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Research shows that gender norms play a notable role in pregnancy prevention, often placing responsibility on females and allowing some males to pursue sexual encounters without considering the consequences of unprotected sex. This paper examines gender differences in attitudes and behaviors related to condom use and birth control among adolescents using survey, focus group, and interview data gathered from the evaluation of Chicago Healthy Adolescents and Teens (CHAT), a comprehensive sexual health education program implemented with adolescents in Chicago Public High Schools. Results indicate that safe sex attitudes and behaviors differ between male and female adolescents, specifically those related to condoms and birth control. Our findings suggest that (i) females have higher knowledge and presumed responsibility for pregnancy prevention, (ii) infrequent condom use among adolescents prioritizes male pleasure over female health needs, and (iii) social norms discourage females, but not males, from accessing and using birth control. We use the Theory of Gender and Power to show how our findings reflect gender dynamics within the United States and explain the potential health implications for adolescent sexual health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I argue that the high‐rise elevator comprises a particularly important and yet heretofore undertheorised space for understanding narratives about failure and breakdown in public housing in the US and beyond. Using Chicago as a case study, I draw upon historical newspaper articles and interviews with former public housing tenants, as well as interviews with former police officers who worked in public housing developments, to show how broken and vandalised elevators became a metonym in public discourse for the widely perceived "brokenness" of high‐rise public housing writ large. Insofar as malfunctioning elevators symbolised social immobility, were seen as a locus of crime, and drained the housing authority's finances, they also became a site of intensive policing. When that intensive policing failed to solve structural problems in Chicago's public housing high rises, policymakers demolished them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High concentrations of ozone along the coastline of Lake Michigan are a persistent air quality management challenge. Complementing observations during the 2017 Lake Michigan Ozone Study (LMOS 2017), WRF‐Chem modeling was used to quantify sensitivity of modeled ozone (O3) to anthropogenic nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, including to changes in volatile chemical product (VCP). The daily maximum 8 hr average (MDA8) over the high ozone region of Lake Michigan decreased by 2.7 ppb with exclusion of VCP from the inventory, and was sensitive to both NOx and VOC changes, with greater sensitivity to NOx. Close to urban centers, MDA8 ozone was VOC‐sensitive. Clusters of coastal receptor sites were identified based on similarity in response to emission perturbations, with most clusters being NOx‐sensitive and NOx‐sensitivity increasing with distance from major emission sources. The 2 June 2017 ozone event, which has received considerable focus, is shown to be atypical due to unusually strong and spatially extended VOC‐sensitive behavior. WRF‐Chem integrated reaction rate analysis was used to compute radical termination rates due to NOx (LNOx) and to radical‐radical reactions (LROx). LROx/LNOx and formaldehyde to NO2 ratio (FNR) were shown to be predictive of modeled MDA8 ozone sensitivity, but with variation in predictive power as a function of time of day, which has implications for air quality management use of FNR from geostationary satellites. Plain Language Summary: Surface ozone is an air pollutant of concern due to human health impacts. In locations with elevated ozone concentrations, including coastal regions around Lake Michigan, ozone pollution is managed by controlling emissions of the two classes of chemicals that drive ozone chemistry: volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). However, due to large reductions in emissions of NOx and VOC over the past 20 years, the leverage that future reductions will have is uncertain. Reductions of 4–5 ppb (∼7%) are needed in several locations, relative to 2017–2019 concentrations, to meet the 2015 ozone standard of 70 ppb. In this paper, we use simulations of atmospheric chemistry and airflow over the Midwestern US to address this issue. By comparing simulations based on different VOC and NOx emissions, we find that reductions in NOx emissions have more influence on ozone than reductions in VOC emissions, except for a small zone downwind of Chicago. On high ozone days over Lake Michigan, a 10% decrease in VOC (NOx) emissions can lower ozone in the key high ozone zone over southern Lake Michigan by 0.4% (0.8%). Volatile chemical products, an uncertain component of emission inventories, are responsible for 2.7 ppb (∼4%) of ozone. Key Points: Outside of a small (85 km) zone downwind of Chicago, ozone concentrations and production near Lake Michigan is generally NOx‐sensitiveOn event days 10% decrease in volatile organic compound emission can lower MDA8 by 0.4% and 10% decrease in nitrogen oxides emission can lower MDA8 by 0.8% over Lake MichiganVolatile chemical product emissions were modeled to produce an average 2.7 ppb ozone increase over the lake [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the pathways and barriers to critical consciousness development for Chinese American youth. Thirty‐five interviews conducted in 2020 with high‐school‐aged students in Chicago were analyzed to better understand young people's experiences developing an understanding of anti‐Asian racism and anti‐Blackness. Results indicated that participants overwhelmingly engaged in sustained conversations about Black Lives Matter and/or made efforts to address anti‐Blackness within their families, but engaged in limited conversations about anti‐Asian racism. Furthermore, conversations at home and school often failed to contextualize anti‐Asian racism, specifically in relation to the experiences of other oppressed groups. Findings highlight a need for research on and practice with Chinese American adolescents to recognize the unique racial positioning of Asian Americans under White supremacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Chicago sociologist William F. Ogburn's (1886–1959) views about technological unemployment, which were intimately connected to his analysis of the social impacts of technological developments and resulting social problems due to cultural lag. We trace the development of his views as seen through his well‐known 1922 book, Social Change with Respect to Culture and Original Nature, his important contributions to the President's Research Committee on Social Trends (1933), and his lesser‐known pamphlets designed for a broader audience—Living with Machines (1933), You and Machines (1934), and Machines and Tomorrow's World (1938). He used these pamphlets to educate the public about the dangers of new machines and technological unemployment. In doing so, he drew upon sociological analysis in his professional scholarly writings and his long‐standing personal interests in social betterment and social reform. Our analysis also calls into question the adequacy of existing scholarship on Ogburn that has emphasized his commitment to a statistical, dispassionate, and "objectivist" approach to social science research. We call for a revised, richer, and more complex view of Ogburn's work and legacy as one of the nation's leading social scientists during the first half of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generating realistic vehicle speed trajectories is a crucial component in evaluating vehicle fuel economy and in predictive control of self‐driving cars. Traditional generative models rely on Markov chain methods and can produce accurate synthetic trajectories but are subject to the curse of dimensionality. They do not allow to include conditional input variables into the generation process. In this paper, we show how extensions to deep generative models allow accurate and scalable generation. Proposed architectures involve recurrent and feed‐forward layers and are trained using adversarial techniques. Our models are shown to perform well on generating vehicle trajectories using a model trained on GPS data from Chicago metropolitan area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Until recently, combined heart‐liver‐kidney transplantation was considered too complex or too high‐risk an option for patients with end‐stage heart failure who present with advanced liver and kidney failure as well. Aims: The objective of this paper is to present our institution's best practices for successfully executing this highly challenging operation. At our institution, referral patterns are most often initiated through the cardiac team. Results: Determinants of successful outcomes include diligent multidisciplinary patient selection, detailed perioperative planning, and choreographed care transition and coordination among all transplant teams. The surgery proceeds in three distinct phases with three different teams, linked seamlessly in planned handoffs. The selection and perioperative care are executed with determined collaboration of all of the invested care teams. Conclusions: Combined heart‐liver‐kidney transplantation can be successfully done by careful selection, coordination, and execution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate modeling of urban microclimate is a challenging task given the high surface heterogeneity of urban land cover and the vertical structure of street morphology. Recent years have witnessed significant efforts in numerical modeling and data collection of the urban environment. Nonetheless, it is difficult for the physical‐based models to fully utilize the high‐resolution data under the constraints of computing resources. The advancement in machine learning (ML) techniques offers the computational strength to handle the massive volume of data. In this study, we proposed a modeling framework that uses ML approach to estimate point‐scale street‐level air temperature from the urban‐resolving meso‐scale climate model and a suite of hyper‐resolution urban geospatial data sets, including three‐dimensional urban morphology, parcel‐level land use inventory, and weather observations from a sensor network. We implemented this approach in the City of Chicago as a case study to demonstrate the capability of the framework. The proposed approach vastly improves the resolution of temperature predictions in cities, which will help the city with walkability, drivability, and heat‐related behavioral studies. Moreover, we tested the model's reliability on out‐of‐sample locations to investigate the modeling uncertainties and the application potentials to the other areas. This study aims to gain insights into next‐gen urban climate modeling and guide the observation efforts in cities to build the strength for the holistic understanding of urban microclimate dynamics. Plain Language Summary: Estimating air temperature at street‐level is a difficult task because of the complex environment in cities and the limitations of the current urban numerical models. In recent years, with the rapid development of data collection and analysis techniques, it is possible to fully utilize the hyper‐local data harvested from urban areas by advanced machine learning algorithms. In this study, we present a modeling pipeline to estimate point‐scale street‐level air temperature from conventional urban weather model and a suite of hyper‐resolution urban data sets. These data sets were collected using state‐of‐art techniques, such as sub‐meter level Light Detection and Ranging technology and wireless weather observation network. We demonstrated the use of this modeling method over the City of Chicago and estimated the street‐level temperature. The modeling results have multiple real‐world applications, such as to provide navigation suggestions to reduce thermal discomfort of the pedestrians as an example. Moreover, it is possible to expand the use of our model to other areas given the current data availability. The results of this study can also help the development of the next‐generation urban climate and weather models and guide observation efforts in cities. These together can build the strength for the holistic understanding of urban microclimate dynamics. Key Points: The study presents a modeling framework to estimate street‐level air temperature using a suite of detailed urban climate informaticsModel results showed hyper‐local urban features have significant impacts on street‐level temperature but with a limited influence radiusThe investigations on model sensitivity implies the existence of the optimum scale in urban modeling and critical locations in observation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) quantification is critical for assessing city‐level carbon emissions and sustainable urban development. While urban vegetation has the potential to provide environmental benefits, such as heat and carbon mitigation, the CO2 exchange from biogenic sectors and its impact from the environmental perturbations are often overlooked. It is also challenging to simulate the plant functions in the complex urban terrain. This study presents a processed‐based modeling approach to assess the biogenic carbon fluxes from the vegetated areas over the Chicago Metropolitan Area (CMA) using the Weather Research and Forecast—Urban Biogenic Carbon exchange model. We investigate the change of CO2 sink power in CMA under heatwaves and irrigation. The results indicate that the vegetation plays a significant role in the city's carbon portfolio and the landscaping management has the potential to reduce carbon emissions significantly. Furthermore, based on the competing mechanisms in the biogenic carbon balance identified in this study, we develop a novel Environmental Benefit Score metrics framework to identify the vulnerability and mitigation measures associated with nature‐based solutions (NbS) within CMA. By using the generalized portable framework and our science‐policy confluence analysis presented in this study, global cities can maximize the effectiveness of NbS and accelerate carbon neutrality. Plain Language Summary: Urban plants modify the built environment and can absorb carbon dioxide. But their behaviors have not been fully studied in the urban setting, nor have the impacts of the urban environment on the growth of plants. In this study, we use a numerical model to co‐simulate the urban environment and the behaviors of urban green land to investigate their interactions in the Chicago Metropolitan Area. The results show that heatwave will decrease the overall carbon absorption; while proper irrigation can help capture more carbon dioxide