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The Buck converter is a commonly used voltage regulator (VR) structure that supplies power to the load devices and responds to load transients. In most of the applications, the VR is controlled by voltage or current mode control, and some nonlinear approaches are used to improve the transient response which brings more complexities to the closed loop design. To achieve a fast transient response without over-regulation under a load step transient, this paper proposes a digital single-cycle regulation (SCCR) controller, which comprised a fast path, a slow path, and a neutralization path. Unlike the conventional PID control, the neutralization path of the SCCR controller is used to offset the excessive energy change in the first cycle after a load step occurs, which makes the inductor current reach its new static condition in a shorter period of time. The mathematical model of the SCCR control is established in this paper and a scanning algorithm is proposed for the design of the compensator parameters. Experimental results are presented to verify the improvement of the transient response when compared to the conventional and nonlinear PID control, the recovery time is decreased by 64.3% and 43% for load step-up and step-down when compared with nonlinear PID control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper offers the first demonstration of the design and layout of a fully integrated power converter in a monolithic Silicon Carbide (SiC) technology. A 400 V Buck Converter integrated with Gate-Drivers and Low-Voltage Control circuitry in a 25–600 V Mixed-Mode SiC CMOS technology has been presented in this paper. A new SiC technology has been developed for this design which has a feature size of 1 μm. This technology allows integration of High-Voltage Power FETs and Low-Voltage CMOS circuits on the same die with a common substrate. Both high-side and low-side Power FETs are N-type hence a bootstrap circuit is used, and the gate drivers use an isolated capacitive level shifter to translate the signals from the 25 V domain to the 400 V domain which is the input voltage of the Buck Converter. The load current is 1 A and the nominal output voltage is 100 V thereby meaning that the output power is 100 W. The switching frequency is up to 1 MHz, and the duty cycle can range from 10% to 90% signifying a wide range of operation of the converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of an integrated Buck-Boost converter and Sliding Mode Control (SMC) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) system for optimizing photovoltaic energy conversion. The study focuses on enhancing solar energy extraction efficiency, regulating output currents, and ensuring effective battery utilization. Through a systematic analysis of converter component sizing and operational modes, the paper delves into the intricacies of the Buck-Boost converter. The unique contribution lies in the innovative integration of SMC with the traditional Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm, providing robust and adaptive MPPT under varying environmental conditions. Additionally, the paper introduces a battery management system with three distinct modes, namely, Charging, Direct, and Discharging, offering intelligent control over critical scenarios. Simulation results underscore the robustness of the proposed system under diverse conditions, demonstrating its effectiveness in managing power distribution based on battery charge levels, even in scenarios of insufficient solar power. Overall, this research significantly contributes to advancing the understanding of PV/battery systems and offers a practical, sustainable solution for optimizing energy production, distribution, and storage, marking a substantial stride towards a more efficient and sustainable energy future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an improved voltage-mode constant on-time (COT) control DC–DC buck converter is designed, which makes the DC–DC buck converter have good stability. Firstly, an improved compensation scheme is introduced through the analysis and derivation of the traditional voltage-mode COT controlled buck converter model. Then, according to the application requirements of the design, Simplis software modeling is used to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis. The 0.13 μ m BCD technology is used to tape out the DC–DC converter of the improved voltage mode COT. The input voltage is 3.7–5.5 V and the output voltage is 3.3 V. The chip test mainly includes heavy-load condition in CCM operation, light-load condition in DCM operation, and load transient response. The test results show that the chip can remain stable under heavy-load and light-load conditions. The overshoot and undershoot in transient response can be quickly restored to steady state during the recovery process. Finally, compared with chips of the same type, it shows that the DC–DC chip for portable electronic equipment designed in this paper adopts an internal compensation structure, which has good stability, simple design, small main chip area, simple peripheral equipment, and good application value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive guide for the design and development of a power electronic converter, specifically focusing on the Buck converter. The guide aims to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, providing engineering students with a hands-on experience in digital control using the STM32 microcontroller. The workshop experience described covers all necessary steps, from the initial design and simulation using tools like MATLAB-Simulink and Plecs to the final implementation and testing of the converter. The educational value of this approach is highlighted, emphasizing the importance of practical engagement in understanding complex concepts related to power electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a highly efficient dual-mode HV (high voltage) buck converter which operates at both light and heavy load currents. To improve the conversion efficiency at two different load conditions, a dual-mode design composed of pulse width modulation (PWM) and pulse frequency modulation (PFM) were implemented using TSMC 0.5- $\mu $ μ m HV CMOS process. The chip area is 2038.05 $ \times $ × 1689.85 $\mu $ μ m2, while the input voltage ranges from 12 V to 15 V. A 92.95% peak efficiency at a load current of 10 mA was achieved based on on-silicon measurement results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using model-free deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based controllers as an alternative approach to improve the dynamic behavior, efficiency, and other aspects of DC–DC power electronic converters, which are traditionally controlled based on small signal models. These conventional controllers often fail to self-adapt to various uncertainties and disturbances. This paper presents