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A topological index is a numerical parameter that represents the molecular structure of a compound based on its graph‐theoretical properties. It provides a means to describe the structure‐activity relationship, as well as the physicochemical properties of the compound. Topological indices are used in various scientific fields, including chemistry, biology, and computer science, to study and predict the behavior of molecules. In this study, we concentrate on the calculation of M‐polynomials and entropy for the allotropic form of carbon, diamond. Algebraic operations are applied to these polynomials to obtain degree‐dependent topological invariants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit bars are prepared by combining different ingredients which are wholesome and nutrient rich. The current study was designed to develop roselle–fig (different proportions) fruit bars and further investigate their physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant potential. Moreover, the prepared fruit bars were scrutinized for microbial and sensory characteristics to assess the appropriateness of ingredients during storage (up to 90 days). It was observed that there was gradual increase in moisture content with the passage of time, while ash, fat, fiber, and protein contents did not change significantly during storage. The pH and total soluble solid contents of these fruit bars during storage were 3.54–4.07 and 1.71–1.86 Brix, respectively. According to the mean values for sensory evaluation, T2 was preferred over other treatments. The bars received an acceptable sensory evaluation, demonstrating that they were suitable for 90 days of storage. Phytochemical quantities significantly increased in subsequent treatments, but decreased during storage in all the treatments. Similar trend was observed regarding total antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activities. The mineral contents increased significantly among the treatments. The microbial analysis of fruit bars exposed that the fruit were microbiologically safe. Hence, on the basis of the results obtained in this study, it may be concluded that the developed roselle–fig fruit bar would be acceptable and nutritious regarding physicochemical characteristics, microbiological quality, and antioxidant potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In localization, some specific nodes (beacon set) are selected to locate all nodes of a network, and if an arbitrary node stops working and still selected nodes remain in the beacon set, then the chosen nodes are called fault‐tolerant beacon set. Due to the variety of metric dimension applications in different areas of sciences, many generalizations were proposed, fault‐tolerant metric dimension is one of them. A resolving (beacon) set Bf$$ {B}_f $$ is fault tolerant, if Bf\ν$$ {B}_f\backslash \nu $$ for each ν∈Bf$$ \nu \in {B}_f $$ is also a resolving set; it is also known as a fault‐tolerant beacon set; the minimum cardinality of such a beacon set is known as the fault‐tolerant metric dimension of a graph G$$ G $$. In this paper, we find the fault‐tolerant beacon set of hexagonal Möbius ladder network H(α,β)$$ H\left(\alpha, \beta \right) $$ and proved that all the different variations of α$$ \alpha $$ and β$$ \beta $$ in H(α,β)$$ H\left(\alpha, \beta \right) $$ has constant fault‐tolerant metric dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity and socioeconomic deprivation have been widely discussed as determinants of social cohesion. These two factors are considered to be a threat to social cohesion. The existing literature identifies the problem, however, the literature suggesting the solution is very limited. The most important determinant which can cure the problems of social cohesion is the better quality of institutions, however, there is hardly any literature on this aspect. The current study has investigated the impact of political institutional quality on social cohesion by employing the fixed‐effect model for estimation. The analysis is conducted for 135 countries, using five‐year average panel data. The results suggest that political institutional quality augments social cohesion, gender equality, and per capita income also augment social cohesion. Ethnic diversity, income inequality, and globalization are a threat to social cohesion. Moreover, the threat to social cohesion is greater when there are low political institutional quality and high ethnic diversity, and income inequality as compared to a situation where there are high political institutional quality and low ethnic diversity, and income inequality. The results further suggest that the harmful effects of ethnic diversity, inequality, and globalization can be, not only overcome by institutional quality but can also be put to use to enhance social cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent findings of diverse forms of carbon nanostructures have encouraged research on their applications in several areas. They are used as a structural material in electronic and optical devices, involving transistors, photodetectors, plastic, biological sensors, pharmaceutical and medicine, and drug delivery systems. Since the discovery of Y‐shaped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) junctions, they have drawn interest for future electron devices, for example, three‐terminal transistors, amplifiers, and switches. A topological index is a number that is used to study the physicochemical properties of chemical structures. In this paper, we are providing topological properties of CNT Y‐junctions. The results obtained for different types of Y‐junction graphs appeared with comparisons. According to the best of our knowledge and literature, this is the first report about topological indices on this class of CNT junctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ongoing outbreak of novel Coronavirus originated from Wuhan, China, and vigorously spread throughout the globe causing serious concerns. This study