorsing an adequate and intelligible epistemic mediator that accounts for this phenomenon. I then show that understanding, conceived along these lines, can be attributed to collective entities. An important result of my arguments will be that a collective entity's understanding cannot (always) be reduced to the sum of the understandings of the individuals belonging to it. This is because a collective entity can sometimes be rightfully claimed to understand a phenomenon while none of its individual members understands it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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10. A bioarcheological contribution to the social history of Roman Macedonia: The Pontokomi‐Vrysi site in Kozani Prefecture, Greece.
- Author
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Vergidou, Chryssa, Karamitrou‐Mentessidi, Georgia, Voutsaki, Sofia, and Nikita, Efthymia
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SOCIAL history ,ROMAN history ,HISTORICAL archaeology ,INTERVERTEBRAL disk diseases ,SPINE osteoarthritis ,DIVISION of labor - Abstract
Roman Macedonia has been largely neglected by bioarcheological research. As a result, little is known about the imprint of living conditions of that time on the skeletons of its inhabitants, especially those of the lower classes. This paper presents the paleopathological study conducted on a Roman period (1st–4th c. CE) skeletal assemblage from Pontokomi‐Vrysi, a site in the semi‐mountainous region of Eordaea in Upper Macedonia (now in Kozani Prefecture, Greece). The aim is to investigate differences in the frequency of multiple paleopathological conditions in the buried population and to assess whether these are linked to sex‐ or age‐related differences. The study examines cribra orbitalia (CO), porotic hyperostosis (PH), enamel hypoplasia (EH), osteoarthritis (OA), vertebral osteoarthritis (VOA), intervertebral disk disease (IDD), Schmorl's nodes (SNs), trauma (Tr), and lower limb periostitis/periostosis (PO). The results show higher frequencies of OA, IDD, PO, and Tr among males compared with those among females. These results suggest increased male physical hardship, pointing to a possible gender division of labor with the men of the community being mostly responsible for the physically demanding agricultural and animal husbandry activities. Additionally, comparisons of the CO, PH, and EH patterns in adults and nonadults support that, in general, the Pontokomi‐Vrysi community was resilient enough to overcome stress. Overall, these findings make an important contribution to both the bioarcheology and social history of Roman Macedonia and stress the need for more studies that combine historical, archeological (cultural), and bioarcheological data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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11. Unpaid labour and territorial extraction in digital value networks.
- Author
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Howson, Kelle, Johnston, Hannah, Cole, Matthew, Ferrari, Fabian, Ustek‐Spilda, Funda, and Graham, Mark
- Subjects
- *
DIVISION of labor , *GLOBAL production networks , *VALUE chains ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
Production in knowledge and data‐intensive industries is powered by work that can, in theory, be done from anywhere, via cloudwork platforms. Cloudwork platforms govern data value chains in distinct ways to concentrate power and extract value at the global scale. We argue that unpaid labour is a systemic mechanism of accumulation in these digital value networks. In this paper we demonstrate how it is tied to platform business models and facilitated by elements of platform governance including monopsony power, a high degree of spatial flexibility in sourcing labour, regulatory unaccountability and digital enclosure. We draw on a survey of 699 workers on 14 platforms in 74 countries to show that unpaid labour is an engine of South–North value extraction, and workers in the global South perform more unpaid labour than counterparts in the global North. Our findings have important ramifications our understanding of the changing international division of labour and platform capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Impacts of migration on time allocation of those who remain at home in rural Nepal.
- Author
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Yokying, Phanwin, Saksena, Sumeet, and Fox, Jefferson
- Subjects
TIME management ,GENDER role ,DIVISION of labor ,LABOR supply ,GIRLS ,HOUSEKEEPING - Abstract
This paper examines the effects of migration on time allocation in work activities of left‐behind family members in Nepal with attention to gender and age. Based on Nepal's Labor Force Survey, we find that, in response to an outmigration of a family member, working‐age women allocate more time towards agriculture and domestic and care work, while the amount of time working‐age men and women spend on collecting water and firewood also rises. Migration also increases girls' and women's time in non‐agricultural responsibilities. Thus, migration generates a loss in household labour supply and reshapes household division of labour in labour‐intensive activities and traditional gender roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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13. SUPPLIER NETWORKS AT THE INTEGRATED PERIPHERIES OF THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY: THE CASE OF KEIRETSU SUPPLIERS IN THAILAND.