a design methodology using proximal policy optimization (PPO), a widely recognized and efficient DRL algorithm, to make near-optimal decisions for real buck converters operating in both continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) while handling resistive and inductive loads. Challenges associated with delays in real-time systems are identified. Key innovations include a chattering-reduction reward function, engineering of input features, and optimization of neural network architecture, which improve voltage regulation, ensure smoother operation, and optimize the computational cost of the neural network. The experimental and simulation results demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of the controller in real scenarios. The findings are believed to make significant contributions to the application of DRL controllers in real-time scenarios, providing guidelines and a starting point for designing controllers using the same method in this or other power electronic converter topologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel single-phase non-isolated bidirectional buck converter topology. The proposed converter uses a basic switching cell structure with a coupled inductor and an interleaving switching scheme. This article addresses a crucial challenge in bidirectional DC-DC conversion by prioritizing reducing output current ripples and minimizing filter inductor size. The employed method includes using MOSFETs with fast recovery diodes to mitigate reverse recovery and body diode losses. Furthermore, the optimization of the switching frequency of the output inductor to be twice the actual switching frequency contributes to reducing the component size of the converter. The coupled inductor also helps to reduce stress on components by distributing currents among its legs. The experimental result demonstrates the proposed converter has a very low ripple current as compared to the conventional converter. The low current ripples and smaller filter inductor size enabled by high-frequency operation have improved the efficiency and size of the converter. A common ground between input and output terminals ensures robust performance without common mode current concerns. Overall, the proposed converter represents a significant improvement in DC-DC converters, promising enhanced efficiency, reliability, and compactness in bidirectional DC-DC conversion systems. In order to verify the performance of the proposed converter, a 460 W buck converter prototype was built and tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li-ion batteries can be charged with different techniques according to the charging time and required capacity usage. Most charging techniques face difficulties when implemented in PV systems due to the intermittent and unpredictable nature of the power supply. This paper addresses the issue of determining the appropriate charging technique for Li-ion batteries in a PV system. We have developed a mode-selective control approach that determines the optimal charging mode according to the given SOC and solar irradiation, aiming to maximize the utilization of the generated PV power. The developed control approach has been implemented using a dual-switched buck converter in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The key control algorithm focused on regulating current, with different references being used based on the selected charging mode. Three references for charging current were set: the maximum current, the required current assigned based on the given SOC, and the pulsed current. The pulsed current reference was employed during a stage of the charging process to accelerate charging and prevent dissipation of PV power. Furthermore, a gain-scheduled controller with carefully picked control parameters was used to ensure stable operation across different modes. The results proved the effectiveness of the proposed control in reducing charging time and minimizing PV power dissipation without resorting to the use of harmful charging currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium‐ion batteries have a very wide application range. They can power up small electronic devices such as smart watches to larger electric vehicles. Due to its varied range of applications, they come in different packaging and in such battery packs, even when individual cell voltage exceeds by a few milli‐volts above 4.2 V, it may result in thermal runaway and explode the cell. During discharge cycle, cell imbalances hinder the use of battery to its full capacity. This in turn decreases the battery lifetime. The individual battery cells should be equalized on a regular basis to keep the imbalances to a minimum and to have a good battery life. The process of balancing the individual cell charges by measuring the cell state of charge (SoC) and its voltage in a battery pack is known as cell balancing. This paper details an active cell balancing technique that uses a buck converter for balancing a series connected battery pack of lithium‐ion cells. A buck converter along with a pair of MOSFET switches for each cell, one turned on for charging the cell and the other one turned on while discharging the cell is used in this experiment. An algorithmic model suitable for reconfigurable battery systems that measures the individual cell voltages and is developed for balancing a pack of series connected Li‐ion battery cells. The developed model is simulated using MATLAB for verifying its performance. A state of charge of 25% is maintained across the cells and when SoC value drops below this even a difference of 0.02% is sensed by the algorithm to initiate balancing function. This balancing is found to take 275 ms to balance three 3.7 V batteries and thus the model is found to respond faster. The results show that this method can self‐adaptively attain satisfactory performance within a limited equalizing period.Lithium ion batteries have a very wide application range. They can power up small electronic devices such as smart watches to larger electric vehicles. Due to its varied range of applications, they come in different packaging and in such battery packs, even when individual cell voltage exceeds by a few milli‐volts above 4.2 V, it may result in thermal runaway and explode the cell. During discharge cycle, cell imbalances hinder the use of battery to its full capacity. This in turn decreases the battery lifetime. The individual battery cells should be equalized on a regular basis to keep the imbalances to a minimum and to have a good battery life. The process of balancing the individual cell charges by measuring the cell State of Charge (SoC) and its voltage in a battery pack is known as Cell Balancing. This paper details an active cell balancing technique that uses a buck converter for balancing a series connected battery pack of lithium‐ion cells. The buck converter is constructed from two MOSFET switches, one turned on for charging the