from the air. Compared to the traffic emissions in the Chicago region, the variations of carbon absorption are over 35%, which is considered significant. Moreover, we investigate the underlying mechanisms that lead to the outcomes and point out the corresponding measures to reduce the negative impact. This study will potentially guide the cities to achieve better environmental benefits from urban green spaces and contribute to carbon reduction. Key Points: Biogenic carbon exchange over urban vegetation is simulated with urban hydrometeorological and biomass dynamics in Chicago regionBiogenic carbon exchange exhibits significant variability under environmental perturbations leading to additional carbon release or captureThe responses of biogenic carbon fluxes are governed by sets of competing mechanisms and are demonstrated by environmental benefit scores [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Oncotype Dx Genomic Prostate Score (GPS) is a 17‐gene relative expression assay that predicts adverse pathology at prostatectomy. We conducted a novel randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of GPS on urologist's treatment preference for favorable risk prostate cancer (PCa): active surveillance versus active treatment (i.e., prostatectomy/radiation). This is a secondary endpoint from the ENACT trial which recruited from three Chicago hospitals from 2016 to 2019. Methods: Ten urologists along with men with very low to favorable‐intermediate risk PCa were included in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to standardized counseling with or without GPS assay. The main outcome was urologists' preference for active treatment at Visit 2 by study arm (GPS versus Control). Multivariable best‐fit binary logistic regressions were constructed to identify factors independently associated with urologists' treatment preference. Results: Two hundred men (70% Black) were randomly assigned to either the Control (96) or GPS arm (104). At Visit 2, urologists' preference for prostatectomy/radiation almost doubled in the GPS arm to 29.3% (29) compared to 14.1% (13) in the Control arm (p = 0.01). Randomization to the GPS arm, intermediate NCCN risk level, and lower patient health literacy were predictors for urologists' preference for active treatment. Discussion: Limitations included sample size and number of urologists. In this study, we found that GPS testing reduced urologists' likelihood to prefer active surveillance. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate how obtaining prognostic biomarkers that predict negative outcomes before treatment decision‐making might influence urologists' preference for recommending aggressive therapy in men eligible for active surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To derive and validate a new ecological measure of the social determinants of health (SDoH), calculable at the zip code or county level. Data Sources and Study Setting: The most recent releases of secondary, publicly available data were collected from national U.S. health agencies as well as state and city public health departments. Study Design: The Social Vulnerability Metric (SVM) was constructed from U.S. zip‐code level measures (2018) from survey data using multidimensional Item Response Theory and validated using outcomes including all‐cause mortality (2016), COVID‐19 vaccination (2021), and emergency department visits for asthma (2018). The SVM was also compared with the existing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) to determine convergent validity and differential predictive validity. Data Collection/Extraction Methods: The data were collected directly from published files available to the public online from national U.S. health agencies as well as state and city public health departments. Principal Findings: The correlation between SVM scores and national age‐adjusted county all‐cause mortality was r = 0.68. This correlation demonstrated the SVM's robust validity and outperformed the SVI with an almost four‐fold increase in explained variance (46% vs. 12%). The SVM was also highly correlated (r ≥ 0.60) to zip‐code level health outcomes for the state of California and city of Chicago. Conclusions: The SVM offers a measurement tool improving upon the performance of existing SDoH composite measures and has broad applicability to public health that may help in directing future policies and interventions. The SVM provides a single measure of SDoH that better quantifies associations with health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

St. Clair Drake was responsible for a major shift in the way urban sociologists studied cities. While educated by Chicago school scholars in sociology and anthropology, such as Robert Park and Ernest Burgess, Drake was one of many Black doctoral students who veered from the dominant perspective of his White teachers on race. His skills in ethnographic research were indebted not only to Park and Burgess, but also to the work of Black scholars who came before him, such as W. E. B. Du Bois and E. Franklin Frazier. His unique personal approach to cities and their racial problems transitioned into a more global focus on the Black diaspora, colonialism and the history of African people, and cultures which connected him to a world of social action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kedzie Center, a psychodynamically‐informed community mental health center on Chicago's northwest side, was created through a truly innovative strategy for funding urban mental health services. Legislation in Illinois allows areas of the city to vote by referendum to levy a tax, calculated as 0.4% of property taxes, to support needed clinics directly, of which Kedzie is the first of (currently) four. Each of the six referenda put forward thus far under the Expanded Mental Health Services Act won a landslide endorsement from the voters in its catchment area, who feel ownership and investment in the services they have created. A small group of psychoanalytically‐oriented clinicians was chosen by a governing commission made up of appointee community members to run the first EMHS clinic. Since its creation 7 years ago, the Kedzie Center has offered a test case for the success of the EMHS Act, and has been able to use the flexibility its funding model affords to provide long‐term primary, ancillary and coordinated care that is tailored to the community it serves. Yet its success as a vibrant hub for this diverse and challenged urban area has not immunized it from the difficulties involved in creating an integrated community psychoanalysis. Kedzie's success has come with both tension and growth regarding its mission, its staff development and its role in the wider community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Winter deicers are a major source of chloride contamination to shallow aquifers in northern latitudes. In the greater Chicago area of northeast Illinois, chloride has been accumulating for decades and in many places now exceeds the United States Environmental Protection Agency secondary standard of 250 mg/L. MODFLOW‐NWT and MT3D‐USGS were used to simulate the accumulation of chloride with 30 years of data in the shallow aquifer of Will County in northeast Illinois. This aquifer is composed of unconsolidated sediments, largely from glacial deposits, overlying a fractured dolomite bedrock. To calibrate to observed heads and chloride, the model needed refined geologic features, higher chloride