Search

Mechanical sensing and transduction are integral to biological systems and have inspired research into the regulation of supramolecular self‐assembly via mechanical forces. This review presents an inaugural discussion on mechanically active supramolecular systems. It focuses on two primary mechanisms for modulating these systems: the incorporation of mechanophores and the application of mechanical forces to modulate non‐covalent interactions. Challenging the traditional view of mechanical forces as solely destructive, their constructive potential when harnessed through sophisticated design is showcased. Investigation is done on how external forces like ultrasound, stirring, vortex, tension, and compression can induce fluorescence in π‐conjugated systems, initiate hydrogelation, propel non‐equilibrium self‐assembly, and affect the structure of vesicles. The review also casts light on the prospective uses of mechanically active supramolecular systems in areas such as protein activation, drug delivery, and stress sensing, illustrating the nuanced role of mechanical forces as both disruptors and enablers in the creation of functional materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruthenium (Ru) loaded catalysts show high activity and selectivity for ammonia (NH3) synthesis via electrochemical reduction of nitrate (NO3−), but their practical application is still restricted by their high cost and insufficient stability. Herein, a multi‐component electrocatalyst of Ru nanoclusters loaded on phosphorus‐doped/phosphate‐modified and oxygen vacancy (OV)‐rich Fe/Fe3O4 composite nanorods (Ru@P‐Fe/Fe3O4) to synergistically promote electrocatalytic NO3− reduction reaction (NO3−RR)‐to‐NH3 performance via strong metal‐support interaction (SMSI) is reported. Impressively, the best Ru@P‐Fe/Fe3O4 catalyst exhibits outstanding NO3−RR activity, selectivity, and durability in 0.1 M KNO3 + 0.5 M KOH solution, with an NH3 yield rate of 14.37 ± 0.21 mgNH3 h−1 cm−2 (1710.71 ± 25 mgNH3 h−1 mgRu−1) at −0.75 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (vs. RHE), an NH3 Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 97.2% at −0.55 V vs. RHE, and a superior stability over 50 h, suppressing most of reported Fe‐based and Ru‐based electrocatalysts. The characterizations and theoretical calculations unveil that the SMSI between Ru nanoclusters and P‐Fe/Fe3O4 composite nanorods can promote the generation of OV, tune the electronic structure of Ru species, and stabilize Ru nanoclusters, thereby reducing the reaction energy barrier of NO3−RR‐to‐NH3, inhibiting the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction, and boosting the NH3 yield rate NH3 FE, and stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The folding of proteins into intricate three‐dimensional structures to achieve biological functions, such as catalysis, is governed by both kinetic and thermodynamic controls. The quest to design artificial enzymes using minimalist peptides seeks to emulate supramolecular structures existing in a catalytically active state. Drawing inspiration from the nuanced process of protein folding, our study explores the enzyme‐like activity of amphiphilic peptide nanosystems in both equilibrium and non‐equilibrium states, featuring the formation of supramolecular nanofibrils and nanosheets. In contrast to thermodynamically stable nanosheets, the kinetically trapped nanofibrils exhibit dynamic characteristics (e.g. rapid molecular exchange and relatively weak intermolecular packing), resulting in a higher hydrolase‐mimicking activity. We emphasize that a supramolecular microenvironment characterized by an optimal local polarity, microviscosity, and β‐sheet hydrogen bonding is conducive to both substrate binding and ester bond hydrolysis. Our work underscores the pivotal role of both thermodynamic and kinetic control in impacting biomimetic catalysis and sheds a light on the development of artificial enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To summarise research studies on scar laser therapy since the 21st century using bibliometric methods, and to speculate on the possible development in the future. The literature about scar laser therapy in Web of Science database was searched. CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to analyse main countries, institutions, journals，subject hotspots and trends, etc. A total of 884 papers have been published since the 21st century. These publications were written by 653 authors from 515 institutions in 58 countries. The United States published 287 papers in this field and ranks first. Laser in Surgery and Medicine is the most widely published journal, with Shumaker as the core author. The main keyword clustering includes terms such as combination therapy, wound healing, fractional photothermolysis, experience, scar formation, etc. CiteSpace and VOSviewer were used to sort out and summarise the countries, institutions, authors, journals, research hotspots and frontier topics of related literature about scar laser therapy since the 21st century. The current situation of its application and basic scientific research in clinical