- Author
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GUERRERO, DAVID, HIDEKAZU ITOH, GUANIE LIM, REME-HARNAY, PETRONILLE, and CORRE, GUILLAUME
- Subjects
- *
AUTOMOBILE industry , *SUPPLIERS , *GLOBAL production networks , *DIVISION of labor - Abstract
The formation of supplier networks at the integrated peripheries is a complex process and results from variegated strategies adopted by firms seeking to adapt to the specificities of each host state. This study aims to provide a preliminary explanation of these patterns by focusing on the case of tier 1 suppliers serving Japanese car manufacturers in Thailand. The empirical data, which capture supply relationships for five different car parts and components, were analysed using a network visualization method. Our initial findings provide insights into how the supply networks vary across car manufacturers and countries and suggest some of the conditions at the integrated peripheries which can enable suppliers to expand their client portfolio to gain scale. The paper also discusses how the integrated periphery framework intersects with the keiretsu networks of Japanese car manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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14. How does agricultural global value chain affect ecological footprint? The moderating role of environmental regulation.
- Author
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Xu, Yubing, Li, Cuixia, and Wang, Jing
- Subjects
AGRICULTURE ,ECOLOGICAL impact ,VALUE chains ,ENVIRONMENTAL regulations ,HIGH-income countries ,LOW-income countries ,DIVISION of labor - Abstract
With the deepening of the global division of labor, it is of great practical significance to study the impact of agricultural global value chain (GVC) on the ecological footprint. Based on the data of trade in value added provided by the OECD, this study adopts the dynamic panel model and moderating effect model to systematically examine the impact of agricultural GVC on ecological footprint and the moderating effect of environmental regulation. Empirical results show that upgrading the position of agricultural GVC significantly reduces the ecological footprint. Further, the effect of agricultural GVC on ecological footprint is more pronounced in middle‐ and low‐income countries than in high‐income countries. The mechanism test using the moderating effect model proves that there is a positive moderating effect of environmental regulation on the relationship between agricultural GVC and ecological footprint. The findings disclose the environmental effect behind upgrading the position of agricultural GVC and offer certain enlightenment from the perspective of environmental regulation for a country to participate in the agricultural GVC, alleviate the pressure on the ecological footprint and ultimately achieve sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Tuna is women's business too: Applying a gender lens to four cases in the Western and Central Pacific.
- Author
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Barclay, Kate M., Satapornvanit, Arlene N., Syddall, Victoria M., and Williams, Meryl J.
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BUSINESSWOMEN ,FISHERS ,TUNA fisheries ,TUNA ,FISHERY policy ,SOCIAL impact ,DIVISION of labor ,ANIMAL products - Abstract
The USD6 billion Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) tuna fisheries produce over half the world's tuna and are important for coastal countries. Tuna fisheries policy, management and research currently focus on fisheries resources and industrial fishing on offshore vessels with all male crews, although women, as much as men, are employed in tuna processing and trading in domestic, informal and export value chains. We apply a gender lens to four WCPO case‐study tuna industries: Suva and Levuka in Fiji, Bitung in Indonesia, General Santos City in the Philippines and Western Province including Noro in Solomon Islands. The gender divisions of labour, livelihood opportunities and social impacts vary greatly across the value chain nodes, depending on the size, quantity and quality of fish handled, and the scale of operations. The gender lens also reveals the social impacts of fishing when husbands/fathers/sons are killed or injured, absent for long periods and engage in sex, drugs and alcohol behaviours in port. Despite the centrality of women in tuna industries, and the gendered social impacts, regional and national policies largely omit gender. The tuna discourse should be broadened from that of male‐dominated industrial fishing to whole of value chains including domestic and informal enterprises in which women are equally involved. Progress on gender equity needs collaboration by multiple stakeholders including industrial firms employing people in factories, offices and on fishing vessels, regional bodies and national governments responsible for policy, monitoring and regulation, and research agencies to build knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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16. Temporary migrants and gender housework division among left‐behind household members.
- Author
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Vu, Tien Manh
- Subjects
DIVISION of labor ,HOUSEKEEPING ,VIETNAMESE people ,HOUSEHOLDS ,GENDER role ,GENDER inequality ,GENDER ,MIGRANT labor - Abstract
We examine whether Vietnamese migrant workers induce a shift in gender roles in housework division among the household members left behind. Using two waves of the Vietnamese Household Living Standard Survey (2006–2008), we apply the first‐difference method and estimate a simple household fixed effects model with instrumental variables for robustness checking. We find that temporary female migrants are associated with a higher probability of undertaking housework by male members left behind and there is a reduction in the gender gap in terms of time spent on chores. However, we find little evidence for a similar reduction in the gender gap when the household size is altered for other reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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17. Arguments philosophical and political.