cells and the other one is used for discharging the cells. An algorithmic model that measures the individual cell voltages based on charge equalization is developed for a pack of series connected Li‐ion battery cells. The developed model is simulated using MATLAB for verifying its performance. It is found that this algorithmic model produces a state of charge of 2.5% among the cells in a short period as compared to the conventional cell balancing technique. This parameter directly defines the cell equalization time and thus it is found that the system responds faster. The results show that this method can self‐adaptively attain satisfactory performance within a limited equalizing period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed a fully integrated adaptive on-time (AOT) controlled buck converter with fast load transient. An adaptive on-time generator is presented to stabilize the output frequency. To enhance the light load efficiency, the converter could transfer from the pulse width modulation (PWM) to pulse skip modulation (PSM) as the load current decreases. The buck converter can switch between these two modulation modes adaptively with the assistance of a zero current detection circuit. Implemented in the TSMC 0.18 µm BCD (BiCMOS/DMOS) process, the proposed buck converter works with an input voltage ranging from 5.5 to 15 V, an output voltage ranging from 0.5 to 5 V, and an output load ranging up to 5 A. The experimental results show that based on the dual modulation adaptive on-time controlled mode, the transient recovery time from light to heavy load and from heavy load to light load is 13 µs and 15 µs, respectively. An overshot voltage of 57 mV and an undershot voltage of 53 mV are also achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel metaheuristic algorithm named the opposition-based cooperation search algorithm with Nelder–Mead (OCSANM). This enhanced algorithm builds upon the cooperation search algorithm (CSA) by incorporating opposition-based learning (OBL) and the Nelder–Mead simplex search method. The primary application of this algorithm is the design of a fractional-order proportional–integral–derivative (FOPID) controller for a buck converter system. A comprehensive evaluation is conducted using statistical boxplot analysis, nonparametric statistical tests and convergence response comparisons to assess the algorithm's performance and confirm its superiority over CSA. Furthermore, the FOPID-controlled buck converter system based on OCSANM is compared with two top-performing algorithms: one using a hybridized approach of Lévy flight distribution with simulated annealing (LFDSA) and the other employing the improved hunger games search (IHGS) algorithm. This comparison encompasses transient and frequency responses, performance indices and robustness analysis. The results reveal the notable advantages of the proposed OCSANM-based system, including 25.8% and 8.7% faster rise times, 26% and 8.8% faster settling times compared with the best-performing approaches, namely LFDSA and IHGS, respectively. In addition, the OCSANM-based system exhibits a 34.7% and 9.6% wider bandwidth than the existing approaches-based systems. Incorporating voltage and current responses of the buck converter's switched circuit with the OCSANM-based FOPID controller further underscores the algorithm's effectiveness. To provide a comprehensive assessment, the paper also compares the proposed approach's time and frequency domain responses with those of 17 other state-of-the-art approaches attempting to control buck converter systems similarly. These findings affirm the effectiveness of the OCSANM in designing FOPID controllers for buck converter systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel fuzzy-augmented model reference adaptive voltage regulation strategy for the DC–DC buck converters to enhance their resilience against random input variations and load-step transients. The ubiquitous proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller is employed as the baseline scheme, whose gains are tuned offline via a pre-calibrated linear-quadratic optimization scheme. However, owing to the inefficacy of the fixed-gain PID controller against parametric disturbances, it is retrofitted with a model reference adaptive controller that uses Lyapunov gain adaptation law for the online modification of PID gains. The adaptive controller is also augmented with an auxiliary fuzzy self-regulation system that acts as a superior regulator to dynamically update the adaptation rates of the Lyapunov gain adaptation law as a nonlinear function of the system's classical error and its normalized acceleration. The proposed fuzzy system utilizes the knowledge of the system's relative rate to execute better self-regulation of the adaptation rates, which in turn, flexibly steers the adaptability and response speed of the controller as the error conditions change. The propositions above are validated by performing tailored hardware experiments on a low-power DC–DC buck converter prototype. The experimental results validate the improved reference tracking and disturbance rejection ability of the proposed control law compared to the fixed PID controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microgrids are designed to connect different types of AC and DC loads, which require robust power controllers to achieve an efficient power transfer. However, the effects of both AC and DC disturbances in the same type of controller make achieving stability a design challenge, especially in coupled systems where disturbances affect both the upstream and downstream in the microgrid. This paper presents an analysis of a second-order sliding-mode control (SOSMC) applied to a microgrid with direct-current (DC) and alternating-current (AC) power converters. The aim is to simulate the second-order sliding-mode control with buck converters that feed constant DC–DC and DC–AC power loads. The controller was tested in consideration of a unique sliding surface facing external disturbances, such as variations in the frequency of AC converters, sudden changes in upstream voltages, and constant power loads (CPL). The influence of the gain values (K) on the controller was also analyzed. The results show that the controller is robust regarding its sensitivity to external disturbances and steady-state error. However, the importance of the constant "K" in the model states that there exist K-limit values where if "K" is too low, a slowdown is presented, and the response against disturbances can be critical, and if is too high, an overshoot is presented in the output voltage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the problem of the output voltage regulation of buck converters is considered. The novelty of the problem statement is that the external electric load and the input voltage of the converter are unknown bounded functions of a certain class. In particular, the external load equivalent