aimed to appraise the community demographics, knowledge, attitudes, practices mental health, symptoms, and precautionary measures during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Pakistan. This study was a cross‐sectional and observational study. An online semi‐structured questionnaire was designed by freely available Google Forms. A Referral Sampling technique was used, a total of 439 responses were recorded and analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Regression analysis and multinomial logistic regression analysis were done to test the hypothesis. This study shows more than 63% of participants maintain social distancing at their workplaces, offices, markets, and so forth and 59% of participants stayed at their homes during the lockdown. Almost 75% of participants did not attend any gathering during COVID‐19. Most participants (75.4%) wear masks and gloves, and 85.6% of participants wash their hands with soap and using hand sanitizer regularly. This study shows that 40.8% and 36.2% of participants felt anxiety and fear due to Coronavirus. This study shows that knowledge among the population in Pakistan about COVID‐19 was low. Continued efforts are needed to address knowledge, attitudes, and practices to interrupt novel Coronavirus transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of cross‐border information and production resources is facilitated by information globalization through the transfer of fresh ideas, products, technologies, and business models. This encourages information globalization's potential to achieve environmental and other technological advancements in the meantime and helps to make greener production possible through value‐added trade. Prior research, however, largely ignored this aspect of globalization in global value chains' studies. In order to anticipate carbon emissions (CO2) in BRICS economies, this novel study aims to assess the significance of participation in global value chains (GVCs) and information globalization (ING). The innovative research uses nonparametric causality‐in‐quantiles techniques on quarterly data from 1995Q1 to 2018Q4 to quantify for causality‐in‐variance and causality‐in‐mean because there might not be any causation at the first stage but there might be higher‐order interdependencies. The results show that GVC and ING had high predictive capability for carbon emissions, indicating asymmetry regarding environmental sustainability. Additionally, GVC and information globalization asserted that there is a significant interaction effect when it comes to forecasting pollution levels in chosen nations. The provision of financial and R&D assistance for energy efficiency and green production, as well as the use of mass and social media to raise awareness among the firms participating in global value chains, may assist in achieving SDG 13 and Cope26's goal of reducing pollution by 2030. The finding contributes crucial insights for policymakers and enhances the discourse on sustainable hones inside GVCs. The study proposes prioritizing information transparency, worldwide measures, and motivations for eco‐friendly advances to improve environmental sustainability in GVCs. Policymakers are encouraged to foster public–private associations for cohesive global endeavors in diminishing CO2 emanations inside GVCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review covers the significance of green banana resistant starch (RS), a substantial polysaccharide. The food industry has taken an interest in green banana flour due to its 30% availability of resistant starch and its approximately 70% starch content on a dry basis, making its use suitable for food formulations where starch serves as the base. A variety of processing techniques, such as heat‐moisture, autoclaving, microwaving, high hydrostatic pressure, extrusion, ultrasound, acid hydrolysis, and enzymatic debranching treatments, have made significant advancements in the preparation of resistant starch. These advancements aim to change the structure, techno‐functionality, and subsequently the physiological functions of the resistant starch. Green bananas make up the highest RS as compared to other foods and cereals. Many food processing industries and cuisines now have a positive awareness due to the functional characteristics of green bananas, such as their pasting, thermal, gelatinization, foaming, and textural characteristics. It is also found useful for controlling the rates of cancer, obesity, and diabetic disorders. Moreover, the use of GBRS as prebiotics and probiotics might be significantly proved good for gut health. This study aimed at the awareness of the composition, extraction and application of the green banana resistant starch in the future food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acidic soils of western Newfoundland require liming for successful production of most crops. Locally sourced paper mill waste wood ash (WA) and paper sludge (SL) have potential as cheaper alternatives to limestone (LIME). Two greenhouse experiments evaluated WA and SL as liming and soil conditioning amendments for annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) production. At 55 days after seeding, soil pH in WA (6.2 and 6.3) and wood ash and paper sludge (WASL) (6.0 and 6.3) were not different from that in LIME (6.0 and 6.5) for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. However, pH in SL was 0.4 and 0.3 points lower than in LIME. Compared to LIME, WA, SL, and WASL produced 31%–52% and 57%–74% greater biomass yield in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. N uptake was greater in WA (60 and 129 kg N ha−1) and WASL (51 and 97 kg N ha−1) compared to LIME (40 and 85 kg N ha−1), in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. SL did not differ from LIME in Experiment 1, but reduced N uptake by 57% in Experiment 2. The results show significant potential of WA as an alternative amendment for liming and yield improvement of annual ryegrass grown in NL podzolic soils. However, SL has limited potential due