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In the current research, surface-modified SiO2 nanoparticles were used upon immersion in an applied base fluid (ethylene glycol:water = 1:1). The atomic layer deposition method (ALD) was introduced to obtain a thin layer of TiO2 to cover the surface of SiO2 particles. After the ALD modification, the TiO2 content was monitored by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and FT-IR spectroscopy were applied for the particle characterization. The nanofluids contained 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 volume% solid particles and zeta potential measurements were examined in terms of colloid stability. A rotation viscosimeter and thermal conductivity analyzer were used to study the nanofluids' rheological properties and thermal conductivity. These two parameters were investigated in the temperature range of 20 °C and 60 °C. Based on the results, the thin TiO2 coating significant impacted these parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A CFD model was performed with commercial software through the adoption of the finite volume method and a SIMPLE algorithm. SiO2-P25 particles were added to water/ethylene glycol as a base fluid. The result is considered a new hybrid nanofluid (HN) for investigating heat transfer (HT). The volume concentrations were 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%. The Reynolds number was in the range of 5000–17,000. The heat flux (HF) was 7955 W/m2, and the wall temperature was 340.15 K. The numerical experiments were performed strictly following the rules that one should follow in HT experiments. This is important because many studies related to nanofluid HT overlook these details. The empirical correlations that contain the friction factor perform better with higher Reynolds numbers than the correlations based only on Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. When temperature differences are moderate, researchers may consider using constant properties to lower computational costs, as they may give results that are similar to temperature-dependent ones. Compared with previous research, our simulation results are in agreement with the experiments in real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]