scheme is similar to the successive connection of the inductive and resistive elements. In this case, the behavior of the load current is described by the differential equation with time-varying coefficients. In this equation, the equivalent inductance and resistance are described by unknown arbitrary bounded functions with several bounded derivatives. Under known bounds for these functions and their derivatives, the initial system can be transformed into the special form with smooth bounded perturbation. This disturbance is an unknown function, and its action channel differs from the input channel. Therefore, the influence on the unknown external load can not be compensated for directly by the control input. Due to this reason, the new control strategy is developed in the paper with the help of a "vortex" algorithm, which provides asymptotic convergence of the regulation error to zero in time. How to choose the converter parameters and the bounds for the input voltage to operate the closed-loop system properly are shown. The convergence proof is organized with the help of the Lyapunov function approach, and the transient rate is also estimated. The simulation results show the efficiency of the designed control law for the wide class of input voltage and electrical parameter functions. The proposed control scheme may be further used in electric drive systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains step-by-step modeling and simulation of the full circuits of a battery control system and connected together starting from the AC input source to the battery control and storage system. The three-phase half-controlled rectifier has been designed to control and convert the AC power into DC power. In addition, two types of direct current converters have been used in this paper which are a buck and bidirectional DC/DC converters. These systems adjust the output voltage to be lower or higher than the input voltage. In the buck converters, the main switch operates in conduction or cut-off mode and is triggered by a Pulse-Width Modulated (PWM)signal. The output and input voltage levels ratio are used to calculate thePWMsignal's duty cycle. Therefore, the duty cycle indicates the operation mode of the converter in steady-state operation. In this study, we analyze and control of a buck converter with the PWM signal. Besides, the bidirectional DC/DC converter has been achieved and optimized by PI control methods to control the battery charging and discharging modes. The simulation has been applied via the Matlab/Simulink environment. The results show the activity of each part of the designed circuits starting from the converters and the battery control system in charge and discharge modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary In this paper, a new stacked bidirectional non‐isolated DC‐DC converter for uninterruptible power supply applications is presented. It is a stacked adaptation of the classical bidirectional boost/buck converter and presents improvements such as low number of components; low voltage and current stress on components; high efficiency; and simplicity of operation. In addition, in this paper, the modeling and control of the proposed converter are done, and a comparative evaluation among proposed converter with similar topologies is evaluated. A prototype of 1 kW, 144 to 400 V, is developed in laboratory to validate the theoretical evaluations of proposed converter. Besides that, the proposed converter is also evaluated under different dynamic condition, which illustrates the effectiveness of the converter. Finally, the maximum efficiency obtained is 96.38% in step‐up mode and 95.7% in step‐down mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the stability of DC microgrids has attracted increasing attention. The traditional stability analysis method cannot not meet the requirements for the complexity and bidirectional energy flow of the system. In this paper, a passivity-based stability criterion (PBSC) is proposed to analyze the stability of the cascade system. In order to realize the passivity of the system, an improved feedback control method based on the traditional double-loop control strategy is proposed, which will improve the stability region and guarantee the passivity of the system. Moreover, a Buck-CPL simulation model is established based on MATLAB/Simulink R2008, and the correctness of the theoretical analysis is verified by experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the evolution of bidirectional electric vehicle charger for G2V (i.e., Grid-to-Vehicle) and V2G (i.e., Vehicle-to-Grid) utility. Electric vehicle are growing day by day in the area of transportation. As more electric vehicles hit the road to maintain the need for charging, bidirectional charging becomes essential. Bidirectional charging in electrical vehicles facilitates users to either make energy flow to the vehicle or flow from the vehicle. The proposed design allows users to make economic gains from electric vehicle with other exciting advantages. Particularly unidirectional charging solution restricts the user to use energy for charging only applications whereas, this paper proposed a control strategy for bidirectional charging of electric vehicles. Hence electric vehicles could be potentially used as a source during an emergency like power outages, grid failure, or whenever there is an excess load on grid and user needs more energy. Additionally, this paper uses an integration of buck and boost converter to develop a bidirectional vehicle charger. The performance of bidirectional converter with control algorithm is verified by simulation on MATLAB Simulink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a buck DC-DC converter with the proposed twin frequency control scheme (TFCS) and accurate load current sensing (ALCS) was designed and implemented with 0.18 µm CMOS technology for a supply voltage ranging from 2.0 to 3.0 V, which is compatible with state-of-the-art batteries (NiCd/NiMH: 1.1–2 V, Li-Ion: 2.5–4.2 V). The proposed converter yields a peak efficiency of about 92.7% with a load current of 30 mA. Furthermore, it only occupies a silicon area of 1.3 mm2. The proposed buck converter is dedicated for smartphone applications whereby it spends most of its time in idle, low load conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper includes a novel approach for filtering of nonlinear Buck converter with Constant Power Load in noisy environment based on the Carleman linearization approach. The procedure starts with the modeling of Buck converter with Constant Power Load using Hamiltonian framework resulting in the deterministic model of network i.e., a finite dimensional system of ordinary differential equations. To evaluate the effect of noise on it, a Gaussian noise is embedded in the network through switch, which results in the development of stochastic state model and noise present at measurement terminals is considered