concentrations on cells representing commercial or industrial lands, lower chloride concentrations on cells representing roads, and point source areas to speed chloride's emergence in the aquifer. These point sources are locally significant and could represent different anthropogenic or geologic features, such as municipal stormwater infrastructure. Future simulations indicate that chloride is not at steady state in the shallow aquifer and wells are at risk of exceeding the secondary standard if winter deicing applications are not reduced. It may take decades for the full impacts of reduced deicing rates to be observed in wells, owing to the long residence time of water in the aquifer. This transient model calibration was possible because of the 30‐year dataset collected by communities and government agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have shown that rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a subtype of Parkinson's disease (PD) characterized by severe cognitive impairment and rapid disease progression. However, reliable biological markers are lacking presently. Neurofilament light chain (NFL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) have been widely studied as biomarkers of cognition impairment. This study aimed to find biomarkers for the RBD subtype of PD by investigating the possible relationship between serum NFL, GFAP levels, and the RBD subtype. A total of 109 PD patients and 37 healthy controls (HCs) were included, and their clinical characteristics were evaluated. PD patients were divided into two groups based on whether they had probable RBD or not. Serum NFL and GFAP levels were measured using the ultrasensitive single molecule array (Simoa) platform. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 25.0 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA). NFL and GFAP in the PD‐RBD group were elevated compared with the PD‐nRBD and control groups. Moreover, serum NFL and GFAP levels positively correlated with RBD. The combination of NFL and GFAP showed good performance in identifying PD‐RBD patients from PD‐nRBD. After considering potential confounding factors such as age, and disease duration, serum NFL and GFAP emerged as independent risk factors for RBD. Serum NFL and GFAP were related to RBD in PD patients. Concludingly, serum NFL and GFAP might serve as promising biomarkers for the RBD subtype of PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is conflicting evidence about the association between eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and esophageal motility disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate esophageal manometry findings in EoE. Methods: We conducted a systematic review using PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. All articles from 1990 to 2021 with EoE patients who underwent esophageal manometry were eligible. We also included pertinent abstracts from national conferences from 2015 to 2020. The primary outcomes were the prevalence of specific Chicago 3 Classification (CCv3) diagnoses in EoE, as well as broader categories of non‐relaxing lower esophageal sphincter, and major and minor peristaltic disorders. When multiple studies reported a specific outcome, we performed random effects meta‐analysis to obtain pooled prevalence of each outcome. To reduce heterogeneity, we restricted meta‐analysis to high‐resolution manometry (HRM) studies only. Key Results: Of 763 publications identified, 27 original studies met criteria for inclusion, encompassing 706 EoE patients; 14 studies (425 patients) had HRM and underwent meta‐analysis. The pooled prevalence of any motility abnormality was 53% (95% CI: 43%–63%), largely comprised of minor motility disorders such as ineffective esophageal motility and fragmented peristalsis. Major motility disorders, classified by CCv3, were less common in EoE, with pooled prevalence of 2% (0%–7%), 10% (5%–16%), and 1% (0%–3%), for achalasia, esophagogastric‐junction outflow obstruction, and hypercontractile disorders, respectively. Conclusion and Inferences: Non‐specific motility disorders were common in patients with EoE, but major motility disorders were rare. Further studies are needed to determine the relationship between eosinophilic infiltration and the clinical relevance of abnormal esophageal motility findings in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our fiscal analysis of Chicago Public Schools (CPS) from 1990 to 2018 contributes to a growing scholarship on the financialization of urban governance. We advance the concept of 'recursive austerity' to show how devolution and cuts at higher scales push local governments into the hands of both growth and debt machines. The use of short‐term and variable‐rate debt to pay for capital projects causes entrepreneurial and austerity strategies to chafe against their limitations and contradictions, which begets more austerity and structural dependence on credit markets. Faced with deficits, CPS undertook crippling austerity measures, such as staffing cuts, pension holidays and school closures, which disproportionately harmed Black students, households, teachers and neighborhoods. We explain how CPS moved from a voluntary high‐leverage strategy to finance capital projects to endemic debt dependency, characterized by habitual borrowing to refinance old loans and sustain operations. We argue that CPS's debt trap and recurring budget 'crises' are the outcomes of the fiscal management decisions it made with investment banks and the City of Chicago, and not only the result of secular trends such as declining enrollments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The view that empirical strategies in economics should be transparent and credible now goes almost without saying. By revealing for whom particular instrumental variables (IV) estimates are valid, the local average treatment effects (LATE) framework helped make this so. This lecture uses empirical examples, mostly involving effects of charter and exam school attendance, to illustrate the value of the LATE framework for causal inference. LATE distinguishes independence conditions satisfied by random assignment from more controversial exclusion restrictions. A surprising exclusion restriction is shown to explain why enrollment at Chicago exam schools reduces student achievement. I also make two broader points: IV exclusion restrictions formalize commitment to clear and consistent explanations of reduced‐form causal effects; the credibility revolution in applied econometrics owes at least as much to compelling empirical analyses as to methodological insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Clinical audit is a quality improvement process that seeks to improve patient care and outcomes through the systematic review of care against explicit criteria and the implementation of change. The objective of this audit was to evaluate the quality of orthodontic chart documentation by dental undergraduates against established guidelines. Materials and Methods: An audit checklist with 13 criteria for good documentation was adapted from guidelines proposed by the American Association of Orthodontists and British Orthodontic Society. Orthodontic chart documentation in 103 removable appliance therapy patients under 4th and 5th year dental undergraduates' care was retrieved from the electronic record of the University dental clinic and audited. The audit exercise explored in detail the thirteen criteria for good documentation and eight assessment attributes of the first criterion, namely, basic orthodontic examination. The level of compliance was measured as the percentage records meeting the criteria. The data were statistically analysed using SPSS 26.