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In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using design thinking for business model innovation. However, few studies have explored the application, potential and challenges of design thinking from a comprehensive perspective. In order to better understand how design thinking can contribute to business model innovation, this paper regards business model innovation as a subject of design research and provides a critical review of researchers' explorations of how to apply design thinking for business model innovation. In light of the literature review, this paper distils seven key design research themes: (1) design thinking as a mindset and a methodology; (2) designers of business models; (3) design activities for business model innovation; (4) design tools for business model innovation; (5) design approaches for business model innovation; (6) co-creation of new products, services and business models, and (7) evaluating and measuring the impact of design thinking. The themes not only highlight the potential of applying design thinking as a necessary mindset and methodology to business model innovation, but also emphasise the nature of designing as a social process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a new type of uplift pile known as the composite-anchor pile, which employs a composite anchor composed of steel strands, grouting materials, and steel pipes as the main reinforcement. This paper extensively analyzes this pile's load-bearing capacity and deformation characteristics through full-scale field tests and three-dimensional finite element numerical simulations. The results show that the composite-anchor pile has a more even distribution of stress, and its endurance and mechanics performance are better than others. Furthermore, this study utilizes a three-dimensional finite element refined model that has been validated using on-site test results to examine the influence of key parameters, such as the pile diameter, the number of composite-anchor cables, and the diameter of steel strands, on the load-bearing capacity of uplift piles. Building upon these findings, this paper introduces a calculating method to determine the bearing capacity of composite-anchor piles, thereby addressing the existing gap in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the evolution of methodologies and tools for modeling, simulation, and design of digital electronic system-on-chip (SoC) implementations, with a focus on industrial electronics applications. Key technological, economic, and geopolitical trends are presented at the outset, before reviewing SoC design methodologies and tools. The fundamentals of SoC design flows are laid out. The paper then exposes the crucial role of the intellectual property (IP) industry in the relentless improvements in performance, power, area, and cost (PPAC) attributes of SoCs. High abstraction levels in design capture and increasingly automated design tools (e.g., for verification and validation, synthesis, place, and route) continue to push the boundaries. Aerospace and automotive domains are included as brief case studies. This paper also presents current and future trends in SoC design and implementation including the rising, evolution, and usage of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, techniques, and tools, which promise even greater PPAC optimizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the substantial disparities in physical attributes between hydrogen fuel and conventional fuels, the development of an efficient controller presents a formidable challenge. In this context, this paper delves into the utilization of a model-based design (MBD) methodology for the purpose of conceiving and enhancing control systems for hydrogen-fueled turbojet engines. The investigation commences by adopting an established physical model of a hydrogen-fueled turbojet engine and subsequently validates its performance through rigorous simulation exercises. Consequently, this research undertakes a systematic deconstruction of the design process into discrete sub-phases, thus facilitating a seamless progression from system requirement analysis to system verification. This approach engenders a concurrent design and optimization of the control system. The ultimate confirmation of the controller's efficacy and reliability is achieved through exhaustive simulations and Hardware-In-the-Loop testing. The research findings not only serve to augment design efficiency and mitigate design expenditures, but also propose avenues for further performance ameliorations in the realm of hydrogen-fueled turbojet engines. The control system accuracy of MBD is compared with the experimental results, and under high hydrogen fuel flow conditions, the errors reach an extremely low level of 0.1%. This affords a novel design paradigm within the domain of aero-engine control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permanent magnet motors have become very important in recent years due to the popularization of electric vehicles in the context of the efforts to transition to zero-emission transportation. This has encouraged researchers and hobbyists to learn about electric motor design. However, designing electric motors is not a simple task, as the information to achieve it is not easily available to everyone and it is usually complicated to understand. For that reason, this paper presents the equations and a basic process to design radial flux surface-mounted PM synchronous motors. This design method is the result of combining and organizing information from previous publications to create a relatively simple design guide. The result is a table of equations and a series of general guidelines that were verified by designing and simulating a 500 W eight-pole 2.6 Nm average torque dual-rotor motor and a 20 W four-pole 106 mNm single-rotor motor. The simulations validated the equations and the design method presented in this paper to be used by those interested in the field of electric motors and vehicles; therefore, in the future, others may contribute with improvements, particularizations or optimizations of this methodology, or even create their own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papers in this special section focus on innovation in design processes. Design is the human process of applying knowledge to create novel and useful artefacts, such as new products, services, and systems with economic and societal values. In practice and literature, the relevant terms and definitions