for measurement equations. Using Carleman linearization approach, the finite-dimensional nonlinear model is transmuted into a bilinear model of infinite-dimension which can be approximated for any chosen order. As a result, we arrive at the finite-dimensional bilinear model of Buck converter with augmented state vector of higher dimension than the original system. State estimation of stochastic dynamical systems in the presence of noisy measurements is an interesting problem and hence, filtering technique is adopted here. The filtering equations in Itô setting are derived for bilinear systems using probabilistic approach for state estimation. The superiority of the proposed bilinear filtering technique over the benchmark EKF is demonstrated by the numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to address the issue of keeping the converter operating at a high efficiency level under different conditions, this paper suggests an adaptive step frequency adjustment online optimization search algorithm, which achieves the goal of fast adjustment and real‐time response to parameter changes. The converter is quickly adjusted to operate at a high efficiency by sampling the input and output current values and modulating the switching frequency utilizing the algorithm. Additionally, the algorithm shifts between two working models to finish the search for the best switching frequency while the converter's characteristics do not change. Moreover, it accomplishes the objective of instantly resynchronizing the algorithm after a change in the converter's parameters and starting a search for the best switching frequency in the new converter state. For various input voltages and output loads, the operating principle, optimal frequency, and efficiency are given. In addition, the principle analysis when the converter parameters are changed is provided, and the choice of two algorithm models is compared. Finally, a prototype buck converter with adjustable input voltage and load is constructed to test the algorithm's efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid DC microgrid clusters contain various types of converters such as BOOST, BUCK, and bidirectional DC/DC converters, making the control strategy complex and difficult to achieve plug-and-play. The common master–slave hierarchical control strategy makes it difficult to achieve accurate and stable system control. This paper proposes an accurate peer-to-peer hierarchical control method for the hybrid DC microgrid cluster, and the working principle of this hierarchical control method is analyzed in detail. The microgrid cluster consists of three sub-microgrids, where sub-microgrid A consists of three BUCK converters, sub-microgrid B consists of three BOOST converters, and sub-microgrid C consists of two bidirectional DC/DC converters. According to all possible operations of various sub-microgrids in the microgrid cluster, the top-, mid-, and bottom-level controls are designed to solve the coordination control problem among different types of sub-microgrids. In this paper, a hybrid microgrid cluster simulation model is built in the PLECS simulation environment, and an experimental hardware platform is designed. The simulation and experiment results verified the accuracy of the proposed control strategy and its fast plug-and-play regulation ability for the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Please replcae the abstract with the following text:In this paper, a new isolated high step-down dc-dc topology based on buck converter is proposed. This structure reduces the amplitude of the voltage on the primary side of the transformer (which is an ideal type), which reduces the turn-ratio and leakage impedance. The recommended structure uses active clamped strategies to return the energy of leakage impedance and to repress voltage spikes. Under this condition, the overall efficiency of the converter can be enhanced impressively. The benefits of the proposed structure are simple structure, a simple control system that needs only two signals with a 180O phase shift, reduced power circuit components, the lower standing voltage of the semiconductor components in the high-voltage side, and a high conversion ratio. The proposed converter can be applied in low voltage (5V) applications with high input current such as computer applications. The operation modes of the recommended converter, designing of utilized circuit elements, steady condition analysis, and finally some experimental results of the built prototype of the recommended structure have been provided completely. The overall efficiency of the proposed topology at 250W is equal to 92%. Also, the amplitudes of input and output voltage are 380 V and 5 V, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Control Theory & Applications / Kongzhi Lilun Yu Yinyong is the property of Editorial Department of Control Theory & Applications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Control Theory & Applications / Kongzhi Lilun Yu Yinyong is the property of Editorial Department of Control Theory & Applications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: In this paper, a new bidirectional nonisolated DC‐DC (direct current–direct current) converter to interface microgrid energy storage systems is proposed. This converter is based on the classical bidirectional boost/buck converter, the most used converter in microgrids and can operate both in step‐down and step‐up modes. Besides that, this converter presents low number of components, low voltage and current stress on components, simplicity of operation, low current ripple from low‐side power supply, and two different modes of operation: synchronous and asynchronous. In addition, in this paper, the modeling, control, and power losses estimate of the proposed converter are carried out and the performance of the converter in different aspects of the microgrid application is evaluated, such as step load, abrupt power flux change, and transient analysis. A prototype of 1 kW, 144 to 400 V, is developed in the laboratory to validate the theoretical evaluations of the proposed converter. Besides that, the proposed converter is also evaluated under different dynamic condition which illustrates the effectiveness of the converter. Finally, the maximum efficiency obtained is 97.1% for 500 W working in step‐down operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In energy harnessing applications there are instances where energy should be transferred from a low-power, low-leakage backup battery to a temporary power delivery output capacitor. The high power delivery feature of the storage capacitor usually comes at the price of higher leakage current and thus it cannot replace the long-term energy storage backup battery. This paper presents a CMOS capacitor charger circuit which connects a long term low power battery to a short-burst high power delivery capacitor. The proposed circuit uses a switching output