- Author
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Simon Laden, Anthony
- Subjects
DIVISION of labor ,JUSTICE ,LEGITIMACY of governments ,LIBERALISM - Abstract
The article discusses analyzing the arguments put forth by Gina Schouten in her book, highlighting gendered division of labor and its implications for justice and legitimacy. Topics include Schouten's concern on the effectiveness of her arguments in public discourse, the distinction between "philosopher's arguments" and politically "available" arguments, and the role of political liberalism based on principles of mutual respect and reciprocity among citizens.
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- 2023
- Full Text
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18. The puzzles of daily life: The temporal orders of families when parents have non‐standard work schedules.
- Author
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Siippainen, Anna, Närvi, Johanna, and Alasuutari, Maarit
- Subjects
WORKING hours ,PARENTS ,DIVISION of labor ,FAMILIES ,EVERYDAY life - Abstract
This article investigates the temporal orders of families as the daily rhythms and schedules when one or both parents work non‐standard hours. Our focus is especially on the often asynchronous times of non‐standard work, on one hand, and of early childhood education and care (ECEC) services and other institutions, on the other hand. The data consist of semi‐structured qualitative interviews of Finnish parents with a four‐year‐old child. The results show that the asynchronous times generated by non‐standard working hours cause a wide range of collisions both in relation to childcare and ECEC and to the division of labour between parents. The parents are 'wrestling', not only because of the asynchrony of their own work but also because of the 'pedagogical rhythm' created by ECEC professionals. However, the parents also find ways to manage time, facilitated by workplace flexibility or spousal negotiations over the sharing of responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Altered task demands lead to a division of labour for sensory and cognitive processing in the middle temporal area.
- Author
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Scott, Hayden, Wimmer, Klaus, Pasternak, Tatiana, and Snyder, Adam C.
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DIVISION of labor ,SENSORIMOTOR integration ,VISUAL perception ,PREFRONTAL cortex ,VECTION ,NEURONS ,SNOEZELEN - Abstract
Neurons in the primate middle temporal (MT) area signal information about visual motion and work together with the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) to support memory‐guided comparisons of visual motion direction. These areas are reciprocally connected, and both contain neurons that signal visual motion direction in the strength of their responses. Previously, LPFC was shown to display marked changes in stimulus coding with altered task demands, including changes in selectivity for motion direction, trial‐to‐trial variability in responses and comparison effects. Since MT and LPFC are directly interconnected, we sought to determine if MT neurons display similar dependence on task demands. We found that active participation in a motion direction comparison task affected both sensory and nonsensory activity in MT neurons. In fact, neurons that became less selective for motion direction during the active task showed increased signalling for cognitive aspects of the task. This heterogeneity in neural modification with heightened task demands suggests a division of labour in MT, whereby sensory and cognitive signals are both heightened in different subpopulations of neurons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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20. Evolution of genome fragility enables microbial division of labor.
- Author
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Colizzi, Enrico Sandro, van Dijk, Bram, Merks, Roeland M H, Rozen, Daniel E, and Vroomans, Renske M A
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DIVISION of labor ,STREPTOMYCES coelicolor ,BACTERIAL colonies ,BACTERIAL evolution ,MULTISCALE modeling ,GENOMES ,FRAGILE X syndrome - Abstract
Division of labor can evolve when social groups benefit from the functional specialization of its members. Recently, a novel means of coordinating the division of labor was found in the antibiotic‐producing bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor, where specialized cells are generated through large‐scale genomic re‐organization. We investigate how the evolution of a genome architecture enables such mutation‐driven division of labor, using a multiscale computational model of bacterial evolution. In this model, bacterial behavior—antibiotic production or replication—is determined by the structure and composition of their genome, which encodes antibiotics, growth‐promoting genes, and fragile genomic loci that can induce chromosomal deletions. We find that a genomic organization evolves, which partitions growth‐promoting genes and antibiotic‐coding genes into distinct parts of the genome, separated by fragile genomic loci. Mutations caused by these fragile sites mostly delete growth‐promoting genes, generating sterile, and antibiotic‐producing mutants from weakly‐producing progenitors, in agreement with experimental observations. This division of labor enhances the competition between colonies by promoting antibiotic diversity. These results show that genomic organization can co‐evolve with genomic instabilities to enable reproductive division of labor. Synopsis: A computational model of the multicellular bacteria Streptomyces reveals that if antibiotic production trades off with replication, genome architecture can evolve to support a mutation‐driven division of labor.In silico bacterial colonies divide labor between replication and antibiotic production by evolving a genome architecture that physically segregates genes for these different functions and allows them to be dissociated due to mutations at fragile sites.Division of labor is driven by mutations and is reminiscent of the division between germ and soma in multicellular eukaryotes: One class of cells specializes in reproduction, while the other class, comprising the mutants, focuses on costly antibiotic production.In this system, which replicates dynamics observed in S. coelicolor, mutant cells effectively function as soma by enhancing colony fitness, despite being sterile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. What Women Do, Believe in, and Financially Contribute—What Matters More in Couples' Decision Making? Gender Inequality in Ghana's Small‐Scale Fisheries☆.