are often blurred. The design process is often referred to as the "new product development" process, "innovation process", "design innovation" process, etc. Not all design processes lead to inventions or innovations. The design processes that yield innovation are often coupled with the scientific research process and the entrepreneurship process. Herein our focus is not on the innovation arising from the design process, but on the innovations in and of a design process itself that can increase innovation success from the design process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A top-down design methodology and implementation of a time domain sensor is presented in this paper. The acceleration resolution of the time domain sensor is equal to the time-measurement accuracy divided by the sensor sensitivity. Combined with the sensitivity formula, the acceleration resolution is proportional to the vibration amplitude, the time-measurement accuracy, and the third power of the resonant frequency. According to the available time-measurement accuracy and the desired acceleration resolution, the parameters including the vibration amplitude and the resonant frequency were theoretically calculated. The geometrical configuration of the time domain sensor device was designed based on the calculated parameters. Then, the designed device was fabricated based on a standard silicon-on-insulator process and a matched interface circuit was developed for the fabricated device. Experimental results demonstrated that the design methodology is effective and feasible. Moreover, the implemented sensor works well. In addition, the acceleration resolution can be tuned by adjusting the time-measurement accuracy and the vibration amplitude. All the reported results of this work can be expanded to other time domain inertial sensors, e.g., a gyroscope or tilt sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of ultra-wide-band (UWB) low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) entails a large number of design challenges and tradeoffs, which include sustaining good input matching over a wide bandwidth along with finding a proper compromise between various LNA performance metrics, such as gain, bandwidth, noise figure, power, and linearity. This paper presents a design approach for UWB LNAs based on the inversion coefficient (IC). The proposed approach is a graphical design approach where the proper operating point is chosen based on predefined constraints. A complete systematic solution is presented for the problem of UWB input matching with a high degree of analytical accuracy. The design approach is illustrated through the design of two UWB stacked common-gate LNAs in 65 nm technology. The post-layout simulation results show very good agreement with analytical expectations. The first LNA achieves an S 11 better than −8.2 dB over a 27.6 GHz frequency range, a gain of 12.4 dB over a 16.5 GHz bandwidth, a minimum noise-figure, NF, of 4.5 dB, and an I I P 3 of −5.2 dBm while consuming only 530 μ W. The second LNA achieves an S 11 better than −15 dB over an 8.8 GHz frequency range, a gain of 12.5 dB over a 6.8 GHz bandwidth, a minimum NF of 4 dB, and an I I P 3 of −4.3 dBm while consuming only 550 μ W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel design methodology that validates and utilizes the results of topology optimization as the final product shape. The proposed methodology aims to streamline the design process by eliminating the need for remodeling and minimizing printing errors through process simulation. It also eliminates the repeated export and import of data between software tools. The study includes a case study involving the steering column housing of a racing car, where Siemens NX Topology Optimization was used for optimization, and verification analysis was conducted using the NX Nastran solver. The final solution was fabricated using AlSi10Mg via direct metal laser sintering on a 3D printer and successfully validated under real conditions. In conclusion, this paper introduces a comprehensive design methodology for the direct utilization of topology optimization, which was validated through a case study, yielding positive results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last 20 years the use of ester fluids as an alternative to mineral oil for transformer insulation has been an active field of research and development. These liquids have a much lower environmental impact than mineral oils, besides reducing the transformer’s fire risk. Although the use of natural and synthetic esters is nowadays frequent for certain applications, as for distribution transformers in highly populated areas, railway transformers or off-shore windmill transformers, the experience on large and medium sized units is still reduced. One of the critical aspects that must be assessed to use esters as dielectric fluids for large size transformers is the dielectric design of the equipment. The permittivity of esters and ester-impregnated cellulose are different from those of mineral-oil-cellulose systems, what has an impact on the electric field distribution in the transformer. Additionally, in some cases, the dielectric strength of ester fluids differs from that of mineral oil. This paper presents a study about the dielectric design of ester-based power transformers. The insulation system of a 400/138 kV, 280 MVA transformer was modelled using a finite element tool and a comparison of the field distribution under 50 Hz AC power voltage of both insulation systems is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial published in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience titled "Methods and protocols in Brain-Computer Interfaces." The editorial discusses the rapid progress of research on Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) and their applications in various fields. It highlights the challenges that need to be overcome for BCIs to be ready for use in different environments. The editorial also introduces several papers that were selected for their contributions to the discussion on BCIs, including topics such as motion artifact reduction, EEG functional connectivity, hybrid BCI systems, and an open-source research framework for BCIs. The authors express their gratitude to the contributors and reviewers of the research topic. [Extracted from the article]