stage with an external inductor to reduce the dissipation during the capacitor charge-up cycle. A sigma-delta modulation approach is used to control the power switches. Under low power transfer scenarios which perform transfer in a longer duration, the proposed approach shows better performance compared with previously presented techniques. It is shown that under different transfer durations the control section only consumes 970nWs. The efficiency of the proposed circuit is more than 90% for average input powers in the 0.7 mW to 2 mW range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel adaptive second-order sliding mode (2-SM) control approach, based on online zero-crossing detection, was proposed to solve the problems of the chattering and fixed control gain for buck converters with multi-disturbances. In modeling, the possible parameter perturbations and external disturbances of the converter system were contained. Instead of the traditional first-order sliding mode (1-SM), the twisting algorithm with 2-SM was adopted for the controller design, which could overcome the chattering problem and realize control continuity. Meanwhile, a novel adaptive mechanism was introduced to replace the conventional fixed control gain by time-varying control gain, the idea of which is to calculate the number of the zero-crossing points of the sliding surface online. As a result, the control magnitude of the improved controller could be reduced to a minimal admissible level, and the steady error of the output voltage could converge to the expected value. Furthermore, the robust stability of the converter system with multi-disturbances wads investigated. Comparative simulations and experiments validated the advantages of this paper as offering better robustness and control performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a typical load, the constant power load (CPL) has negative impedance characteristics. The stability of the buck converter system with a mixed load of CPL and resistive load is affected by the size of the CPL. When the resistive load is larger than the CPL, the buck converter with the output voltage as an output function is a non-minimum phase nonlinear system, because its linear approximation has a right-half-plane pole. The non-minimum phase characteristic limits the application of many control techniques, but the objective holographic feedback linearization control (OHFLC) method is a good control strategy that can bypass the non-minimum phase system and make the system stable. However, the traditional OHFLC method, in designing the controller, generally uses a linear optimal quadratic design method to obtain a linear feedback control law. It requires a state quantity component with a one-order relative degree to the system. But it is not easy to find such a suitable state quantity with a one-order relative degree to the system. In this paper, an improved OHFLC method is proposed for Buck converters with a mixed loads of CPL and resistive loads, using the sliding mode control (SMC) theory to design the controller, so that the output state quantity components with different relative degrees to the system can be used in the holographic feedback linearization method. Finally, the simulation and experimental results also demonstrate that this method has the same, or even better, dynamic response performance and robustness than the traditional OHFLC method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the danger of a long blackout is discussed in Europe. Blackouts can be caused by failures in the energy distribution, errors in large power plants or even cyber-attacks. This can lead to a chain reaction and a disintegration of the mains. Longer blackouts have an extreme impact on the economy as a whole and on local households. Therefore, a small local grid at home which can supply the most important loads over some time has garnered increasing interest. With a small direct current (DC) grid, critical loads such as for deep freezers and refrigerators can be supplied, and some LED lights can be used in the evening or at night. Solar generators (panels) can be used to charge energy storage devices, e.g., batteries. A DC grid can not only be used in the case of an emergency, but can also be used to reduce energy consumption out of the public mains and reduce energy bills. The architecture of the household emergency DC grid is discussed; suggestions for batteries are given; two simple chargers, based on DC-DC-converters like the Buck (step-down) and on the Boost (step-up) converters, are shown; dimensioning suggestions are given; and simple, robust controllers, a P-controller with disturbance feedforward and a hysteresis controller, are treated and tested via simulations. The goal of the paper is to show a simple autonomous home energy system without an external fieldbus, LAN or internet connection with special focus on simple charger topologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sensors are common electronic products in daily life, and the stability of their power supply is important. In electromagnetic interference (EMI), electromagnetic signals interfere with sensors, which in severe cases may reduce the accuracy of the sensor measurement. We use snubbers to suppress the electromagnetic interference so that the sensors can operate under stable conditions. As the energy source of electrical operations, a power supply is essential in every electronic system. Direct current (DC) provides the main internal operating power in commonly used electronic products. In this paper, the DC voltage converter (switching buck) is described, which can lead to a more stable DC voltage to increase the operation stability, lifetime, and reliability of electronics. The results of this study can be used to design electronic systems that are more stable and reliable and to extend the life of systems with a DC power supply. This study also leverages the positive effects of a snubber on circuits while having little effect on the overall circuit, even with the addition of electric circuits. By using different resistances and capacitances to conduct experiments on actual products and comparing the results, a buffer circuit was optimized for different needs to remove its negative effects. This approach enables designers to optimize snubber circuits for different circuit requirements. Furthermore, detailed experiments and analyses of snubber circuits provide an understanding of the importance of power supplies in electrical circuits and establish a basis for future improvements and developments. Moreover, the near-field radiation, EMI, and eye pattern are investigated for electronic countermeasures. The analysis provides not only qualitative discussion but also quantitative research. These results are helpful and useful for circuit designers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many remote buildings that cannot be supplied by alternating electricity