- Author
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Adjei, Moses and Chan, Annie Hau Nung
- Subjects
COUPLES ,DECISION making ,GENDER inequality ,GENDER role ,SMALL-scale fisheries ,OCCUPATIONAL segregation ,DIVISION of labor - Abstract
Studies of couple's decision‐making power consistently show that women disproportionately occupy subordinate positions. Using survey data (N = 400) from an ethnographic study on Ghanaian female fisherfolk, we examine the influences of women's financial contributions, ownership of production assets and gender role attitudes, and how they interact with the bodily capacities required to perform different fishery tasks to shape women's decision‐making power. Findings show that financial contributions and ownership of production assets remain salient determinants of women's fishery decision‐making power. However, their participation in strenuous tasks dampens the positive relationship between their financial contributions, gender role attitudes and decision‐making power, such that financial contributions become insignificant. Women's decision‐making power varies according to the sex‐typed division of labor in small‐scale fishing, and those who violate it are 'punished'—as evident in their decreased decision‐making power. Attention to the co‐implications of socio‐economic forces and material factors such as women's embodied experiences highlights (1) the specificities of occupational sex segregation and decision‐making in agricultural sectors of developing economies and (2) how such entanglements can be reconfigured to enhance women's decision‐making power in such contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. "Naughty," "Nice," or "Homo Sapiens:" Gendered Political Toolkits in a Housing Mobilization1.
- Author
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Zhelnina, Anna
- Subjects
URBAN renewal ,HUMAN beings ,LABOR activists ,SOCIAL hierarchies ,DIVISION of labor ,SOCIAL norms - Abstract
This article advances our understanding of how gender structures political interaction by examining the constraints and opportunities associated with gender in a housing mobilization. These constraints and opportunities are rooted in social and political hierarchies and shaped by the gendered political toolkits: the demarcation of social issues as male or female, gendered political language and gender‐appropriate emotions, and the division of activist labor along the lines of gender. Gendered political toolkits cue people when and how it is appropriate to mobilize, which tasks and roles to take on in small, even all‐female groups, how to perform and which emotions to express when interacting with outsiders. Activists can experience their gender as a limitation, especially when navigating a political field organized around traditionalist gender norms and expectations. Still, they can also strategically employ the traditionalist perceptions and behaviors. Focusing on the basic level of collective action, activist small groups and their strategies, the article shows how activists navigate the constraints and opportunities of their gender as they mobilize in response to a controversial urban renewal proposal in Moscow, the Renovation program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Sexual dimorphism as a facilitator of worker caste evolution in ants.
- Author
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Smith, Chris R.
- Subjects
SEXUAL dimorphism ,CASTE ,SEX determination ,SEXUAL selection ,ANTS ,INSECT societies ,GENETIC sex determination - Abstract
Ant societies are primarily composed of females, whereby labor is divided into reproductive, or queen, and non‐reproductive, or worker, castes. Workers and reproductive queens can differ greatly in behavior, longevity, physiology, and morphology, but queen–worker differences are usually modest relative to the differences in males. Males are short‐lived, typically do not provide the colony with labor, often look like a different species, and only occur seasonally. It is these differences that have historically led to their neglect in social insect research, but also why they may facilitate novel phenotypic variation – by increasing the phenotypic variability that is available for selection. In this study, worker variation in multivariate size–shape space paralleled male–queen variation. As worker variation increased within species, so did sexual variation. Across species in two independent genera, using head width as a proxy for body size, sexual size dimorphism correlated with worker polymorphism regardless of whether the ancestral condition was large or small worker/sexual dimorphism. Mounting molecular data support the hypothesis that queen–worker caste determination has co‐opted many genes/pathways from sex determination. The molecular evidence, coupled with the observations from this study, leads to the hypothesis that sexual selection and selection on colony‐level traits are non‐independent, and that sexual dimorphism may even have facilitated the evolution of the distinct worker caste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. New tech, old exploitation: Gig economy, algorithmic control and migrant labour.