treatments were summarised briefly. This provides a new idea for the development and research of scar laser therapy in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Replication initiator proteins (Reps) from the HUH endonuclease family process specific single‐stranded DNA sequences to initiate rolling‐circle replication in viruses. Here, the first crystal structure of the apo state of a Rep domain from the smacovirus family is reported. The structure of the human smacovirus 1 Rep domain was obtained at 1.33 Å resolution and represents an expansion of the HUH endonuclease superfamily, allowing greater diversity in bioconjugation‐tag applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: To further utilise plant protein in oilseeds, it is vital to understand the structural and digestive characteristics of cell wall polysaccharides fractionated from sunflower meal. Water, chelator (cyclohexane‐trans‐1,2‐diaminetetra‐acetate, CDTA), sodium carbonate, 1 mol L−1 KOH, and 4 mol L−1 KOH were used to sequentially extract polysaccharides from sunflower meal, yielding samples that were labelled WSP, CSP, NSP, KS1, and KS4, respectively. Results indicated that galactose (1,6‐β‐D‐Galp) was the major sugar unit in WSP, while arabinose (1,3‐α‐L‐Araf and 1,5‐α‐L‐Araf) was the major sugar in the other four fractions. KS4 showed the highest molecular weight and the lowest thermal stability. The surface of the five polysaccharides was shown to be heterogeneous using SEM and AFM, with KS4 having the highest average size. The molecular weight of the five polysaccharides decreased during simulated digestion in vitro. It was noteworthy that the structures of KS1 and KS4 were harder to destroy than the other three fractions. These two polysaccharides are perhaps what makes sunflower protein difficult to digest, thereby decreasing its nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) was recently recognized as an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Purpose: To examine the effect of MAFLD on cardiac function in metabolic syndrome by MRI. Study Type: Retrospective. Population: One hundred seventy‐nine patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), 101 with MAFLD (MAFLD [+]) and 78 without (MAFLD [−]). Eighty‐one adults without any of the components of MetS or cardiac abnormalities were included as control group. Field Strength/Sequence: 3.0 T; balanced steady‐state free precession sequence. Assessment: Left atrial (LA) strain was assessed during three phases: reservoir strain (LA‐RS), conduit strain (LA‐CS), and booster strain (LA‐BS). Left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal (LV‐GLS) strain was also derived. The left atrioventricular coupling index (LACI) was calculated as the ratio of LA end‐diastolic volume (LA‐EDV) and LV‐EDV. Statistical Tests: Student's t test or Mann–Whitney U test; One‐way analysis of variance. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among MetS patients, individuals with MAFLD had significantly lower magnitude LV‐GLS (−11.6% ± 3.3% vs. −13.8% ± 2.7%) than those without MAFLD. For LA strains, LA‐RS (36.9% ± 13.7% vs. 42.9% ± 13.5%) and LA‐CS (20.0% ± 10.6% vs. 24.1% ± 9.2%) were also significantly reduced in MAFLD (+) compared to MAFLD (−). The LACIs (17.2% [12.9–21.2] % vs. 15.8% [12.2–19.7] %) were significantly higher in patients with MAFLD compared to those without MAFLD. After adjustment for other clinical factors, MAFLD was found to be independently correlated with LV‐GLS (β = −0.270) and LACI (β = 0.260). Data Conclusion: MAFLD had an unfavorable effect on LV myocardial strain in MetS. Moreover, LA strain and atrioventricular coupling were further impaired in patients with concomitant MAFLD compared to those without MAFLD. Last, MAFLD was independently associated with subclinical LV dysfunction and atrioventricular coupling after adjustment for other clinical factors. Evidence Level: 3 Technical Efficacy: 3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both edible fungal polysaccharides (Auricularia and Tremellan) and Crataegus flavonoids promote the balance of dyslipidemia, which have a positive biological regulating effect on intestinal flora. In this study, the extraction of water‐soluble polysaccharides from Auricularia and Tremellan was investigated and optimized firstly. Polysaccharides and flavonoids were then combined to study the effects on the mediating role of abnormal blood lipid concentration and intestinal flora in vivo. The rats were divided into 10 groups, the NC (normal control), HM (model), PCI (Simvastatin control), PCII (Fenofibrate control), AAP (Auricularia auricular Polysaccharide), TFP (Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharide), HF (Crataegus Flavonoid), LDC (Low‐dose combination), MDC (Medium dose combination), and HDC (High‐dose combination), used to explore the impact of polysaccharides and flavonoids complex on state of blood lipid, liver, and intestinal flora of dyslipidemia rats. The results showed that the combination of polysaccharides and flavonoids could significantly decrease the levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL‐C), and increase