of the utility grid. Due to this, this study proposes adopting Direct Current (DC) appliances for a stand-alone remote building. Direct Current can be supplied from a suitable photovoltaic array which can harvest renewable solar energy. This proposal guarantees an efficient power system by removing the necessity of including an inverter, power filter, insulation transformer, and a complicated controller, which are usually needed for producing Alternating Current (AC) power to feed AC loads using a PV system. When the proposal is applied, the PV system will be more efficient, simple, affordable, and more compact. A detailed power requirement calculation for a typical house uses DC appliances, generalized steps to design a suitable PV array, and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithm for guaranteeing Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT); all of which are introduced for remote buildings. The main contribution of this paper is proposing an integrated design of a DC unit of 11 kW·h PV system for stand-alone buildings that eliminates three stages that improves the system performance compared to AC unit. The introduced study includes PV array calculation based on PV module of 220 W with an intelligent algorithm of four layers. The Mean Squared Error (MSE) of the proposed ANN equals 2.7107 × 10−5 to guarantee a fast and accurate MPP tracking for continuously harvesting maximum power from the incident sunlight. An energy storage unit of 12 batteries 12 V/150 Ah of matrix dimensions 3 × 4 is designed in the DC unit for energy saving to feed the DC appliances during night hours. MATLAB/Simulink Version R2015b is used to simulate the introduced DC power unit and collect the testing records for analyzing the unit performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the central problems in control theory is related to the design of controllers for the improvement of system performance. The aim of this paper is to design an efficient digital fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FO-PID) controller for the speed control of buck converter fed permanent magnet DC (PMDC) motor. Speed control is achieved by a pulse width modulated control. The FO-PID controller parameters (gain and order) are obtained by using the ant colony optimization (ACO) technique. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is simulated and verified using MATLAB/Simulink results. The performance comparison shows that the speed control of buck converter fed PMDC motor is improved with proposed FO-PID controller than that of integer-order PID controller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel control scheme for the buck converter without an inductor current sensor. The architecture of the proposed buck converter is simple and suitable for integration and mass production. It employs an output-voltage-measurement method to determine the switch ON time; therefore, the current sensor is not required. The design specification targets the application with a standard battery power source to generate the low voltages for low-power MCU or ASIC. The load current range aims for several hundred milliamps. The proposed control scheme is analyzed and simulated by SIMPLIS. The control scheme, theoretical analysis, circuit realization, contributions, advantages, and simulation results are presented in this paper. Furthermore, the circuit can be fabricated by a 0.35 μm CMOS process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposed an improved low-electromagnetic-interference (EMI), high-efficiency fast-transient-response buck converter suitable for wireless sensor networks with new transient accelerated techniques. The proposed second-order delta-sigma modulator used the noise-shaping technique and the oversampling theorem to reduce the electromagnetic interference of the output spectrum. And then added the transient acceleration loop to accelerate the transient response also lowers the undershoot and overshoot voltage when the load current changed. The proposed converter has been implemented with TSMC $0.18~\mu \text{m}$ 1P6M process, and the chip area is $1.19 \times 1.19$ mm2 (including PADs). The measured results show that when the output voltage is 2 V and the load current changes from 100 mA to 500 mA and from 500 mA to 100 mA, the transient responses are $4 ~\mu \text{s}$ and $3 ~\mu \text{s}$ , and transient voltages are 18 mV and 30 mV, respectively. Compared to the traditional continuous-time delta-sigma-modulation converter improved $3 ~\mu \text{s}$ and $7 ~\mu \text{s}$. The maximum output voltage ripple is 30 mV. The output-to-noise ratio (ONR) is 72.15 dB with the sampling frequency of 10 MHz. When the load current is 100 mA and the output voltage is 2.5 V, the peak efficiency is 90.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to manage abrupt disturbances in input supply voltage and sudden fluctuations in load represents a fundamental requirement for DC‐DC buck converters. While feedback control systems typically address such transients, certain applications necessitate even faster transient responses. This paper introduces an input voltage feedforward scheme (IVFS) integrated with voltage mode feedback controllers to enhance closed‐loop performance. Relevant transfer functions resulting from the inclusion of the feedforward circuit are derived, and an optimal condition for audio susceptibility nullification is identified. This scheme ensures an additional 30dB$$ 30\kern0.1em \mathrm{dB} $$ attenuation in magnitude of audio susceptibility, in contrast to the buck converter without feedforward. In the time domain, the incorporation of IVFS results in a 20% reduction in percentage overshoot for a 12‐8‐12 step in supply voltage. Additionally, for a 12‐15‐12 step, the percentage overshoot and settling time are completely eliminated. Various active and passive parasitics are included in modeling of the buck converter to aid in designing the feedforward and feedback controller. A Type‐III controller is employed as a feedback controller to assess the closed‐loop performance. A hardware prototype is built to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed feedforward scheme. The implementation of the entire circuit is straightforward due to its requirement of only a few discrete components, namely, analog multiplier, and error amplifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of uncertainty in the converter model and controller parameters affects the system's stability and dynamic performance. This paper presents a comparative analysis of robust non‐fragile control based on (i) the Kharitonov method and (ii) the linear matrix inequality (LMI) technique so that the controller can cope with the effect of both uncertainties. The first approach based on Kharitonov theorem determines the robust performance region with guaranteed gain margin and phase margin under parametric uncertainty. The second approach (LMI