- Author
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Lata, Lutfun Nahar, Burdon, Jasmine, and Reddel, Tim
- Subjects
GIG economy ,DIVISION of labor ,MIGRANT labor ,DIGITAL technology ,LABOR market - Abstract
Digital platforms are the newest technological wave that is reshaping and reconfiguring the economic and labour landscape. Digital platforms often known as the gig economy are increasingly adopting app‐based models to connect consumers with workers to complete their on‐demand tasks. However, on‐demand platforms continue to rely on the unequal division of labour and the precarious nature of the work to create labour markets that can respond accordingly to the increase in service provision. This review highlights two main themes that have emerged within the on‐demand gig economy in the current literature—mythical autonomy and algorithmic control and misclassification of labour and the complexity of migrant workers in navigating this space. Finally, this review calls for further research into the inside/outside dichotomy of migrant labour within the gig economy and their experiences of labour exploitation through app‐based digital platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. The gendered consequences of the COVID‐19 lockdown on unpaid work in Swiss dual earner couples with children.
- Author
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Steinmetz, Stephanie, Vandecasteele, Leen, Lebert, Florence, Voorpostel, Marieke, and Lipps, Oliver
- Subjects
UNPAID labor ,HOUSEKEEPING ,COVID-19 ,PATRIARCHY ,STAY-at-home orders ,BARGAINING power - Abstract
This article assesses the gendered impact of COVID‐19 measures on changes in time that Swiss dual earner couples spent on unpaid work during the pandemic, focusing on families with children. Overcoming some of the methodological shortcomings of previous studies, high‐quality representative panel data allow us to examine the change in time invested in housework and childcare before and during the pandemic, and test theoretical assumptions as to the mechanisms underlying the observed patterns. Gender inequalities are explained by the couple's work division prior to, and at the onset of, the pandemic and interpreted in the light of key theoretical approaches (economics of the family, bargaining and time availability, doing gender). Our results imply that in particular changes in the time availability of the partner are relevant for changes in time spent on housework, while in case of care work, the own time availability matters more. Moreover, we also found that the respondents' economic bargaining power within the couple matters both for housework and care work. Finally, the implemented COVID‐19 measures neither led to an increase in patriarchal power structures nor did they foster an increase in equality for unpaid work among women and men. Instead, the results show that changes in time availability due to short‐time, remote or overtime working schemes determined changes in time spent on unpaid care to a larger extent than gender alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. What is liberal about Adam Smith's "liberal plan"?
- Subjects
REAL wages ,WAGE increases ,DIVISION of labor ,POLYSEMY ,EIGHTEENTH century ,FOOD supply - Abstract
By the middle of the eighteenth century the word "liberal" had had multiple non‐political meanings. Adam Smith famously advances "the liberal plan" of political economy. In The Wealth of Nations he indicates several ways that his liberal plan is "liberal" in a non‐political sense. The liberal plan leads to economic growth, which leads to a rise in real wages and population through an extending division of labor. The liberal plan facilitates market integration, leading toward a distribution of food supplies that could be called liberal and generous if it was brought about by design of a distributor. The liberal plan entails a generous view of the person that dignifies the mundane and elevates ordinary work. Considering ways that Smith's liberal plan is "liberal" shines light on the soul of classical liberal political economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Assessing Team Effectiveness by How Players Structure Their Search in a First‐Person Multiplayer Video Game.
- Author
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Nalepka, Patrick, Prants, Matthew, Stening, Hamish, Simpson, James, Kallen, Rachel W., Dras, Mark, Reichle, Erik D., Hosking, Simon G., Best, Christopher, and Richardson, Michael J.