to the risk of increasing N immobilization and residual soil mineral N when growing conditions are limiting. Combining SL with WA or biochar seemed to alleviate these risks. Overall, the adoption of these amendments for field production systems warrants serious consideration, following supplemental field studies to determine optimal application rates and timing. Core Ideas: The podzolic soils of Newfoundland have low pH and fertility, hence require liming.Locally sourced wastes, such as paper mill wood ash (WA) and sludge (SL), could be used as liming and nutrient sources.WA was equivalent to limestone (LIME) in improving and sustaining optimal soil pH.WA produced 52% and 74% greater annual ryegrass yield than conventional LIME application in podzolic soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rasmalai is a very popular, delicious, and nutritious indigenous sweet dish in Indo‐Pakistani civilization. It has a very short shelf life, i.e., up to 3 days. The study was designed to assess the effect of preservatives (potassium sorbate and calcium propionate) on the shelf stability of Rasmalai. Moreover, proximate composition and sensory evaluation of prepared Rasmalai were also carried out in the present study. In general, potassium sorbate and calcium propionate significantly increased the shelf life of Rasmalai. But treatment (R5) containing a combination of both potassium sorbate and calcium propionate (500 ppm each) improved its shelf life by up to 12 days by keeping good sensorial characteristics. The maximum total plate counts as well as yeast and molds were observed in control Rasmalai (without any preservatives) whereas minimum counts were found in R5 treatment containing a combination of both potassium sorbate and calcium propionate (500 ppm each). In conclusion, all the preservatives used in the present study were effective in enhancing the shelf life of Rasmalai but R5 treatment containing a combination of both potassium sorbate and calcium propionate (500 ppm each) was the most effective in enhancing shelf life without deleterious effect on sensorial characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary concern of writing this article is to study the rheological properties of the micropolar non‐Newtonian nanofluid flowing through the porous medium along with magnetic field effects. In it, the outer boundary of the sheet is heated by applying an external heat source. The insertion of aluminum oxide nanoparticles in water turned it into a nanofluid. Together with the viscous dissipation phenomena, adding a magnetic field has another effect known as a Joule heating impact that is considered in the energy equation. To investigate the impact of viscosity and thermal conductivity on flow patterns, we considered the Koo‐Kleinstreuer‐Li model. A generalized Proudman‐Johnson equation is obtained by using similarity transformation on Navier‐Stokes equations. The well‐known classical shooting method is used to get the numerical solution to the said problem. Graphical results are portrayed for variant rheological parameters lke power law index, Reynolds number, volume fraction, Prandtl number, expansion ratio, and Hartmann number on the velocity and temperature of nanofluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main motivation points in studies on inequalities is to obtain generalizations and to introduce new approaches. In this direction, the generalized fractional integral operators defined within the scope of fractional analysis are quite functional. In this paper, some new integral inequalities have been proved by using generalized fractional integral operators and some classical inequalities for integrable functions. In the proofs of the main findings, the definitions of the generalized fractional integral operator, certain classical relations, and some classical inequalities are used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motivation for conducting this research is the growing awareness of  the increasing number of environmental issues on a global scale. As the world is facing the necessity of tackling environmental degradation, this study intends to uncover the fundamental links between global value chain participation, financial development, and their aggregate influence on environmental footprints in the context of the global economies (selected 60 countries) from 1996 to 2018. This study utilized a modern and novel technique known as the “Quantile Autoregressive Distributed Lagged Model.” The research results revealed that, in the selected economies, more natural resource rent, better financial development, and greater participation in the global value chain all positively contributed to environmental degradation across different quantiles. This implies an increasing environmental burden because of higher financial development, enhanced global value chain participation, and rising rents for natural resources. The study's findings have important policy implications, stressing the need for authorities or policymakers to incorporate environmental concerns into economic and financial policies. The authors also recommended that governments should think about enacting laws that support environmentally conscious behavior, such as rewarding investments in eco‐friendly technology and penalizing actions that harm the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current investigation was carried out to evaluate the impact of gamma irradiation and guava leaf extract (GLE) on chicken meat patties. The effects of treatments on chicken meat patties were determined by physicochemical, stability (oxidative and microbial), and antioxidant status during different packaging (aerobic and vacuum) at storage intervals (0, 5, and 10 days). The changes in physicochemical parameters of chicken patties were observed on various treatments, storage intervals, and different packaging. The TBARS and POV were found to increase significantly (p <.05) on 2 kGy and with the passage of storage time. The results of microbial load in samples were found to