technique) is based on devising a control law that can quadratically stabilize the closed‐loop system subject to uncertainties and satisfy the H∞ norm bound constraint on disturbance attenuation. Based on these two approaches, a robust non‐fragile PI controller is designed for voltage mode control of dc‐dc buck converter. The effectiveness of the control approaches is evaluated based on (i) robustness against large plant parameter perturbations and load disturbance and (ii) fragility against controller parameter perturbations. The performance of the designed controllers (using the Kharitonov method and the LMI technique) has been thoroughly evaluated and validated through simulation and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a novel direct current to direct current (DC-DC) buck converter that uses a pseudo-current hysteresis controller and an on-chip soft start circuit for improved transient performance in automotive applications. The proposed converter, implemented with Taiwan semiconductor manufacturing company (TSMC) 0.18 µm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) one-poly-six-metal (1P6M) technology, includes a rail-to-rail current detection circuit and an on-chip soft start circuit to handle transient responses and improve efficiency. Transient response analysis shows fast settling times of 28 µs for both load current changes from 100 mA to 1 A and reversals with consistent transient voltages of approximately 190 mV and peak power efficiency of 99.32% at 5 V output voltage and 100 mA load current. Additionally, the converter maintains a constant output voltage of approximately 5 V across the entire load current range with an average accuracy of 90.41%. A comparative analysis with previous work shows superior performance in terms of figure of merit (FOM). Overall, the proposed pseudo-current hysteresis controlled buck converter exhibits remarkable transient response, load regulation and power efficiency, positioning it as a promising solution for demanding applications, particularly in automotive systems where precise voltage regulation is crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an elitism-crossover barnacle mating optimization (ECBMO). It is an improvement of barnacle mating optimization (BMO). The original BMO suffers from local optima problem leading to a low accurate solution. A new method of offspring generation is adopted into the original BMO structure. Some features of the best-so-far solution are incorporated into the generated offspring. The accuracy performance of the proposed algorithm is tested on several IEEE functions. A statistical analysis is conducted to compare its performance over the original BMO. It is also applied to optimize proportional integral derivative (PID) parameters for controlling output voltage of a buck converter. Result of benchmark functions test shows the proposed algorithm has attained higher accuracy for all functions compared to BMO algorithm. Application on the real problem shows both algorithms control the converter voltage satisfactorily. However, the ECBMO has achieved more optimal PID parameters and leading to a better output voltage response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are cases in energy supply applications with low-power batteries, where the power required by the load is larger than the supply maximum deliverable power. Using a capacitor to create a high instantaneous power for the load was investigated as a useful solution. To increase the charging efficiency, a stepwise method for charging the capacitor was employed. This paper presents a new pulsed power supply approach in which the charging process is resumed after high instantaneous power delivery. Through this, the loss of residual energy in the capacitor was decreased and load turn-on speed and energy efficiency were significantly improved. The proposed structure consists of a buck converter that charges the capacitor using inductor current. A pulse frequency modulation (PFM) technique was used to generate the necessary signals for the buck converter switches, which resulted in controlling the inductor current. The proposed circuit was designed and simulated in a 0.18 μ m CMOS technology. It was shown that the designed CMOS circuit could reach a peak energy efficiency of 93.2% with a sleep period of 1.05 ms when the load consumes 7.06 μ J of energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a Lyapunov-based model reference proportional-integrated-derivative (PID) is designed using this approach for a DC / DC Buck converter. However, under a wider range of disturbances, the PID strategy is not suitable for practical applications, and the parameters must be tuned again for more reliable operations. To this end, a Lyapunov definition-based adaptive mechanism is adopted for the PID strategy, which can increase the stability and robustness of this scheme under various disturbances. Moreover, the system is considered a black-box without the need for accurate mathematical modeling of the system that can result in a lower computational burden as well as ease of implementation. The Lyapunov concept is a modern adaptive algorithm that can find optimal answers in shorter periods with more accuracy and reliable stability insurance. To examine the strength of this method, conventional fractional-order PID (FOPID) and PID control techniques are also tested to be compared with this work using the PSO algorithm to tune their parameters. Finally, the results related to both simulations and experimental outputs are tested, showing faster dynamics and significant robustness of Lyapunov-based PID strategy in different challenging scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an Adaptive Neuro Linear Quadratic Regulator (ANLQR) controller for Buck converter operating under harmful disturbances. Considering the real‐time condition of a converter with regular variations, Neural Network is adopted to improve and tune the gain of the LQR strategy with an adaptive mechanism. This strategy assumes the system as a Gray‐box process without the need for the exact mathematical model of the system which can result in lower computational burden, faster dynamics, and ease of implementation. ANLQR control strategy is a suitable alternative considering its significant robustness against different disturbances, particularly noise. It should be mentioned that the number of neurons is limited to 2 and 4 in each layer to decrease the computational burden with lower complexity. The advantages of this ANLQR method is justified for various operating situations through experimental and simulation outcomes. Moreover, LQR and PSO‐PID controllers are designed and compared with the presented strategy to carry on a comparison with the proposed method. Furthermore, this approach provides better outcomes with faster dynamics and better frequency adaption in the real‐time environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]