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Background: Nursing is a noble profession, which comes with a lot of responsibilities, workload, and demands made by the various stakeholders of health-care industry. Maintaining an empathic nurse–patient relationship is at its core, irrespective of the types of nursing care being rendered. This study aims to assess the association between perceived job stress and satisfaction, empathy, and spiritual beliefs on burnout and emotional distress, in nurses. Methodology: A cross-sectional research design was undertaken to meet the study objectives. Data were collected from a total of 257 consenting nurses, using the modified Consultants Job Stress and Satisfaction questionnaire, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Health Provider Version, and General Health Questionnaire-12. Results: High empathy was related to lower depersonalization (DP) and higher personal accomplishment. Nurses who agreed on to their work beliefs being influenced by spiritual beliefs also had more commonly reported high job stress. More than a third (34.24%) of the nurses were emotionally distressed with a significant score in General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12). The GHQ-12 score significantly varied with high emotional exhaustion (EE), high DP, and job stress. Conclusion: Empathy and spiritual belief act as modifying factors for job stress and job satisfaction, respectively. A significant proportion of the nurses were found to have emotional distress which was significantly related to EE, DP, and job stress. A training module including strategies to build empathetic skills, stress management, and ways to promote psychological well-being, should be embedded in the curriculum of new graduate nurses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a new algorithm for fault detection in grid-tied microgrids with inverter-interfaced distributed generators (DGs). To support the Grid codes, the DGs require a low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability. The control strategy used in the DGs results in large changes in the fault characteristics of the microgrid. Hence, it is required to study the fault characteristics of the DGs in a microgrid under various operating conditions. The study presents fault detection for microgrids with PQ-controlled DGs having LVRT capability under different DG voltage and different fault conditions (high impedance and low impedance). The fault location has been identified using the phase change in the positive sequence current at specific DG voltages. The reliability of the proposed scheme has been validated under diverse fault conditions through extensive simulations in the Matlab/ Simulink environment, and the comparison with other fault detection techniques proves the efficacy of the proposed scheme for fault detection in microgrids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new algorithm for the detection and classification of faults in transmission lines in the presence of distributed generation. The proposed algorithm uses wavelet transform-based detail and approximation coefficients of voltage and current signals over one cycle after fault inception at one end of the transmission line. The line impedance calculated from the ratio of the voltage and current approximation coefficients is fed to the fuzzy inference system to classify faults. The proposed algorithm has been tested successfully in a real-time digital simulator for nonlinear high impedance faults in the presence of wind farm, considering the effects of CT saturation. All types of faults with the variation of pre-fault loading condition, line parameters, line length and source impedance can be correctly classified using the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper numerically investigates both the inline and staggered arrays of circular multiple swirling air jets that impinge perpendicularly onto a smooth flat surface. The simulations were conducted for various flow and geometric parameters, such as Reynolds number (Re = 11,600, 24,600, and 35,000), jet‐to‐surface distance (H/D = 1, 2, 3, and 4), jet‐to‐jet separation distance (Z/D = 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5) and swirl numbers (S = 0, 0.3, and 0.75), where D is the nozzle diameter. For S = 0.75, a strong recirculation develops due to the vortex breakdown, depends on Z/D, around the axis and near the wall. The extent of the recirculation is larger for the staggered array. Intense heat transfer is anticipated at strong swirl and close impingement cases with the expense of uniformity; whereas a relatively even heat transfer is observed for larger impingements. The increase in jet‐to‐jet separation enhances the overall cooling effect and the staggered configuration of nozzles gives better performance. It appears that both the crossflow and turbulence around the periphery of each jet predominantly govern the heat transfer characteristics. The enhancement of heat transfer occurs for increasing Re, and the overall Nusselt number (Nu) prediction is scaled by Ren, with n dependent on S. Finally a correlation is developed for the average Nusselt number to relate different control parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop a new relaying scheme for the complete protection of transmission line based on only voltage data. Fault detection and classification is obtained from the fundamental component of the voltage signal collected from one end of the line. Magnitudes of positive sequence component of voltage signals from both ends of the line have been considered for fault location. As only magnitude of voltage signal is used, the requirement for data synchronization can be avoided, and the error caused by current transformers (CT) is eliminated. Moreover, positive sequence components exist for all types of faults, unlike negative sequence components. Hence, all types of faults can be located. Fuzzy decision approach has been proposed to avoid computationally expensive training of expert systems. The proposed scheme has been tested for different dynamic situations in MATLAB/Simulink software. The superiority of the scheme has been established by considering coupling capacitor voltage transformer (CCVT) transient error, weak infeed condition, change of transmission voltage level and line loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional modulation schemes of the cascaded H-bridge dc/ac converter generate a higher percentage of low-frequency harmonics at the output voltage and lead to discontinuous high-peak output current that causes a detrimental effect on the industrial motor drive systems. Addressing this concern, this article proposes an improved multicarrier pulsewidth modulation (MCPWM) technique that reduces harmonic content from the ac output voltage while achieving continuous output current with reduced peak magnitude. The proposed technique introduces a harmonic mitigation algorithm that adopts the switching angles of the MCPWM pulse to support the online adjustment of the modulation index and the switching frequency of the semiconductor switches. The main emphasis of this research is to mitigate the fifth, seventh, and eleventh order harmonics from the inverter output voltage and to define a new range of switching angles where the respective harmonics exhibit the lowest amplitude. Moreover, the work offers a novel approach to estimate the switching angles of the MCPWM pulse-train in real-time operation without solving the complex nonlinear equations. The proposed modulation technique has the benefits of low-frequency harmonic mitigation, low-processing time, and requirement of a minor segment of medium-sized FPGA, thereby it provides a good tradeoff between complex design and better performance. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed technique have been identified by a comprehensive comparison with the recently-reported schemes. Furthermore, theoretical, simulation, and experimental results using an FPGA-based three-phase cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter prototype are included to justify the suitability of the proposed technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]