the level of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C). It also significantly decreased the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and improved liver morphology. What is more, the HDC favorably alters the intestinal microflora balance, promotes intestinal integrity and mobility, and inhibits the growth of harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli/Shigella and Clostridium compared with HM group. In brief, the combination of polysaccharides and flavonoids had a synergistic effect on the remission of dyslipidemia, and promoted health by improving lipid metabolism, protecting liver tissue, and regulating the intestinal flora in hyperlipidemia rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolic and hemodynamic alterations in metabolic syndrome (MetS) can cause a reduced myocardial energetic efficiency (MEE). Indexed MEE (MEEi), as a simple estimate of MEE, is emerging as a novel and useful imaging parameter. Purpose: To investigate the impact of MetS on MEE and systolic myocardial strain and to assess any sex difference. Study type: Retrospective. Population: A total of 161 patients with MetS (female: n = 82, 52.2 ± 11.7 years; male: n = 79, 51.8 ± 10.6 years) and 77 healthy subjects (female: n = 46, 52.7 ± 8.2 years; male: n = 31, 54.1 ± 11.2 years). Patients with left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction <50% were excluded. Field Strength/Sequence: A 3.0 T; balanced steady‐state free precession sequence. Assessment: LV volumes and mass (LVM) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) were obtained by MRI. Stroke volume (SV) divided by HR was used as a surrogate measure of MEE and normalized to LVM (MEEi). Statistical Tests: Student's t‐test or Mann–Whitney U‐test; Multivariable linear regression (coefficient of determination, R2). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: For both males and females, MEEi and GLS were lower in MetS patients than in the normal controls. Among MetS patients, men had significantly higher LVM (59.7 ± 13.4 g/m2 vs. 48.8 ± 11.3 g/m2) and significantly lower MEEi (0.68 ± 0.23 mL/g/s vs. 0.84 ± 0.23 mL/g/s) and GLS (−11.7% ± 2.8% vs. −13.9% ± 2.7%) than women. After adjustment for clinical variables, male gender (β = −0.291) was found to be inversely correlated with MEEi. Multivariable analysis showed that MEEi (β = 0.454) were independently associated with GLS (adjusted R2 = 0.454) after adjustment for clinical and other MRI parameters. Data Conclusion: MEEi was significantly impaired in MetS without overt systolic dysfunction. There was a sex difference regarding the cardiac alterations in MetS, with men having significantly lower MEEi and GLS and significantly higher LVM than women. Further, MEEi was independently associated with GLS. Evidence Level: 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Protein oxidation during food processing causes changes in the balance of protein–molecular interactions and protein–water interactions, ultimately leading to protein denaturation, which results in the loss of a range of functional properties. Therefore, how to control the oxidative modification of proteins during processing has been the focus of research. RESULTS: In the present study, the intrinsic fluorescence value of the myofibrillar proteins (MP) decreased and the surface hydrophobicity value increased, indicating that the heat treatment caused a significant change in the conformation of the MP. With an increase in heating temperature, protein carbonyl content increased, total sulfhydryl content decreased, and protein secondary structure changed from α‐helix to β‐sheet, indicating that protein oxidation and aggregation occurred. Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that heat treatment can lead to the degradation of proteins, especially myosin heavy chain, although actin had a certain thermal stability. In total, 733 proteins were identified by proteomics, and the protein oxidation caused by low temperature vacuum heating (LTVH) was determined to be mild oxidation dominated by malondialdehyde and 4‐hydroxynonenal by oxidation site division. CONCLUSION: The present study has revealed the effect of LTVH treatment on the protein oxidation modification behavior of sturgeon meat, and explored the effect mechanism of LTVH treatment on the processing quality of sturgeon meat from the perspective of protein oxidation. The results may provide a theoretical basis for the precise processing of aquatic products. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obesity is highly prevalent in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and believed to influence its phenotype. Purpose: To explore the effects of obesity on left ventricular (LV) remodeling and long‐term clinical course in Chinese patients with HCM. Study Type: Longitudinal. Population: A total of 247 patients with HCM classified according to body mass index (BMI) (normal weight: BMI = 18.0–22.9 kg/m2 [N = 90]; overweight: BMI = 23.0–24.9 kg/m2 [N = 58]; and obese: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 [N = 99]). Field Strength/Sequence: 3.0 T/Balanced steady‐state free precession sequence and phase‐sensitive inversion recovery late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) sequence. Assessment: LV function and geometry were measured. LV peak strain analysis was performed. The presence and percentage of LGE in the LV were recorded. The endpoints including heart failure, sudden cardiac death, and overall composite outcome were assessed during a median follow‐up of 4.1 years (interquartile range, 3.0–6.2 years). Statistical Tests: One‐way analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis test, or chi‐square test; Pearson correlation coefficient (r); multivariable linear regression analysis; Kaplan–Meier survival analysis; and Cox proportional hazards model analysis were conducted. A two‐tailed P‐value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Obese patients exhibited a significant progressive increase in LV mass compared with normal‐weight patients. The magnitude of all LV strain indices gradually and significantly decreased as BMI increased, whereas LV ejection fraction was not significantly different among BMI groups (P = 0.364). Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that obesity had a significant association with impaired strain indices as well as with indexed LV mass. Multivariable Cox model analysis retained obesity as an independent marker for future endpoints, and conveyed a > 3‐fold increase in risk compared with patients with normal weight (hazard ratio, 3.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.07–6.57). Data Conclusion: Obesity is an important environmental modifier that is associated with adverse LV remodeling and is independently associated with future clinical outcomes in Chinese patients with HCM. Level of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial synapses and neurons are crucial milestones for neuromorphic computing hardware, and memristors with resistive and threshold switching characteristics are regarded as the most promising candidates for the construction of hardware neural networks. However, most of the memristors can only operate in one mode, that is, resistive switching or threshold switching, and distinct memristors are required to construct fully memristive neuromorphic computing hardware, making it more complex for the fabrication and integration of the hardware. Herein, we propose a flexible dual‐mode memristor array based on core–shell CsPbBr3@graphdiyne nanocrystals, which features a 100% transition yield, small cycle‐to‐cycle and device‐to‐device variability, excellent flexibility, and environmental stability. Based on this dual‐mode memristor, homo‐material‐based fully memristive neuromorphic computing hardware—a power‐free artificial nociceptive signal processing system and a spiking neural network—are constructed for the first time. Our dual‐mode memristors greatly simplify the fabrication and integration of fully memristive neuromorphic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatments are lacking for sarcopenia, which is an age‐related disease characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and/or physical performance. Icariin is a phytomolecule from herbal Epimedium, a traditional Chinese medicine widely used to treat musculoskeletal disorders for thousands of years. Here the effects of icariin against sarcopenia are investigated and the underlying mechanism is elucidated. A classic rat model of bilaterally orchiectomized (ORX) is used to induce sarcopenia. After administration for 8 weeks, compared to the control group, the forelimb grip strength, the specific tetanic forces of the soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) are higher, and the fiber cross‐sectional areas (CSAs) of the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscle are larger in the icariin group. In addition, icariin promotes mRNA and protein expressions of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) both in SOL and EDL. Mechanistically, icariin significantly suppresses the mRNA and protein expressions of FOXO3a, atrogin‐1, and MuRF‐1, which are related to the degradation of myosin heavy chain. Collectively, icariin protects from sarcopenia in ORX rats characterized by enhancing grip strength and skeletal muscle contraction, as well as increasing skeletal muscle CSA by inhibiting the ubiquitination degradation of the MyHC in skeletal muscle fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies with complex tumor microenvironment (TME) which has been proven to be associated with therapeutic failure or resistance. A deeper understanding of the complex TME and cellular heterogeneity is urgently needed in ESCC. Here, we generated single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) of 25 796 immune and 8197 non‐immune cells from three primary tumor and paired normal samples in ESCC patients. The results revealed intratumoral and intertumoral epithelium heterogeneity and tremendously differences in tumor and normal epithelium. The infiltration of myofibroblasts, one subtype of fibroblasts, might play important roles in the progression of ESCC. We also found that some differentially expressed genes and markers in epithelium