The intensive integration of technology and the demand for high-level performance are specific features of warships, which are at present one of the most complex systems. An appropriate design process, able to foresee in a life cycle perspective, is necessary to properly implement the emergent properties and the capabilities required for the warship in the different operational profiles. This paper will delve into the integration of the Systems Engineering (SE) approach into the realm of naval ship design, fostering an innovative perspective. An integration of the design spiral method with the SE approach will be described, making possible the definition of a hinge between the two realms and depicting a novel comprehensive approach where the ship platform and the so-called payload are finally interconnected with each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancement of robotics and artificial intelligence paves the way for collaborative robotics to revolutionise industrial operations. Collaborative robotics can bring significant improvements in productivity, efficiency, and safety. Recently, the concept of Symbiotic Human-Robot Collaboration (SHRC) has emerged within the field of collaborative robotics, emphasising the seamless and adaptive integration of human and robotic capabilities within a shared workspace to optimise overall production performance. However, existing collaborative systems frequently face difficulties in establishing dynamic relationships with humans and adapting to evolving conditions, ultimately restricting their overall potential. This paper investigates the essential features required for collaborative workstations to enable SHRC. Moreover, with the aim of fully harnessing the power of collaborative robotics, the paper introduces a design methodology that supports the development of symbiotic workstations for specific assembly operations. A real-world case study is provided, demonstrating the practical implementation and benefits of the proposed design approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In DC microgrids, CLLC topology is commonly applied for battery integration. It provides galvanic separation, the ability to integrate a high-frequency transformer into the resonance circuit, and the ability to operate in a wide range of voltage. Moreover, it assures zero voltage switching conditions for all switches and zero current switching conditions for secondary side switches, which enables obtaining high efficiency. This paper presents a clear and effective approach to design a methodology for a CLLC DC/DC converter, especially a resonant tank. High-frequency transformer is fully integrated in a resonant tank. Its size is minimal and based on area product parameter A p . An equivalent scheme for first harmonic approximation analysis is presented with inclusion of parasitic elements. Based on it, the analytical formulas are provided, which enable graphical determination of working characteristics. It was proved that the model increases the accuracy of the results. The conditions of ZVS and maximal magnetizing inductance are established, including parasitic capacitances of secondary side switches and transformer parasitic capacitances. Based on the proposed design methodology, as the proof of concept, a small-power prototype with a GaN transistor was built operating at 364 kHz. Converter losses were determined through analytical expressions and compared with the experimental and simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibre-reinforced shotcrete (sprayed concrete) is one of the major components in the support system for tunnels in hard rock. Several empirical design methodologies have been developed over the years due to the complexity and many uncertainties involved in rock support design. Therefore, this paper aims to highlight how the choice of design methodology and fibre type impacts the structural capacity of the lining and the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). The paper starts with a review of different design methods. Then, an experimental campaign is presented in which the structural performance of shotcrete reinforced with various dosages of fibres made of steel, synthetic and basalt was compared. A case study is presented in which the permanent rock support is designed based on the presented design methods. Here, only the structural requirements were considered, and suitable dosages of fibres were selected based on the experimental results. The emission of GHG was calculated for all design options based on environmental product declarations for each fibre type. The result in this paper indicates that synthetic fibres have the greatest potential to lower the emissions of GHG in the design phase. Moreover, the choice of design method has a significant impact on the required dosage of fibres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design thinking is an innovative way of thinking and solving problems in which the focus is on the user. This paper provides an overview of current research on the topic to gain insight into current practices and create a basis for further development of the area. Synthesis of knowledge is presented through historical development, methodology, and processes used in the field. The methodology used is a desk-research method through which a comparison of the literature was conducted. According to the results of the research, we can conclude that there is still no harmonized definition of design thinking. Therefore, due to the rapid development of this field, it is necessary to synthesize the latest research. Also, it is important to provide expert designers with specialized books and tools since the problems are becoming more complex, and designers with competencies required to solve such problems are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-centred design as a research field is characterised by multidisciplinarity and a variety of many similar methods. Previous research attempted to classify existing methods into groups and categories, e.g., according to the degree of user involvement. The research question here is the following: How can human-centredness be measured and evaluated based on resulting product concepts? The goal of the paper is to present and apply a new metric—the Human-Centredness Metric (HCM)—for the early estimation of the quality of any human-centred activity based on the four goals of human-centred design. HCM was employed to evaluate 16 concepts, utilising a 4-point Likert scale, covering four different everyday products that were created by four students, which used three different human-centred design methods for this. The first concept was created without the application of any additional human-centred design method. The results illuminated