- Subjects
MULTIPLAYER games ,SEARCHING behavior ,DIVISION of labor ,TASK performance ,TEAMS - Abstract
People working as a team can achieve more than when working alone due to a team's ability to parallelize the completion of tasks. In collaborative search tasks, this necessitates the formation of effective division of labor strategies to minimize redundancies in search. For such strategies to be developed, team members need to perceive the task's relevant components and how they evolve over time, as well as an understanding of what others will do so that they can structure their own behavior to contribute to the team's goal. This study explored whether the capacity for team members to coordinate effectively can be related to how participants structure their search behaviors in an online multiplayer collaborative search task. Our results demonstrated that the structure of search behavior, quantified using detrended fluctuation analysis, was sensitive to contextual factors that limit a participant's ability to gather information. Further, increases in the persistence of movement fluctuations during search behavior were found as teams developed more effective coordinative strategies and were associated with better task performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Socio‐functional foundations in science: The case of measurement.
- Author
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Khalifa, Kareem and Goldberg, Sanford C.
- Subjects
PHOTOMETRY ,DIVISION of labor ,CONTRACTING out - Abstract
We present a novel kind of "socio‐functional" foundationalism rooted in the division of scientific labor. Our foundationalism is social in that it involves a socio‐epistemic phenomenon we dub epistemic outsourcing, whereby claims from one group of scientists provide epistemological foundations for another group of scientists. We argue that: (1) epistemic outsourcing results in a legitimate form of epistemic foundationalism, (2) this sort of foundationalism can be used to shed light on the epistemology of measurement; and (3) epistemic outsourcing is a distinctively collective epistemic phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Gender and climate change adaptation: A case of Ethiopian farmers.
- Author
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Aryal, Jeetendra Prakash, Sapkota, Tek Bahadur, Rahut, Dil Bahadur, Gartaula, Hom Nath, and Stirling, Clare
- Subjects
GENDER inequality ,CLIMATE change ,SOCIAL attitudes ,SOCIAL norms ,DIVISION of labor ,PHYSIOLOGICAL adaptation ,ETHIOPIANS - Abstract
The adverse impacts of climate change, in many cases, aggravate existing gender inequalities and hinder developing countries from achieving the targets set by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It is, therefore, crucial to understand whether there exists a gender gap in climate change adaptation and investigate the factors explaining the gap to reduce the vulnerability of the farming households to surging climatic risks. Using data from 2279 farm households in Ethiopia and applying a multivariate probit model and exogenous switching treatment effect regression method, this study examines the existing gender gap in climate change adaptations among farmers in Ethiopia and factors contributing to this relationship. The results show a significant gender gap in climate change adaptation in farming households due to the differences in both observable and unobservable characteristics of male‐ and female‐headed households. It indicates that reducing the gap can enhance climate change adaptation by female‐headed households by almost 19%. Women's workload in household chores significantly reduces their likelihood to adopt climate change adaptation measures. Therefore, unless policies proposed target institutional factors, including social and cultural barriers, traditional gender norms and division of labor, and other intrinsic behavioral issues, addressing only observed characteristics may not fully address the gender gap. To bring about transformational changes in the existing gender norms and social attitudes, long‐term gender‐informed policies are essential, along with short‐term projects, to address the gender gap in climate change adaptation through the provision of equitable opportunities for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Exploring the domestic division of labor when both parents are involuntarily working from home: The effects of the UK COVID pandemic.
- Subjects
HOUSEKEEPING ,TELECOMMUTING ,COVID-19 pandemic ,DIVISION of labor ,FAMILY roles ,HOUSEHOLD employees ,EQUALITY - Abstract
As part of the UK's response to the COVID pandemic many co‐habiting parents simultaneously began working from home, often involuntarily, potentially disrupting established divisions of domestic labor. Through 30 qualitative interviews with 15 heterosexual dual‐earning parents, this article explores the extent and nature of changes in respective labor allocations following the transition to home working. The data reveals that both women and men increased their time spent on domestic labor, though typically men's changes were insufficient to overturn pre‐existing unequal divisions, and women were more likely to reduce their employment hours to "better" balance caring and housework responsibilities. Men were also likely to see their increased domestic contributions as temporary during these exceptional circumstances with evidence of couples "doing" gender. Where partners did transition toward greater egalitarianism, men were actively taking ownership of new unpaid tasks and adapting their (gendered) familial identities as their work and family roles changed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. A multi‐country, multi‐commodity Ricardian trade model with link commodities and Keynesian unemployment.