and fibroblast subtypes showed prognostic values for ESCC. Diverse cell subtypes of T cells and myeloid cells were identified, including tumor‐enriched HAVCR2+ CD4+ T cells with significantly exhausted signature. The epithelium and myeloid cells had more frequent cell–cell communication compared with epithelium and T cells. Taken together, this study provided in‐depth insights into the cellular heterogeneity of TME in ESCC and highlighted potential therapeutic targets including for immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) often occurs conjunctly with the menopausal transition in female patients. In addition, epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has an unfavorable impact on the myocardium and coronary arteries under the influence of metabolic disorders. Purpose To investigate the impact of T2DM on EAT and myocardial microvascular function in postmenopausal women. Study Type: Retrospective. Population: One‐hundred sixty‐one postmenopausal women divided into three groups: newly diagnosed (≤5 years) T2DM (n = 56, 58.6 ± 7.7 years), long‐term (>5 years) T2DM (n = 57, 61.9 ± 7.9 years), and healthy controls (n = 48, 59.4 ± 7.4 years). Field Strength/Sequence: 3.0 T; balanced steady‐state free precession and inversion recovery prepared echo‐planar sequences. Assessment EAT volume was quantified by delineating the epicardial border and the visceral layer of pericardium on the short‐axis cine stacks. Perfusion parameters including upslope, maximum signal intensity (MaxSI) and time to maximum signal intensity (TTM) were derived from the first‐pass perfusion signal intensity–time curves. Statistical Tests: One‐way analysis of variance, Pearson's and Spearman correlation, and multivariable linear regression. Two‐sided P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: EAT volume was significantly increased in diabetic postmenopausal women compared to the controls (48.4 ± 13.4 mL/m2 [newly diagnosed T2DM] vs. 58.4 ± 17.3 mL/m2 [long‐term T2DM] vs. 35.8 ± 12.3 mL/m2 [controls]). Regarding perfusion parameters, upslope and MaxSI were significantly reduced (2.6 ± 1.0 [newly diagnosed T2DM] vs. 2.1 ± 0.8 [long‐term T2DM] vs. 3.6 ± 1.3 [controls]; and 21.4 ± 6.9 [newly diagnosed T2DM] vs. 18.7 ± 6.4 [long‐term T2DM] vs. 28.4 ± 8.6 [controls]), whereas TTM was significantly increased in the T2DM groups compared to the control group (23.6 ± 8.7 [newly diagnosed T2DM] vs. 27.1 ± 9.4 [long‐term T2DM] vs. 21.4 ± 6.0 [controls]). Multivariable analysis (adjusted coefficient of determination [R2] = 0.489) showed that EAT volume (β = −0.610) and menopausal age (β = 0.433) were independently correlated with decreased perfusion upslope. Data Conclusion: Diabetic postmenopausal women had significantly higher EAT volume and more impaired microcirculation compared to the controls. Increased EAT volume and earlier menopausal age were independently associated with microvascular dysfunction in these patients. Level of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy Stage: 3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red: mRNA gene enrichment pathway; blue: lncRNA target gene enrichment pathway. gl To obtain precision biosignatures for assessing the severity of AP, we further integrated the transcriptional and corresponding metabolic profiles to investigate their common pathways. Red: mRNA gene enrichment pathway; blue: lncRNA target gene enrichment pathway. gl We further analyzed the potential of circulating sEVs to distinguish SAP from MAP. [Extracted from the article]

BACKGROUND: Sturgeon is one of the most precious fish resources worldwide. Low temperature vacuum heating (LTVH) has been confirmed as a good way of maintaining food quality. However, there is a lack of in‐depth studies assessing the impact of LTVH on lipid oxidation and flavor formation. RESULTS: The present study compared the effect of LTVH and traditional cooking on lipid oxidation and flavor of sturgeon fillets. In total, 13 fatty acids were detected, of which polyunsaturated fatty acids content was the highest (P < 0.05). LTVH prevented the formation of conjugated diene and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (P < 0.05), as manifested by an increased signal intensity of free radicals of electron spin resonance. The characteristic peaks intensity of lipid by Raman at 970 cm−1, 1080 cm−1 and 1655 cm−1 were reduced, whereas peaks at 1068 cm−1 and 1125 cm−1 displayed the opposite trend. Confocal fluorescence microscopy showed that the lipids particles were reduced and distributed more evenly with an increase in heating temperature. Principal component analysis of electronic nose cannot effectively separate all groups; however, gas chromatography‐ion migration spectrometry showed that the volatile flavor compounds were relatively stable during LTVH. Correlation analysis of all the above lipid oxidation indices and characteristic flavor substances showed that each treatment group was located in different quadrants and demonstrated great differentiation. CONCLUSION: Overall, the results of the present study support the view that LTVH is a healthier way of cooking. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The majority of heart failure (HF) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) manifests as a phenotype with preserved left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction; however, the exact contribution of left atrial (LA) phasic function to HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in HCM remains unresolved. Purpose: To define the association between LA function and HFpEF in HCM patients using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) feature tracking. Study Type: Retrospective. Population: One hundred and fifty‐four HCM patients (HFpEF vs. non‐HF: 55 [34 females] vs. 99 [43 females]). Field Strength/Sequence: 3.0 T/balanced steady‐state free precession. Assessment: LA reservoir function (reservoir strain [εs], total ejection fraction [EF]), conduit function (conduit strain [εe], passive EF), booster‐pump function (booster strain [εa] and active EF), LA volume index, and LV global longitudinal strain (LV GLS) were evaluated in HCM patients. Statistical Tests: Chi‐square test, Student's t‐test, Mann–Whitney U test, multivariate linear regression, logistic regression, and net reclassification analysis were used. Two‐sided P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: No significant difference was found in LV GLS between the non‐HF and HFpEF group (−10.67 ± 3.14% vs. −10.14 ± 4.01%, P = 0.397), whereas the HFpEF group had more severely impaired LA phasic strain (εs: 27.40 [22.60, 35.80] vs. 18.15 [11.98, 25.90]; εe: 13.80 [9.20, 18.90] vs. 7.95 [4.30, 14.35]; εa: 13.50 [9.90, 17.10] vs. 7.90 [5.40, 14.15]). LA total EF (37.91 [29.54, 47.94] vs. 47.49 [39.18, 55.01]), passive EF (14.70 [7.41, 21.49] vs. 18.07 [9.32, 24.78]), and active EF (27.19 [17.79, 36.60] vs. 36.64 [26.63, 42.71]) were all significantly decreased in HFpEF patients compared with non‐HF patients. LA reservoir (β = 0.90 [0.85, 0.96]), conduit (β = 0.93 [0.87, 0.99]), and booster (β = 0.86 [0.78, 0.95]) strain were independently associated with HFpEF in HCM patients. The model including reservoir strain (Net Reclassification Index [NRI]: 0.260) or booster strain (NRI: 0.325) improved the reclassification of HFpEF based on LV GLS and minimum left atrial volume index (LAVImin). Data Conclusion: LA phasic function was severely impaired in HCM patients with HFpEF, whereas LV function was not further impaired compared with non‐HF patients. Level of Evidence: 4 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Chitosan‐based hydrogels have been prepared previously by a two‐step protocol in which chitosan was first dissolved in dilute acetic acid and then crosslinked by glutaraldehyde or genipin. This was a time‐consuming method, which had the disadvantages of high costs and biological safety problems. RESULTS: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results verified the successful preparation of hydrogels based on high, medium, and low molecular‐weight chitosan (HCS, MCS, and LCS), respectively. The hydrogels prepared with HCS, MCS, and LCS were formed through the accumulation of different‐sized crystals. The framework density of the hydrogel was enhanced by an increase in the chitosan molecular weight and exhibited a crack pore pattern composed of flake particles. Medium molecular‐weight chitosan‐based hydrogel exhibited the highest specific surface area and total pore volume, with values of 3.81 m2 g–1 and 0.0109 cm3 g–1, respectively. The water absorption rate of the chitosan based hydrogels was influenced by its molecular weights at the sequence of LCS > HCS > MCS, while the maximum compression stress was affected at the sequence of HCS > MCS > LCS. The network structure was enhanced with an increase in the chitosan molecular weight and reached maximum stress levels of 4.50, 1.50 and 0.75 MPa for HCS‐, MCS‐, and LCS‐based hydrogels, respectively. CONCLUSION: Citric acid was shown to be an effective dissolving and crosslinking agent in the preparation of MCS‐ and HCS‐based hydrogels. The physiochemical properties of the hydrogels were enhanced as the molecular weight of the chitosan increased. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of liquid styrene‐butadiene rubber (LSBR) on the rheological performance of bitumen, LSBRs with molecular weights of 20,000 (LA) and 50,000 g/mol (LB) are blended into the virgin bitumen. The rheological effect regarding LSBR content and the molecular weight of the bitumen was then conducted by dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test and a bending beam rheometer (BBR) test, respectively. Short‐term and long‐term aging tests were used to simulate the asphalt aging with modification of LSBR, and the variations of asphalts function groups were detected by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). Results indicate that LSBR reduces the rutting and ageing resistance of the virgin bitumen. However, the blended LA and LB extensively enhance the crack resistance at low temperatures. Moreover, the LB modifier improves the fatigue performance of the asphalt more evidently, followed by LA, particularly at 2% mixing content (by weight of the virgin). Compared