trends regarding the impact of additional human-centred design methods on the HCM score. However, statistical significance remained elusive, potentially due to a series of limitations such as concept complexity, the small number of concepts, and the early developmental stage. The study's limitations underscore the need for refined items and expanded samples to better gauge the impact of human-centred methods on product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the second part of the PASSO (Parkinson smart sensory cues for older users) project, which designs and tests an innovative haptic biofeedback system based on a wireless body sensor network using a smartphone and different smartwatches specifically designed to rehabilitate postural disturbances in persons with Parkinson's disease. According to the scientific literature on the use of smart devices to transmit sensory cues, vibrotactile feedback (particularly on the trunk) seems promising for improving people's gait and posture performance; they have been used in different environments and are well accepted by users. In the PASSO project, we designed and developed a wearable device and a related system to transmit vibrations to a person's body to improve posture and combat impairments like Pisa syndrome and camptocormia. Specifically, this paper describes the methodologies and strategies used to design, develop, and test wearable prototypes and the mHealth system. The results allowed a multidisciplinary comparison among the solutions, which led to prototypes with a high degree of usability, wearability, accessibility, and effectiveness. This mHealth system is now being used in pilot trials with subjects with Parkinson's disease to verify its feasibility among patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The torque ripple of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) should be taken into account, as it can have negative effects on a connected gearbox and/or load. In this paper a concept and two realization methods for the reduction of the torque ripple are presented. An optimized alignment of the active elements of the stator leads to a reduction of this torque ripple. The first method proposed here is a four-fold segmented motor, which can reduce the torque ripple by 37.3 %. This can be achieved by segmentation in combination with a clever arrangement of active elements. However, this increases the number of necessary inverters, which increases redundancy and therefore leads to more security. A second method of achieving an equal reduction can be obtained by using a “double stator” motor. In this configuration both stators can be powered together. With this concept, the number of converters is halved compared to the first mentioned solution. This saves electronic components and thus reduces the effort. All results referred to in this article are obtained by simulation, or measured on a prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parametric design is a versatile decision-making methodology that allows multi-criteria optimization. However, it is not as common for addressing aspects such as the cultural heritage of a given community. In this context, qualitative research proposes linking a cultural heritage classification with parametric design algorithms that include a stage of "design thinking" methodology, which culminates in community validation. This paper aims to demonstrate the potential of parametric and low-tech design as a multi-criteria decision strategy. Algorithms were developed with the mechanical properties of a given material, with meteorological information as input data, geometry as response, and with a simultaneously integrated multi-criteria decision-making process to improve the design. Most algorithms take as input variables such as size, function, or geometry and, as output, the structural material that best fits them, but not the opposite. This methodology was tested on a case study with the Misak community in Colombia, using Guadua (Guadua angustifolia), a subfamily of the bamboo, but which is little used. These criteria provided multiple design alternatives that were constantly debated to adjust and test the parameters of the prototype. The principal outcome is that an existing cultural heritage classification allows for the parametric model's generalization ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a methodology to maximize the benefits of interdisciplinary cooperation in AI research groups. Firstly, we build the case for the importance of interdisciplinarity in research groups as the best means to tackle the social implications brought about by AI systems, against the backdrop of the EU Commission proposal for an Artificial Intelligence Act. As we are an interdisciplinary group, we address the multi-faceted implications of the mass-scale diffusion of AI-driven technologies. The result of our exercise lead us to postulate the necessity of a behavioural theory that standardizes the interaction process of interdisciplinary groups. In light of this, we conduct a review of the existing approaches to interdisciplinary research on AI appliances, leading to the development of methodologies like ethics-by-design and value-sensitive design, evaluating their strengths and weaknesses. We then put forth an iterative process theory hinging on a narrative approach consisting of four phases: (i) definition of the hypothesis space, (ii) building-up of a common lexicon, (iii) scenario-building, (iv) interdisciplinary self-assessment. Finally, we identify the most relevant fields of application for such a methodology and discuss possible case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the advent of Industry 4.0, the manufacturing sector has had to face new challenges, which require the development of new skills and innovative tools. This scenario includes innovative production processes such as additive manufacturing (AM), a technology capable of producing a component layer-by-layer directly from the 3D model without needing specific tools during the building phase. Generative design (GD) may represent an opportunity to maximise the potential of AM techniques. GD is based on parametric computer-aided design (CAD) tools capable of generating multiple optimised outputs, among which the designer could select the most promising solution. This paper presents a general methodology for evaluating the GD outputs in the conceptual phase of design to select the best possible solution through a series of criteria at several levels. The evaluation method is deployed in an