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: There was no complete compliance for any of the criteria. Thirty‐five (33.9%) patient charts reported basic orthodontic examination documentation adequately. Compliance was the highest for documentation of treatment modality (77.6%), appliance delivery encounters (77.6%), and appliance adjustment appointments (83.5%). About 51.4% of the 68 patient charts (treatment of 35 patients of the total 103 were in the progress stage) stated adequately the outcome of treatment. Only 22% of the 68 patient charts had the details for retention protocol. There was statistically significant difference in chart documentation between male and female students for basic orthodontic assessment and appliance delivery and patient instructions attributes. Conclusion: The clinical audit demonstrated poor compliance with the criteria for orthodontic chart documentation. The audit should be repeated after the provision of learning opportunities and self‐critical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health concerns have been well studied among youth experiencing homelessness, yet few studies have explored factors that contribute to well‐being in this population. The current cross‐sectional study examined rates and correlates of well‐being among youth experiencing homelessness. This is a descriptive, secondary analysis of the baseline data from a clinical intervention study. Ninety‐nine youth (aged 16−25) who were experiencing homelessness were recruited in Chicago. Approximately 40% of the sample reported average or above average well‐being relative to existing benchmarks. Having medical insurance, a mobile phone, and a history of more severe childhood trauma were unique cross‐sectional predictors of worse well‐being (all ps < 0.034). A significant portion of our sample experienced well‐being. Having access to certain resources may be counterintuitive indicators of poorer well‐being among youth experiencing homelessness, perhaps because they are indicators of greater need or increased social comparison among these youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pediatric Medical Device Day The pediatric medical device course was held at the same time as the MCS/VAD University, and was chaired by George Mychaliska, Farhan Zafar, Angela Lorts, and Lindsay May. Dr. Willem J. Kolff founded the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs (ASAIO) in 1955. Nursing/VAD Coordinator The VAD/Nursing Coordinator track focused on the management and care of VAD patients. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: Burnout is defined as high emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, and low personal accomplishment from work. Prevalence of burnout among health‐system and ambulatory care pharmacists is unknown during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Objectives: The purpose of this research is to analyze burnout prevalence among health‐system pharmacists (HSPs) and ambulatory care pharmacists (ACPs) using the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory and Maslach Burnout Inventory. Methods: An electronic survey was sent to HSPs at two academic health systems in Chicago, IL. Demographics, risk of burnout based on two validated assessments (the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory [OLBI] and the Maslach Burnout Inventory [MBI]), burnout contributors, burnout mitigation strategies, and change in burnout due to COVID‐19 were collected. Burnout was defined as meeting any one criterion for high burnout on the following dimensions: exhaustion score and disengagement on the OLBI, and emotional exhaustion and depersonalization on the MBI. The co‐primary outcomes were the prevalence of burnout among HSPs, and the comparison of ACP burnout to that of non‐ambulatory HSPs. Secondary outcomes were comparison of burnout between the OLBI and MBI assessments, conceptualization of the causes and contributors of burnout and mitigation strategies among HSPs, and the self‐perceived effect of COVID‐19 on burnout severity. Results: Of the 113 pharmacists included in the study, HSP burnout prevalence as defined above was 87.6%, ACP burnout was 88.4%, and non‐ambulatory HSP burnout was 87.1%. There was no statistical difference between ACP and non‐ambulatory HSP burnout prevalence, either overall or in any specific burnout dimension. The OLBI and MBI captured similar rates of burnout. The commonly reported burnout causes were staffing and scheduling issues, precepting requirements, and patient needs. Participants' most reported coping strategies were spending time with family/friends, sleep, exercise, and recreational/relaxation activities. A majority of HSPs (78.2%) reported higher levels of burnout due to COVID‐19. Conclusion: HSP burnout during COVID‐19 pandemic is higher than cited in the pre‐COVID literature. Individual coping strategies are poor buffers for work‐related burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil amendments rich in organic matter and micronutrients can benefit plants by increasing the availability of micronutrients. To evaluate changes in the availability of trace elements in biosolids‐amended soil, soil and plant samples were collected from six managed turfgrass locations across the Chicago metropolitan area that received air‐dried biosolids topdressing at two rates: 2.2 Mg ha–1 per application (low biosolids rate), 11 Mg ha–1 per application (high biosolids rate), and urea 48.8 kg ha–1 total N per application (control). The low and high rates refer to biosolids total N and plant‐available N, respectively, considered for meeting the turfgrass N recommendation. Biosolids and urea application was conducted for each year of 2006–2008 with multiple applications per year. For micronutrients tested, biosolids application increased concentrations of soil‐available (Mehlich‐3 extraction) Zn (29.5 ± 2.9 mg kg–1, mean ± SE) and Cu (9.0 ± 0.6 mg kg–1) for the high rate vs. the control (10.4 ± 2.9 mg kg–1 for Zn and 6.1 ± 0.7 mg kg–1 for Cu). Soil‐available Mn, Fe, and Mo in the biosolids treatments did not differ from the control. Application of biosolids increased turf plant Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mo concentrations for both 2007 and 2008 and Fe for 2007 vs. the control with statistical significance at the high rate of biosolids. Topdressing with a plant‐available N‐based application rate for biosolids increased turfgrass nutrition of micronutrients without a concern of heavy metals. Core Ideas: Biosolids topdressing improved Cu and Zn soil availability and turf plant concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, and Mo.N‐based biosolids application rate provides sufficient plant available micronutrients for turfgrass.Biosolids application did not lead to a concern of heavy metals in turf soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Chicago classification version 4.0 (CCv4.0) introduced stringent diagnostic criteria for oesophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO), in order to increase the clinical relevance of the diagnosis, although this has not yet been demonstrated. Aims: To determine the prevalence of EGJOO using CCv4.0 criteria in patients with CCv3.0‐based EGJOO, and to assess if provocative manoeuvres can predict a conclusive CCv4.0 diagnosis of EGJOO. Methods: Clinical presentation, high resolution manometry (HRM) with rapid drink challenge (RDC), and timed barium oesophagogram (TBE) data were extracted for patients diagnosed with EGJOO as per CCv3.0 between 2018 and 2020. Patients were then re‐classified according to CCv4.0 criteria, using clinically relevant symptoms (dysphagia and/or chest pain), and abnormal barium emptying at 5 min on TBE. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses identified HRM predictors of EGJOO. Results: Of 2010 HRM studies, 144 (7.2%) fulfilled CCv3.0 criteria for EGJOO (median age 61 years, 56.9% female). Upon applying CCv4.0 criteria, EGJOO prevalence decreased to 1.2%. On ROC analysis, integrated relaxation pressure during RDC (RDC‐IRP) was a significant predictor of a conclusive EGJOO diagnosis by CCv4.0 criteria (area under the curve: 96.1%). The optimal RDC‐IRP threshold of 16.7 mm Hg had 87% sensitivity, 97.1% specificity, 95.7% negative predictive value and 91.3% positive predictive value for a conclusive EGJOO diagnosis; lower thresholds (10 mmHg, 12 mmHg) had better sensitivity but lower specificity. Conclusion: CCv4.0 criteria reduced the prevalence of EGJOO by 80%, thereby refining the diagnosis and identifying clinically relevant outflow obstruction. Elevated RDC‐IRP can predict conclusive EGJOO per CCv4.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demographic and socioeconomic composition changes in neighbourhoods are often the result of local factors (e.g., gentrification or disinvestment) that promote population growth of certain ethnoracial and socioeconomic groups over others, and regional demographic and economic trends that affect metropolitan areas as a whole. This exploratory analysis isolates the portion of poverty and ethnoracial composition change in suburbs that is attributable to regional trends from local factors. The analysis is conducted for the Chicago–Joliet–Naperville metropolitan area during the 2000s. The results show that processes such as suburban poverty and growing minority populations are to a large extent attributable to the shrinking nonpoor White population. This change in the number of nonpoor Whites in suburbs seems to be related to regional population trends, whereas much of the population change of nonpoor and poor minorities is linked to local neighbourhood conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article examines a memorandum of understanding (MOU) between Chicago's Mexican Consulate and the Illinois Department of Child and Family Services (DCFS), which obliges DCFS to provide prompt consular notification after assuming protective custody of a Mexican or Mexican American minor. Developed in 2001, this bilateral agreement also enables consular officials to gain access to child welfare cases involving their minor nationals and requires DCFS to consider placing such minors with their deported or noncustodial parents in Mexico, whenever possible. Drawing on ethnographic research collected in Chicago and Mexico from 2016 to 2019, I explore the possibilities created through the MOU, which not only opens up new opportunities for transnational family reunification in Mexico but also enables Mexican institutions to challenge DCFS's expertise. And yet, the MOU also produces what I call "interstitial precarity" for the minors it tries to help. This is a lack of belonging, stability, and recognition that results not from the denial of one's citizenship but from falling between the cracks of multiple, discordant bureaucratic systems. Accordingly, this article evaluates the MOU's potential to expand the family‐making options available to mixed‐status families through a dialectical reading of its romantic and tragic effects. [child welfare, reunification, transnational, immigration, precarity] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Statistics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Die Fassade der Lobby zeigt großformatige Verglasungen aus dreifach laminiertem TVG mit beidseitiger reflexionsdämpfender Beschichtung. Aus der Fassadenebene heraus sind die Scheiben mit 4‐fach laminierten Glasschwertern aus TVG gehalten. Die Verbindungen zwischen den Fassadenverglasungen und den Glasschwertern sind über ein stirnseitig am Glasschwert angeklebtes Aluminiumprofil und rückseitig an den Fassadengläsern angeklebten Adapterrahmen mit Toggles ausgeführt. Die Schwerter wiederum sind in ihrer schwachen Achse durch die Fassadenverglasungen gestützt, um diese gegen Biegedrillknicken zu versteifen. Die Fassade muss unterschiedliche Setzungen des Untergrundes sowie seitliche Bewegungen des oberen Anbindepunktes aufnehmen. Aufgrund der Größe der einzelnen Fassadengläser ist dies eine Herausforderung, insbesondere in Hinblick auf die Eckverglasung. Ein weiterer Punkt, welcher erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit verdient, sind die recht schlanken Portalrahmen aus Edelstahl, welche aus der Ebene heraus ebenso an den Glasschwertern angebunden sind. Diese schlanken Edelstahl Rahmen müssen das Gewicht der darüber befindlichen Fassadengläser mit einer Höhe von 9 m sicher abtragen. 320 S Canal Street | Chicago. Glass fin supported facade with huge face glass panels and anti‐reflective coating on both surfaces. For the Project 12.5 m long glass fins are set on the concrete floor at the base and supported against the steel beams at the top. The face glass is mounted as a single piece and also dead load supported at the base. The face glass is mounted onto the fins using a structural glazed aluminium channel at the back of the glass which is toggle fixed against an adapter frame bonded to the face of the fin. In reverse the fin is laterally supported by the face glass against LTB. The facade must accommodate differential settlements of the base structure as well as sway movements of the main frame. Due to the sizes of the individual panels, this becomes a challenging part. Especially considering the glass to glass corner. Another design issue are the slender Stainless Steel portal frames mounted at the face of the fin, supporting the still 9 m high face glass panels above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accelerated urbanization increases both the frequency and intensity of heatwaves (HW) and urban heat islands (UHIs). An extreme HW event occurred in 2012 summer that caused temperatures of more than 40°C in Chicago, Illinois, USA, which is a highly urbanized city impacted by UHIs. In this study, multiple numerical models, including the High Resolution Land Data Assimilation System (HRLDAS) and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, were used to simulate the HW and UHI, and their performance was evaluated. In addition, sensitivity testing of three different WRF configurations was done to determine the impact of increasing model complexity in simulating urban meteorology. Model performances were evaluated based on the statistical performance metrics, the application of a multi‐layer urban canopy model (MLUCM) helps WRF to provide the best performance in this study. HW caused rural temperatures to increase by ∼4°C, whereas urban Chicago had lower magnitude increases from the HW (∼2–3°C increases). Nighttime UHI intensity (UHII) ranged from 1.44 to 2.83°C during the study period. Spatiotemporal temperature fields were used to estimate the potential heat‐related exposure and to quantify the Excessive Heat Factor (EHF). The EHF during the HW episode provides a risk map indicating that while urban Chicago had higher heat‐related stress during this event, the rural area also had high risk, especially during nighttime in central Illinois. This study provides a reliable method to estimate spatiotemporal exposures for future studies of heat‐related health impacts. Plain Language Summary: This study investigated the heatwave (HW) and urban heat island (UHI) impacts on urban/rural temperature using different numerical models and test the accuracy of applying different model configurations. Model performances are evaluated based on ground‐based observations. Impacts of HW and UHI were quantified with verified model simulation. The potential health risk was estimated combined with historical data. This study is helpful for the urban manager to investigate the heat impacts on the urban population and also provide epidemiologists evidence to investigate the urban/rural population exposure to heat‐related health issues. Key Points: Extreme heatwave induced ∼4°C increase in temperature in rural Chicago while increased urban temperature by 2–3°CUrban heat island intensity is estimated to be around 1.44–2.38°CExcessive Heat Factor is higher than 50°C2 in urban Chicago due to heatwave [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disparities in Mathematics performance have been shown across race and gender for decades, although little research has reported the race by gender nexus in terms of disparity. In turn, research done to ameliorate these disparities have assumed that these differences are primarily among student populations who need remedial learning improvement. In this research, we test these assumptions by using multinomial regression analyses and adjusted mean comparisons with bias‐corrected effect sizes from a data set of ~20,000 2nd grade students in Chicago. Further, we contribute to previous elementary Mathematics research by illuminating the powerful impacts that spatial reasoning integrations into Mathematics curriculum and pedagogy can have for all students' learning. Our findings provide empirical support that even after accounting for the effects of school composition, racial disparities exist in the beginning and persist throughout the year, among 2nd grade students. However, upon disaggregating students by race, gender, and median split, such disparities are greatest among students that are above the median. Our results encourage quantitative research analyses that explore ways to reduce Mathematics disparities to sharpen their approaches to be more sensitive to the achievement levels of students among such equity inquiries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Shoulder pain is one of the most common injuries in adaptive athletes. There are minimal prior studies that investigate shoulder pain prevalence and associated risk factors in sled hockey players. Objective: To characterize the prevalence of shoulder pain in elite‐level adaptive sled hockey athletes and identify associated risk factors. Design Cross‐sectional observational study. Setting: 2019 USA Sled Hockey Classic in Chicago, IL from 7 February 2019 to 10 February 2019. Participants: Eighty‐two elite sled hockey athletes who participated in a nationally sanctioned sports event. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome of the study was to describe the experience of shoulder pain using player‐reported outcomes of pain including: binary (yes/no) pain reporting in the last month, Performance‐Corrected Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (PC‐WUSPI) reporting pain in the last week, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) reporting pain in the last month. Associations were assessed between the measurements of pain and characteristics of participants. Results: Of all participants, 70.5% endorsed shoulder pain in the last month. The average VAS for the past month was 2.13 and average PC‐WUSPI for the past week was 15.46. Statistically significant associations were found between endorsement of pain in the last month and specific correlative factors including increased weight (P value.008; odds ratio [OR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01‐1.07) and increased duration of manual wheelchair use (P‐value.002; OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04‐1.22). Conclusion: Elite‐level sled hockey athletes commonly report experiencing shoulder pain. There is evidence that an elite‐level sled hockey player's weight and longer duration of manual wheelchair use are both associated with a greater likelihood for self‐reporting shoulder pain rather than number of years of playing the sport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I develop a structural model of urban travel to estimate long‐run gasoline price elasticities. I model the demand for transportation services using a dynamic discrete‐choice model with switching costs and estimate it using a panel dataset with public market‐level data on automobile and public transit use in Chicago. Long‐run own‐ (automobile) and cross‐ (transit) price elasticities are substantially more elastic than short‐run elasticities. Elasticity estimates from static and myopic models are downward biased. I use the estimated model to evaluate the response to several counterfactual policies. A gasoline tax is less regressive after accounting for the long‐run substitution behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crime of corruption ranges from politicians involved in high‐profile scandals to low‐level bureaucrats granting contracts and police officers demanding bribes. Corruption occurs when state actors criminally leverage their positions of power for financial gain. Our study examines how corruption varies by political power position and within criminal contexts by measuring the embeddedness of corruption within Chicago historical organized crime. We analyze Chicago's organized crime network before and during Prohibition (1900–1919 and 1920–1933) to compare differences across embedded network positions between political, law enforcement, and nonstate actors. Our findings show that more police were in organized crime than politicians before Prohibition, but the small group of politicians had higher embeddedness in organized crime. During Prohibition, when organized crime grew and centralized, law enforcement decreased in proportion and became less embedded in organized crime. Politicians, however, maintained their proportion and high level of embeddedness. We argue that everyday corruption is more frequent but less embedded when criminal contexts are moderately profitable. As criminal contexts increase in profitability, however, corruption moves up the political ladder to include fewer people who are more highly embedded. This work has theoretical implications for the symbiotic relationship between corruption and criminal organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we propose a spatial stochastic volatility model in which the latent log‐volatility terms follow a spatial autoregressive process. Though there is no spatial correlation in the outcome equation (the mean equation), the spatial autoregressive process defined for the log‐volatility terms introduces spatial dependence in the outcome equation. To introduce a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation algorithm, we transform the model so that the outcome equation takes the form of log‐squared terms. We approximate the distribution