with LA, the added LB causes more deteriorating impact bitumen's rutting resistance, whereas LB increases the crack resistance at low temperatures. Of note, the LB‐modified bitumen exhibits less ageing sensitivity than the LA‐modified bitumen under a short‐term ageing simulation. However, the LA‐modified bitumen is less sensitive to the long‐term ageing test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a promising alternative to the traditional Haber–Bosch process. However, the sluggish kinetics and competitive hydrogen evolution reaction result in poor NH3 yield and low Faradaic efficiency (FE). Herein, single bismuth atoms incorporated hollow titanium nitride nanorods encapsulated in nitrogen‐doped carbon layer (NC) supported on carbon cloth (NC/Bi SAs/TiN/CC) is constructed for electrocatalytic NRR. Impressively, as an integrated electrode, it exhibits a superior ammonia yield rate of 76.15 µg mgcat−1 h−1 (9859 µg μmolBi−1 h−1) at −0.8 V versus RHE and a high FE of 24.60% at −0.5 V versus RHE in 0.1 m Na2SO4 solution, which can retain stable performance in 10 h continuous operation, surpassing the overwhelming majority of reported Bi‐based NRR catalysts. Coupling various characterizations with theory calculations, it is disclosed that the unique monolithic core‐shell configuration with porous structure endows abundant accessible active sites, outstanding charge‐transfer property, and good stability, while the cooperation effect of Bi SAs and TiN can simultaneously promote the hydrogenation of N2 into NH3* on the TiN surface and the desorption of NH3* to release NH3 on the Bi SA sites. These features result in the significant promotion of NRR performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The pathophysiological changes in the remote myocardium after acute myocardial infarction (MI) remains less understood. Purpose To assess the inflammation in the remote myocardium post‐MI and its association with left ventricular (LV) remodeling using T2 mapping. Study type: Prospective. Animal Model and Subjects: Twelve pigs at 3‐day post‐MI, 6 pigs at 3‐month post‐MI, 6 healthy pigs; 54 patients at 3‐day and 3‐month post‐MI, 31 healthy volunteers; Field Strength/Sequence: A 3 T MRI/ steady‐state free‐precession sequence for T2 mapping (animals: 0, 30, and 55 msec; human: 0, 25, and 55 msec), phase‐sensitive inversion recovery gradient echo for late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), balanced steady free‐precession sequence for cine. Assessment Infarcted myocardium was defined on LGE, remote T2 was measured on T2 maps. LV remodeling was evaluated as LV end‐diastolic volume change index between two scans using cine. CD68 staining was conducted to detect monocyte/macrophage. Statistical Tests: Student‐t test and one‐way ANOVA were used to compare remote T2 with normal controls. The association of remote T2 with LV remodeling was assessed using linear regression. P values of <0.05 were used to denote statistical significance. Results: Compared with healthy pigs, remote T2 significantly increased from 3 days to 3 months post‐MI (31.43 ± 0.67 vs. 33.53 ± 1.15 vs. 36.43 ± 1.07 msec). CD68 staining demonstrated the inflammation in remote myocardium post‐MI but not in healthy pigs. Significant remote myocardial alterations in T2 were also observed in human group (40.51 ± 1.79 vs. 41.94 ± 1.14 vs. 42.52 ± 1.71 msec). In patients, the 3‐month remote T2 (β = 0.432) and remote T2 variation between two scans (β = 0.554) were both independently associated with LV remodeling. Conclusion: T2 mapping could characterize the abnormalities in the remote myocardium post‐MI, which was potentially caused by the inflammatory response. Moreover, variations in remote T2 were associated with LV remodeling. Evidence Level 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR) remains elusive. Methods: Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), immunohistochemistry, and western blotting analyses were performed to detect the expression of ER stress and unfolded protein response markers: 78‐kDa glucose‐regulated protein (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6α), spliced X‐box binding protein 1 (sXBP‐1), and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (p‐eIF2α), in inferior turbinate tissue samples from patients with AR and non‐AR controls. Nasal tissues from patients with AR were cultured ex vivo and treated with 4‐phenylbutyric acid (4‐PBA), an ER stress inhibitor. Results: Compared to those in non‐AR controls, the mRNA and protein levels of GRP78, CHOP, ATF6α, sXBP‐1, and p‐eIF2α were significantly increased in nasal tissues from patients with AR. GRP78 and CHOP were mainly expressed in CD138+ plasma cells in nasal tissues from patients with AR. The frequency of IgE+CD138+ plasma cells was significantly higher in nasal tissues from patients with AR than that in non‐AR controls. IgE levels in nasal secretions and tissues were positively correlated with GRP78 and CHOP mRNA levels in the nasal tissues. After 4‐PBA treatment, the protein expression of GRP78, CHOP, ATF6α, sXBP‐1, and p‐eIF2α was significantly reduced in cultured AR‐derived nasal tissues, and