aerospace field case study. The procedure demonstrates the benefits of synergising GD with AM in the early stages of product development. This indicates that the developed methodology could reduce the number of iterations during the design process, and the result is a decrease in the overall time spent on the project, avoiding problems during the final stages of the design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transformability is one of the essential attributes of social systems. To improve transformability, one should create the preconditions for strategic intervention on the underlying social structures. This paper proposes a design-driven conflict (DDC) methodology in response to the limitation of the systemic design approach by aggregating a network of allies essential for the paradigmatic shifts. The proposed methodology has more strategic implications. It starts with unfolding the actors and shared resources (phase one context mapping). It continues with defining the power relations between them, drivers, and spillovers that cause conflicts and disagreements (phase two analysis). After this, it shows how one can synthesize the commonalities and the core narratives of actors in the form of boundary objects (phase three synthesis). By using the existing narratives and the commonalities between actors as inputs for the translation phase, DDC creates the preconditions for a network of allies construction. Next, the methodology uses translation as a method, in relation to the four moments of a 'sociology of translation', problematization, interessement, enrolment, and mobilization, in order to gradually change the learning paradigm of the system. In the scaling-up phase (phase five), DDC proposes ways of creating a narrative platform, shedding light on how to mobilize the results of translation from the community level onto a broader social scale. The framework for the design methodology has been evaluated based on a method content analysis and by a group of experts from diverse backgrounds and disciplines. The results show, except for the efficiency of the method, which requires additional investigation in a real-life context, the efficacy and effectiveness of the method have been elaborated in a sufficient way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In road transportation, the market for electric vehicles (EVs) is considered a potential solution for addressing issues related to gas emissions and noise pollution. Due to the limited driving range of the EV battery pack, the charging process must be fast and safe for EV drivers. Wireless charging technology for EVs has gained attention in recent years, and in this research, the authors explore the analysis and design of a resonant magnetic wireless system for charging electric vehicles. The authors propose a design methodology for a serial–serial (SS) wireless system, which outlines how to determine the appropriate pad dimensions for transferring power to the EV battery. The design approach is crucial to attaining the best possible coupling performance and efficiency. Additionally, the magnetic design of the pad is validated using Ansys Maxwell software, and the proposed design is co-simulated using Ansys Simplorer to analyze the performance of the system. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model can transfer over 3.7 kW of power with an efficiency of over 90.02%. The paper also discusses the bifurcation phenomenon at the resonance condition to ensure maximum efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The threshold voltage distribution technique is an effective way to reduce the static power consumption of integrated circuits. Several gate-level-based distribution algorithms have been proposed, but the optimization effect and run time still need further optimization when applied to very large-scale integration (VLSI) designs. This paper presents a triple-threshold path-based static power optimization methodology (TPSPOM) for low-power system-on-chip. This method obtains the path weights and cell weights from paths' timing constraints and cells' delay-to-power ratios, then uses them as indexes to distribute each cell to low-threshold voltage (LVT), standard-threshold voltage (SVT), or high-threshold voltage (HVT). The experimental results based on a 28 nm circuit containing 385,781 cells show that the TPSPOM method reduces static power consumption by 15.16% more than the critical-path aware power consumption optimization methodology (CAPCOM). At the same time, run time is reduced by 96.85%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of ongoing digitalization, manufacturing companies face new challenges and need to expand their portfolios to include new digital services. This paper describes how new digital services are designed for a component manufacturer in the context of a research project. The central enabler for the new digital services is the digital twin based on the asset administration shell (AAS) that makes the necessary data available. Existing approaches start from a standardized modeling form in order to design AAS submodels based on it. This paper is about the specification of functionalities for services as a basis for further modeling and, thus, also for AAS submodels. This paper results in a logically arranged set of methods that displays this approach. The essential steps are definition of the services' basic functionalities, identification of the user groups for specific services, specification of user stories, and subsequent detailing and prioritization with the QFD method. The paper ends with an outlook on the ongoing research activities to define the application-specific AAS submodels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently various control methodology has been demonstrated by researchers to fabricate the spontaneously multiscale fractal-like structure. These multiscale fractal structures mimic different living structures available in nature, such as a leaf, vascular systems in the animal kingdom etc. This paper presents the design methodology for the development of the system to fabricate these multiscale fractal structures spontaneously with the flexibility to vary the control parameters on a wide range. Various components require in the system are a system of two plates arresting fluid in between them. One plate out of two is fixed while the other is allowed to move. The primary attributes for the generation of fractal structures are the separation distance between plates, the volume of fluid trapped in the plates, the separation velocity, and