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In this paper, we study a delayed HIV infection model with nonmonotonic immune response and perform stability and bifurcation analysis. Our results show that the delayed HIV infection system with nonmonotonic immune response has bistability and stable periodic solution appear. We find that both the uninfected and immune-free equilibria are globally asymptotically stable under certain conditions which are not affected by time delay. However, the time delay makes one immune equilibrium always unstable for τ ≥ 0 and also makes another immune equilibrium appear stability switches; meanwhile, the system will exhibit local Hopf bifurcation, global Hopf bifurcation, and saddle-node-Hopf bifurcation. Numerical simulations are carried out to verify our results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sexual dimorphism is observed in the occurrence, course, and severity of human disease. The difference in immune response between males and females can in part be attributed to sexual genotype. However, immunological differences can also be explained by endocrine–immune interactions. Specifically, androgens possess the ability of directly modulating the development and function of immune cells. Although androgens generally contribute to immunosuppressive effects, this is not necessarily always the case. Aim: The aim of the review is to uncover the role of androgens in shaping the innate immune response. Material & Methods: Authors included papers in this review which discussed the impact of androgens on specific innate immune cells. Results: Androgens modulate the innate immune response through various mechanisms. However, there is conflicting evidence in the literature regarding the interplay betwen androgens and the innate immune system. Discussion: Conflicting evidence presented in this review could in part be explained by the limitations present in interpreting results. Conclusion: This review is of great importance for our understanding of occurence and mechanism of human inflammatory disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]