- Subjects
UNEMPLOYMENT ,WAGES ,DIVISION of labor ,WAGE increases ,ELASTICITY (Economics) - Abstract
This study constructs a multi‐country, multi‐commodity Ricardian trade model with link commodities, defined as commodities commonly produced in more than one country, and Keynesian unemployment arising from deficient effective demand. Given production techniques, available labour, and demand in each country, the model determines patterns of international division of labour, commodity prices, wage rates, outputs, and employment in each country. The main results indicate that demand changes effectuate quantity adjustments without price changes, each country must expand domestic demand to increase domestic employment, and each country must raise the labour productivity of link commodities to increase relative domestic wage rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Revisiting economic geography and foreign direct investment in less developed regions.
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FOREIGN investments ,ECONOMIC geography ,GLOBAL production networks ,DIVISION of labor ,COMMUNITY development - Abstract
This article focuses on the long‐term effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) in less developed regions (LDRs). It identifies different types and mechanisms of FDI in more developed regions (MDRs) and LDRs, which lead to different regional development outcomes. It critically evaluates the most important approaches to FDI in LDRs developed in economic geography, namely the branch plant economy and truncation, new regionalism, new international division of labor and spatial divisions of labor, and global production networks. In the long run, FDI tends to benefit MDRs more than LDRs. The article calls on economic geographers to continue the research on FDI in the context of uneven development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Domestic help and the gender division of domestic labor during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Gender inequality among Japanese parents.
- Subjects
HOUSEKEEPING ,DIVISION of labor ,COVID-19 pandemic ,GENDER inequality ,TELECOMMUTING ,GENDER - Abstract
The enduring COVID‐19 pandemic has gradually transformed our everyday lives. This study focuses on changes in work and family arrangements, with particular focus on changes in domestic help, and examines its impact on the division of domestic labor. Using a social survey of work and the family conducted in November 2020 and May 2021, the results show that from January 2020 (pre‐pandemic) to May 2021, approximately 40% of respondents experienced a reduced gender gap for housework and childcare, while a large gender gap is still observed in the absolute frequency of undertaking domestic labor. Some lifestyle changes triggered by the pandemic, such as an increase in the use of takeaways or delivery meals, and the expansion of working from home, are found to be able to contribute a shift toward more equal sharing of domestic labor. However, the fact that the access to such lifestyle changes is more common among those with a relatively high income or high educational background suggests that the lifestyle changes imposed by the pandemic may exacerbate class disparities in the gender gap in domestic labor. Furthermore, the results show that decreased kinship support results in a greater childcare burden being placed on women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Soldier neural architecture is temporarily modality specialized but poorly predicted by repertoire size in the stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula.
- Author
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Baudier, Kaitlin M., Bennett, Meghan M., Barrett, Meghan, Cossio, Frank J., Wu, Robert D., O'Donnell, Sean, Pavlic, Theodore P., and Fewell, Jennifer H.
- Abstract
Individual heterogeneity within societies provides opportunities to test hypotheses about adaptive neural investment in the context of group cooperation. Here, we explore neural investment in defense specialist soldiers of the eusocial stingless bee (Tetragonisca angustula) which are age subspecialized on distinct defense tasks and have an overall higher lifetime task repertoire than other sterile workers within the colony. Consistent with predicted behavioral demands, soldiers had higher relative visual (optic lobe) investment than nonsoldiers but only during the period when they were performing the most visually demanding defense task (hovering guarding). As soldiers aged into the less visually demanding task of standing guarding this difference disappeared. Neural investment was otherwise similar across all colony members. Despite having larger task repertoires, soldiers had similar absolute brain size and the smaller relative brain size compared to other workers, meaning that lifetime task repertoire size was a poor predictor of brain size. Both high behavioral specialization in stable environmental conditions and reassignment across task groups during a crisis occur in T. angustula. The differences in neurobiology we report here are consistent with these specialized but flexible defense strategies. This work broadens our understanding of how neurobiology mediates age and morphological task specialization in highly cooperative societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Understanding Change in International Organizations Across Time and Spaces: The Rise of UN Country Teams.