the provision for lift orientation. The paper discusses a cost-effective way to develop a setup embodying different processing parameters and finally yielding precise fabrication of micro-fractals. The designed experimental setup can be used to successfully fabricate micro-fractals with different process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a case study regarding understanding frugal engineering design and process methodology through the fabrication of wearable tent-jackets for the protection of homeless individuals. Frugal innovations are being investigated for socially conscious products, but an understanding of frugal engineering methodology remains unexplored and is the focus of this research. Multiple socio-economic drivers are resulting in a lack of access to basic human needs such as housing, healthcare, etc. across the globe. Frugal engineering presents an equitable and practical engineering approach to address these challenges and merits exploring a methodology for innovations. In this paper, an origami-based design approach was employed to create a functional prototype of a tent for shelter that can be morphed into a wearable weather protection jacket. We call it a "wearable tent". The prototype was successfully fabricated using a reusable material that is used abundantly in the construction industry. The functional prototype was tested for its efficacy and effectiveness in terms of weight, strength, and ease of switching between the two configurations. The results suggest a potential model that could be explored and applied for socially conscious engineering design solutions for such severely resource-constrained cases for disadvantaged communities with future potential for digitally disadvantaged enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The execution of machine learning (ML) algorithms on resource-constrained embedded systems is very challenging in edge computing. To address this issue, ML accelerators are among the most efficient solutions. They are the result of aggressive architecture customization. Finding energy-efficient mappings of ML workloads on accelerators, however, is a very challenging task. In this paper, we propose a design methodology by combining different abstraction levels to quickly address the mapping of convolutional neural networks on ML accelerators. Starting from an open-source core adopting the RISC-V instruction set architecture, we define in RTL a more flexible and powerful multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) unit, compared to the native MAC unit. Our proposal contributes to improving the energy efficiency of the RISC-V cores of PULPino. To effectively evaluate its benefits at system level, while considering CNN execution, we build a corresponding analytical model in the Timeloop/Accelergy simulation and evaluation environment. This enables us to quickly explore CNN mappings on a typical RISC-V system-on-chip model, manufactured under the name of GAP8. The modeling flexibility offered by Timeloop makes it possible to easily evaluate our novel MAC unit in further CNN accelerator architectures such as Eyeriss and DianNao. Overall, the resulting bottom-up methodology assists designers in the efficient implementation of CNNs on ML accelerators by leveraging the accuracy and speed of the combined abstraction levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how metaphors can help create and reflect on project-based training initiatives in the public sector. We build on the experience of a capacity-building program for public servants led by the Brazilian National School of Public Administration (Enap) in 2020. We used the metaphor of a project as a collective diving both to design the methodology of the program, and also to analyze its effects after the end of the projects. Through conversations with project facilitators and participants, we expanded the initial metaphor, to explore how diving connects to breathing, a necessary condition for experimentation and learning. Additionally, we found that the project conditions were like bubbles and currents, creating a reference for understanding the relationship with the environment in which teams are embedded. Finally, we looked at the variable yet often overlooked outcomes that can be understood as splashes, a key metaphorical concept for discussing programs that aim to simultaneously foster public innovation and collective learning. In this paper, we present an example of metaphors acting as boundary objects, adding granularity and nuance to the inquiry into public innovation initiatives, and identifying their possible implications in relation to institutional logics and complex structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel magnetic parameter design methodology is proposed for switched reluctance motors (SRMs). Based on the nonlinear characteristic of flux linkage, the design equations of structural and winding parameters are derived. The benefit is that there are no meaningless empirical design coefficients in the proposed design methodology. Three SRMs with multiple phases, i.e., 12/8, 10/8, and 18/20 stator/rotor poles SRMs, are initially designed according to the derived equations. Then, multiobjective optimization is carried out to realize the design objectives of output torque, current density, and torque ripple. The design solutions of the three SRMs with similar current density and slot fill factor are selected from the Pareto front, respectively, and the performance comparisons are conducted. The proposed design methodology is verified by the selected optimal solutions after the substitution into the design equations. Finally, the designed SRMs are prototyped and tested to validate the simulation results and further verify the effectiveness of the proposed design methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of literature mainly in the context of consumer research indicates that the formal-aesthetic and conceptual design of objects can influence users' thoughts, emotions and even behavioural patterns. While there is strong evidence regarding these effects on actual purchasing decisions, evidence on the effect of aesthetic design features (e.g., haptics, colour) on health-related mental concepts and intentions for health behaviour change is scarce. Based on insights from material and conceptual priming, this article illustrates the research-driven and evidence-based design process of two design primes and comprises pre-tests and an experiment in two settings on the effect of design on health behaviour focusing i.a. on