decrease on gamma irradiation with and without GLE. The antioxidant profile in chicken patties was with respect to control. Slight changes were seen in sensory parameters on different treatments at storage intervals. It is concluded that gamma irradiation eliminated the microbes and different concentrations of GLE improve the stability and antioxidant profile of chicken patties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The processive cellulase (CelO) is an important modular enzyme of Clostridium thermocellum. To study the effect of the carbohydrate‐binding module (CBM3b) on the catalytic domain of CelO (GH5), four engineered derivatives of CelO were designed by truncation and terminal fusion of CBM3b. These are CBM at the N‐terminus, native form (CelO‐BC, 62 kDa); catalytic domain only (CelO‐C, 42 kDa); CBM at the C‐terminus (CelO‐CB, 54 kDa) and CBM attached at both termini (CelO‐BCB, 73 kDa). All constructs were cloned into pET22b (+) and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) star. The expression levels of CelO‐C, CelO‐CB, CelO‐BC, and CelO‐BCB were 35%, 35%, 30%, and 20%, respectively. The enzyme activities of CelO‐C, CelO‐CB, CelO‐BC, and CelO‐BCB against 1% regenerated amorphous cellulose (RAC) were 860, 758, 985, and 1208 units per μmole of the enzyme, respectively. The enzymes were partially purified from the lysate of E. coli cells by heat treatment followed by anion exchange FPLC purification. Against RAC, CelO‐C, CelO‐CB, CelO‐BC, and CelO‐BCB showed KM values of 32, 33, 45, and 43 mg⋅mL–1 and Vmax values of 3571, 3846, 3571, and 4545 U⋅min–1, respectively. CBM3b at the N‐terminus of GH5 linked through a P/T‐rich linker was found to enhance the catalytic activity and thermostability of the enzyme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) is the 10th most cultivated crop and is a vital food source for human consumption. Genetic diversity in durum wheat is still an unexplored subject, and gene banks are filled with accessions waiting to be screened. Here, four different groups of durum wheat, Turkish and foreign cultivars, and in situ and ex situ landraces were evaluated for population structure and genetic diversity. A collection of 129 durum wheat accessions were genotyped, with a total of 6,357 markers (SilicoDArT, SNP [single‐nucleotide polymorphism], and simple sequence repeats [SSRs]). The highest mean allele number per marker (1.562) was obtained with SNP markers in ex situ landraces; the lowest mean allele number per marker (0.788) was obtained with SSR markers in the foreign cultivars. The minimum percentage of polymorphic loci was 38.70% observed with SSR markers in foreign cultivars; the maximum was 76.20% in SilicoDArT markers in ex situ landraces. According to Neighbor‐Joining analyses, the studied collection was divided into groups of cultivars and landraces, with some level of admixtures. Structure and principal coordinate analysis obtained distinct clusters for ex situ landraces and foreign cultivars, supported by Neighbor‐Joining analysis. A significant level of intergroup and intragroup variation was observed, and Turkish ex situ landraces were found as the most diverse and distinct group in the collection. Turkish landraces may be a promising source of novel allelic diversity that can be used in durum wheat breeding worldwide. Core Ideas: Turkish durum wheat landraces may provide novel allelic diversity.Turkish durum wheat cultivars released in the late 20th century has close pedigree relations with foreign cultivars.Turkish modern wheat germplasm/gene pool have experienced a bottleneck for several reasons.Turkish cultivars divide into two distinct groups: foreign related and landrace related. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research work was carried out to evaluate the effect of three different varieties (NARC-II, Williams 82, Ajmeri) of soybean along with single and coculture impact of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei on fermented soymilk. The periodically microbial and antioxidative activities of fermented soymilk were analyzed during the storage of 24 days. Moreover, the effect of fermentation on rheological and structural changes was examined along with isoflavone contents in fermented soymilk. Viability of cells and antioxidative activities were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) higher in fermented soymilk using mixed cultures. The rheological attributes demonstrated higher viscosity in coculture fermented soymilk. Scanning electron microscopic examination indicated that the growth characteristic of L. casei has a relatively more uniform texture and smaller pore size in comparison to L. acidophilus. Nevertheless, the combination of cultures exhibited precise pore formation with stronger cross-links of soybean protein throughout the structure. Assessment of isoflavones exhibited higher values, for daidzein (20.87 ppm) in comparison to genistein (6.57 ppm), in Ajmeri-based coculture soymilk. Conclusively, L. casei and L. acidophilous exhibited considerable antioxidant potential in the development of viscous, less porous, and rich in bioactive metabolites fermented soymilk, when used in combination and among varieties Ajmeri results it was the top of all. This suggests that the process evidence in this study could be recommended for high-quality soymilk production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present paper, we introduce the idea and concept of n‐polynomial s‐type preinvex functions. We elaborate and investigate the algebraic properties of the newly introduced definition and discuss their connections and relations with convex functions. We find the new sort of Hermite–Hadamard inequality via a newly introduced definition. Furthermore, some refinements of Hermite–Hadamard inequality are given. Finally, we investigated some applications via this newly introduced definition. The results obtained in this paper can be viewed as significant improvement of previously known results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]