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL agencies ,COMMINGLED funds (Mutual funds) ,BUREAUCRACY ,DIVISION of labor ,TEAMS - Abstract
This article analyses the progress of the agenda committed to tackle the fragmentation of the UN system to better understand the process of institutional change in International Organizations. Focusing on changes undergone by the UN's country‐level presence, the case study of the voluntary implementation of Delivering as One initiative (DaO) in Mozambique and Vietnam demonstrates how common plans, joint programs and pooled funds have promoted better divisions of labor and settled divergences among UN entities. This has fostered the national ownership of UN country‐level activities and developed the nexus of humanitarian‐development agendas. Pilot countries and donors resorted to selective incentives for the engagement of UN bureaucracies, who, especially at headquarters, remained resistant to reforms. Reform was subject to incentives and constraints that were introduced and manifested unevenly across spaces and over time. It lost momentum both in Mozambique and Vietnam following the pilot phase, when donors' engagement faltered, but had more enduring effects in the latter, where the government's greater capacity to engage in favor of reforms supported the compliance of UN country offices. This indicates the United Nations Country Teams (UNCT) consolidation amid institutional changes based on layering institutional innovations alongside extant structures, overcoming conflicts of loyalties. By assessing the consolidation of United Nations Country Teams (UNCT) over the last few decades, this article sheds light on how institutional change takes place at the UN and in International Organizations in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Relatedness and the evolution of mechanisms to divide labor in microorganisms.
- Author
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Liu, Ming, West, Stuart Andrew, and Cooper, Guy Alexander
- Subjects
DIVISION of labor ,MICROORGANISMS ,EVOLUTIONARY theories - Abstract
Division of labor occurs when cooperating individuals specialize to perform different tasks. In bacteria and other microorganisms, some species divide labor by random specialization, where an individual's role is determined by random fluctuations in biochemical reactions within the cell. Other species divide labor by coordinating across individuals to determine which cells will perform which task, using mechanisms such as between‐cell signaling. However, previous theory, examining the evolution of mechanisms to divide labor between reproductives and sterile helpers, has only considered clonal populations, where there is no potential for conflict between individuals. We used a mixture of analytical and simulation models to examine nonclonal populations and found that: (a) intermediate levels of coordination can be favored, between the extreme of no coordination (random) and full coordination; (b) as relatedness decreases, coordinated division of labor is less likely to be favored. Our results can help explain why coordinated division of labor is relatively rare in bacteria, where groups may frequently be nonclonal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Issue Engagement Across Members of Parliament: The Role of Issue Specialization and Party Leadership.
- Author
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Meyer, Thomas M. and Wagner, Markus
- Subjects
LEGISLATORS ,POLITICAL party leadership ,POLITICAL communication ,DIVISION of labor ,POLITICAL parties - Abstract
Studies on political communication in multiparty democracies usually focus on political parties as unitary actors and how they engage with each other in election campaigns. We deviate from this approach and study how issue engagement (i.e., the degree to which party actors address the same issues) varies across members of parliament. We argue that MPs' role in parliament affects how they engage with other legislators. In particular, we expect an intraparty division of labor, where each party's policy specialists address the same issues. Moreover, party front benchers have a distinct way of communicating: they are more likely to engage with other party leaders rather than with policy specialists of rival parties. Using spatial lag models based on approximately 15,000 press releases by Austrian MPs, we find empirical support for these expectations. Our findings show the limitations of the "unitary actor" approach for studying issue engagement in European party systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. A division of labor between two biotin protein ligase homologs.
- Author
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Song, Xuejiao, Henke, Sarah K., and Cronan, John E.
- Subjects
BIOTIN ,DIVISION of labor ,CLOSTRIDIUM acetobutylicum ,PROTEINS ,SEQUENCE alignment ,UBIQUITIN ligases ,STREPTAVIDIN - Abstract
Group I biotin protein ligases (BPLs) catalyze the covalent attachment of biotin to its cognate acceptor proteins. In contrast, Group II BPLs have an additional N‐terminal DNA‐binding domain and function not only in biotinylation but also in transcriptional regulation of genes of biotin biosynthesis and transport. Most bacteria contain only a single biotin protein ligase, whereas Clostridium acetobutylicum contains two biotin protein ligase homologs: BplA and BirA′. Sequence alignments showed that BplA is a typical group I BPL, whereas BirA′ lacked the C‐terminal domain conserved throughout extant BPL proteins. This raised the questions of why two BPL homologs are needed and why the apparently defective BirA′ has been retained. We have used in vivo and in vitro assays to show that BplA is a functional BPL whereas BirA′ acts as a biotin sensor involved in transcriptional regulation of biotin transport. We also successfully converted BirA′ into a functional biotin protein ligase with regulatory activity by fusing it to the C‐terminal domain from BplA. Finally, we provide evidence that BplA and BirA′ interact in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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