intention for health behaviour change. In an evidence-based and research-driven process, two lecterns were designed to work as primes, i.e., to have a positive vs. negative influence on several mental constructs (sense of control, sense of coherence, resiliency, self-efficacy) and health-related intention. The lecterns differed mainly in terms of aesthetic appearance (e.g., material, colour, proportion, steadiness). They were tested in (a.) a university setting with students (n = 83) and (b.) a clinical setting with orthopaedic rehabilitation patients (n = 38). Participants were asked to perform an unrelated task (evaluation of an unrelated product) while standing at and using the lecterns. Overall, t-tests and Mann-Whitney-U tests show no significant differences but differing tendencies in a mentioning task. When asked to name health-promoting activities, in the clinical setting, participants using the "positive" prime (i.e., the steady lectern, n = 13) mentioned more sport-related aspects on average and a higher portion of sport-related aspects of their answers than participants using the "negative" prime (n = 11). In the university setting (positive: n = 36; negative n = 38), no such differences emerged. This finding gives reason to believe that the prime might be specifically effective in the clinical setting as it relates to physical activity being the most relevant topic of the patients' pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bidirectional CLLC resonant converter has distinguished potential in battery chargers and energy storage systems for its advantages in soft switching and bidirectional power flow capability. However, traditional CLLC converters generally adopt symmetrical design to maintain bidirectional symmetrical characteristics, which means the secondary LC network is designed to be equal to the primary LC network after reflection. The symmetrical design is only suitable for voltage grade matching scenarios where a wide voltage range is not required, such as CLLC-type dc transformers. Whereas in the field of bidirectional chargers, due to the wide voltage range of battery, there are significant differences in the characteristics required between charging and discharging mode, which makes symmetrical design no longer applicable. To cope with this issue, this paper proposes a novel design methodology of CLLC based on parameter equivalent and time domain model. With the parameter equivalent principle, the CLLC resonant tank with arbitrary parameters is investigated to satisfy the requirements of wide voltage range for bidirectional charger application. Compared with the symmetrical design, the proposed method can meet the requirements of bidirectional gain within preset frequency range and guarantee the achievement of zero-voltage switching under required load conditions with the minimum reactive power. In addition, the area product capacity of the magnetic part of the CLLC resonant tank is minimized based on the parameter equivalent principle. Finally, experiments have been performed on a 1 kW prototype to confirm the validity and feasibility of the proposed design methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combining powerful error-correction codes (ECCs) with multipulse pulse-position modulation (MPPM) has great potential to realize high-throughput and high-reliability transmissions in free-space optical (FSO) communication systems. This paper conducts an insightful investigation on protograph low-density parity-check (PLDPC)-coded MPPM systems over Poisson channels. To be specific, we first put forward a novel type of constellations, referred to as irregular pulse-distribution (IPD) constellations, for MPPM. We also conceive a bit-level rate-adaptive (RA) scheme, which can exploit the structural property of the IPD constellations to significantly improve the convergence performance at the price of transmission-rate loss. Furthermore, with the aid of a modified protograph extrinsic information transfer (PEXIT) algorithm, we construct three enhanced PLDPC codes with code rates $1/2, 2/3$ and $3/4$ that exhibit excellent decoding thresholds over Poisson channels. The proposed PLDPC-coded MPPM systems with the use of the IPD constellations, RA scheme, and enhanced PLDPC codes are superior to the state-of-the-art counterparts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Permanent magnet motors have become very important in recent years due to the popularization of electric vehicles in the context of the efforts to transition to zero-emission transportation. This has encouraged researchers and hobbyists to learn about electric motor design. However, designing electric motors is not a simple task, as the information to achieve it is not easily available to everyone and it is usually complicated to understand. For that reason, this paper presents the equations and a basic process to design radial flux surface-mounted PM synchronous motors. This design method is the result of combining and organizing information from previous publications to create a relatively simple design guide. The result is a table of equations and a series of general guidelines that were verified by designing and simulating a 500 W eight-pole 2.6 Nm average torque dual-rotor motor and a 20 W four-pole 106 mNm single-rotor motor. The simulations validated the equations and the design method presented in this paper to be used by those interested in the field of electric motors and vehicles; therefore, in the future, others may contribute with improvements, particularizations or optimizations of this methodology, or even create their own.