IgE levels were simultaneously decreased in cultured supernatants. Conclusions: ER stress may be involved in the regulation of local IgE production in patients with AR. Inhibition of ER stress potentially provides a therapeutic avenue in AR by reducing local IgE production. Level of Evidence: NA [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastric cancer is a malignant tumor with a poor prognosis. Therefore, it is important to search for molecules that play a vital role in the development, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease. Placenta‐specific 1 (PLAC1) is one of the cancer‐testis antigens; it plays an important role in both placental development and tumorigenesis. However, the role of PLAC1 in gastric cancer has not been fully investigated, and its underlying mechanism needs further study. We first explored the expression and clinical relevance of PLAC1 in gastric cancer and performed gene set enrichment analysis of PLAC1‐related genes using online databases. Subsequently, we studied the function and mechanism of PLAC1 in gastric cancer cells through in vitro experiments. Our results showed that PLAC1 is highly expressed in gastric cancer, is associated with poor prognosis, and can promote gastric cancer cell proliferation through the AKT/GSK‐3β/cyclin D1 signaling pathway. Moreover, we discovered that AKTi attenuates the effect of PLAC1. Our study further revealed the role and mechanism of PLAC1 in gastric cancer and suggested that this antigen might be a useful molecular marker for gastric cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isoporous membranes consist of well‐defined micro and nanoscale pore architecture comprising uniform pore sizes with straight pore channels. In contrast to traditional random porous membranes with tortuous flow paths, isoporous membranes offer the opportunity to achieve a high degree of membrane customization and low pressure drop. Here, a physics‐based machine learning methodology that enables the predictive design of a single‐layer isoporous membrane in terms of the pressure drop is reported. In short, the methodology consists of a hybrid approach that includes experimental data on the variability of the pore architecture and the resulting pressure drop, training of a neural network with data from validated physics‐based simulations of laminar flow through the membrane, and Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) to stochastically account for the inherent variabilities of the pore architecture of fabricated isoporous membranes. Overall, the neural network and MCS predict the range of Δp for a given single‐layer membrane well. Experimental values fall within 90% of the minimum and maximum predicted Δp values. In addition, a sensitivity analysis with MCS is carried out to quantify how design and operating parameters affect the overall pressure drop. The methodology can be extended to membranes comprising multiple layers and to account for filtration efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety profiles when performing stress oxygenation‐sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (OS‐MRI) have raised concerns in clinical practice. Adenosine infusion can cause side effects such as chest pain, dyspnea, arrhythmia, and even cardiac death. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of breathing maneuvers‐induced OS‐MRI in acute myocardial infarction (MI). This was a prospective study, which included 14 healthy rabbits and nine MI rabbit models. This study used 3 T MRI/modified Look‐Locker inversion recovery sequence for native T1 mapping, balanced steady‐state free precession sequence for OS imaging, and phase‐sensitive inversion recovery sequence for late gadolinium enhancement. The changes in myocardial oxygenation (ΔSI) were assessed under two breathing maneuvers protocols in healthy rabbits: a series of extended breath‐holding (BH), and a combined maneuver of hyperventilation followed by the extended BH (HVBH). Subsequently, OS‐MRI with HVBH in acute MI rabbits was performed, and the ΔSI was compared with that of adenosine stress protocol. Student's t‐test, Wilcoxon rank test, and Friedman test were used to compare ΔSI in different subgroups. Pearson and Spearman correlation was used to obtain the association of ΔSI between breathing maneuvers and adenosine stress. Bland–Altman analysis was used to assess the bias of ΔSI between HVBH and adenosine stress. In healthy rabbits, BH maneuvers from 30 to 50 s induced significant increase in SI compared with the baseline (all p < 0.05). By contrast, hyperventilation for 60 s followed by 10 s‐BH (HVBH 10 s) exhibited a comparable ΔSI to that of stress test (p = 0.07). In acute MI rabbits, HVBH 10 s‐induced ΔSIs among infarcted, salvaged, and the remote myocardial area were no less effectiveness than adenosine stress when performing OS‐MRI (r = 0.84; p < 0.05). Combined breathing maneuvers with OS‐MRI have the potential to be used as a nonpharmacological alternative for assessing myocardial oxygenation in patients with acute MI. Level of Evidence: 2 Technical Efficacy Stage: 2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]