of the log‐squared error terms of the outcome equation with a finite mixture of normal distributions so that the transformed model turns into a linear Gaussian state‐space model. Our simulation results indicate that the Bayesian estimator has satisfactory finite sample properties. We investigate the practical usefulness of our proposed model and estimation method by using the price returns of residential properties in the broader Chicago Metropolitan area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of chromatin‐interaction maps, chromosome‐level genome assemblies have become a reality for a wide range of organisms. Scaffolding quality is, however, difficult to judge. To explore this gap, we generated multiple chromosome‐scale genome assemblies of an emerging wild animal model for carcinogenesis, the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Short‐read assemblies were scaffolded with two independent chromatin interaction mapping data sets (Hi‐C and Chicago), and long‐read assemblies with three data types (Hi‐C, optical maps and 10X linked reads) following the "Vertebrate Genomes Project (VGP)" pipeline. In both approaches, 18 major scaffolds recovered the karyotype (2n = 36), with scaffold N50s of 138 and 147 Mb, respectively. Synteny relationships at the chromosome level with other pinniped genomes (2n = 32–36), ferret (2n = 34), red panda (2n = 36) and domestic dog (2n = 78) were consistent across approaches and recovered known fissions and fusions. Comparative chromosome painting and multicolour chromosome tiling with a panel of 264 genome‐integrated single‐locus canine bacterial artificial chromosome probes provided independent evaluation of genome organization. Broad‐scale discrepancies between the approaches were observed within chromosomes, most commonly in translocations centred around centromeres and telomeres, which were better resolved in the VGP assembly. Genomic and cytological approaches agreed on near‐perfect synteny of the X chromosome, and in combination allowed detailed investigation of autosomal rearrangements between dog and sea lion. This study presents high‐quality genomes of an emerging cancer model and highlights that even highly fragmented short‐read assemblies scaffolded with Hi‐C can yield reliable chromosome‐level scaffolds suitable for comparative genomic analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial symbiosis (IS) promotes collaboration among traditionally unrelated industries, finding ways to use waste from one as a raw material for another. To enhance IS sustainability, it is essential that involved firms are aware of potential costs and benefits of new exchanges to make informed decisions. Previous assessments have primarily focused on environmental and financial implications of potenial IS synergies, but social implications are rarely addressed. Even when considered, only a limited set of social indicators, such as job creation, development of social ties, and trust among partners, are used. Such an unbalanced focus on sustainability aspects may contribute to problem shifting and suboptimal selection of new synergies. A comprehensive life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) of IS, covering all three dimensions is clearly lacking. Conventionally, a triple bottom line (TBL) approach is used to evaluate sustainability; however, we explore the concept of capitals and develop a capital‐based LCSA framework as a means to evaluate sustainability of IS by examining the stocks and flows of eight different types of capital, or resources creating value, in a system. Measuring stocks and flows is conceptually much closer to the actual definition of sustainability (meeting the needs of the present by maintaining the available stocks without compromising the future needs), when compared to the TBL approach of simply aggregating environmental, social, and economic impact assessment results. This novel LCSA approach is tested at a facility with active IS, The Plant in Chicago, considering three alternative fuel usage scenarios for baking bread at an on‐site bakery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Motivated by the analysis of a comprehensive database of road traffic accidents, we investigate methods of variable selection for spatial point process models on a linear network. The original data may include explanatory spatial covariates, such as road curvature, and 'mark' variables attributed to individual accidents, such as accident severity. The treatment of mark variables is new. Variable selection is applied to the canonical covariates, which may include spatial covariate effects, mark effects and mark‐covariate interactions. We approximate the likelihood of the point process model by that of a generalised linear model, in such a way that spatial covariates and marks are both associated with canonical covariates. We impose a convex penalty on the log likelihood, principally the elastic‐net penalty, and maximise the penalised loglikelihood by cyclic coordinate ascent. A simulation study compares the performances of the lasso, ridge regression and elastic‐net methods of variable selection on their ability to select variables correctly, and on their bias and standard error. Standard techniques for selecting the regularisation parameter γ often yielded unsatisfactory results. We propose two new rules for selecting γ which are designed to have better performance. The methods are tested on a small dataset on crimes in a Chicago neighbourhood, and applied to a large dataset of road traffic accidents in Western Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differences in how individuals navigate and interact with physical space have clear implications for when and where they are exposed to environmental characteristics. To address this reality, we propose and test a novel method with a sample of Chicago adolescents that links individual GPS coordinates with locations of environmental characteristics as a strategy to increase precision in the measurement of environmental exposures. We use exposure to violent crime as an example and link the GPS coordinates of 51 youth collected over a one‐week period during the summer of 2016 to locations and times of violent crime. We explore different spatial and temporal parameters to determine whether an exposure occurred. Using the 660‐foot (201 m), 24‐hour operationalization, we found that youth were exposed to a total of 126 violent crimes, with an average of 3.82 (SD = 3.24) per respondent. This was higher than the 12 that were identified when exposure was calculated as the number of violent crimes occurring within 660 feet (201 m) of youths' residential addresses during the week‐long assessment period. Examining correlations between the different exposure variables and measures of youths' psychological functioning, we found the largest relationships when using the GPS‐based indices. We present a strategy for measuring exposure to environmental characteristics using GPS data.Higher rates of crime exposure are found based on GPS coordinates than with residential address.GPS‐based exposure measures are related to youths' psychological functioning. Highlights: We present a strategy for measuring exposure to environmental characteristics using GPS data.Higher rates of crime exposure are found based on GPS coordinates than with residential address.GPS‐based exposure measures are related to youths' psychological functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]