This paper proposes a high-efficiency and dimmable current sink topology along with a design methodology for low node processes. The design methodology is demonstrated using a boost-based WLED driver application. In this work, the focus is on current regulation rather than voltage regulation. Therefore, the proposed topology exploits a smaller and faster NMOS pass device, replacing the conventional PMOS-based LDO arrangement. An amplifier-boosted pass-transistor current sink topology combined with a 5-bit programmable degenerated source resistor is being utilized for high-efficiency and brightness control. The realized WLED driver validates the proposed topology and the design methodology utilizing 40 nm CMOS TSMC technology. The design takes advantage of the programmability of the resistor to enhance the system's power efficiency. This programmable resistor enables dimmability via current segmentation with a 1 mA step for a total of 25 mA. For a 500 mV voltage ripple at the DC-DC converter output driving 6 WLEDs with a 3.2 V forward voltage drop each, a worst-case current ripple of 200 µA and simulated efficiency of 97.6% is achieved for optimum pass-transistor size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide ancillary services in HVDC applications, modular multilevel converters (MMCs) with integration of energy storage systems are a promising solution as they take advantage of the modularity and the controllability of the stored energy. In these solutions, an energy storage system is connected to the DC capacitor of a submodule (SM) to make an energy storage submodule (ES-SM). An MMC with partial integration (MMC-PIES) is an MMC with each arm made of a mix of SMs and ES-SMs. In this paper, we propose a novel design methodology for these converters considering they are built based on existing prebuilt submodules, while design methodologies in the literature consider the SM and ES-SM characteristics to be degrees of freedom. Therefore, the proposed approach is closer to an industrial standpoint and computes the minimum number of ES-SMs to comply with requirements. We also include a new optimization method for the circulating currents needed to balance the energy in the SM and ES-SM capacitors. Design scenarios are presented. The results show that the value of the DC capacitance and the current limitation of the switches highly influence the design, restricting the possible operating points. In addition, half-bridge ES-SMs seem to be a more promising solution than full-bridge ES-SMs, reducing the number of ES-SMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface texture is regarded as a promising solution for enhancing the tribological features of industrial materials due to its outstanding benefits, such as minimization of the contact area, enhancement of the load bearing capacity, storage of the lubricant, and management of the transition between lubrication regimes. Surface texture can be processed under either liquid or gas conditions. As compared to laser ablation in air, employing liquids or other gases as ablation media provides high accuracy and uniformity by limiting the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and other undesired defects to a large extent, as well as high crater structural features. In addition, the synergistic use of different liquid, solid, and additive lubricants with surface roughness recently demonstrated excellent performance. Therefore, surface texture helps to improve the tribological characteristics of a material. This paper reviews the design methodologies and applications of surface texture, emphasizing the proper selection of the appropriate laser parameters and ambient conditions for the best texture quality and functionality. Recent texture geometric design features to improve the film thickness and the self-lubricating system are presented. The ablation environment is explored using various media. The interaction between the lubricants' types and surface textures is explored based on the operating conditions. Furthermore, surface texture applications using superhydrophobic surfaces, anti-drag, and vibration and noise friction are discussed. We hope that this review plays an enlightening role in follow-up research on laser surface texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of sustainable design for achieving sustainable development goals (SDG) has become increasingly prevalent. Agility for sustainable design development is a project management approach that aims to provide a flexible and efficient way of developing new products. However, the application of agility for sustainable design development is not well-defined, with unknown processes and benefits. To address this, this study aims to explore the benefits of theoretical research and the application of agility in sustainable design. The study critically examines the application of agility in sustainable design development through a literature review. The results identify eight integration directions of agility that contribute to sustainable design, providing a better understanding of agility and enabling its implementation in the development of new products. This study seeks to create a more coherent and rigorous system of theory and practice for sustainable design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development of a global and integrated sizing approach under different performance indexes applied to fuel cell/battery hybrid power systems. The strong coupling between the hardware sizing process and the system supervision (energy management strategy EMS) makes it hard for the design to consider all the possibilities, and today's methodologies are mostly experience-based approaches that are impervious to technological disruption. With a smart design approach, new technologies are easier to consider, and this approach facilitates the use of new technologies for transport applications with a decision help tool. An automotive application with a hybrid fuel cell (PEMFC)/battery (Li-Ion) is considered to develop this approach. The proposed approach is based on imbricated optimization loops and considers multiple criteria such as the fuel consumption, reliability, and volume of the architecture, in keeping with industry expectations to allow a good trade-off between different performance indexes and explore their design options. This constitutes a low computational time and a very effective support tool that allows limited overconsumption and lifetime reduction for designed architecture in extreme and non-optimal use. We obtain, thanks to this work, a pre-design tool that helps to realize the first conception choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graph filtering is a fundamental tool in graph signal processing. Polynomial graph filters (PGFs), defined as polynomials of a fundamental graph operator, can be implemented in the vertex domain, and usually have a lower complexity than frequency domain filter implementations. In this paper, we focus on the design of filters for graphs with graph Fourier transform (GFT) corresponding to a discrete trigonometric transform (DTT), i.e., one of 8 types of discrete cosine transforms (DCT) and 8 discrete sine transforms (DST). In this case, we show that multiple sparse graph operators can be identified, which allows us to propose a generalization of PGF design: multivariate polynomial graph filter (MPGF). First, for the widely used DCT-II (type-2 DCT), we characterize a set of sparse graph operators that share the DCT-II matrix as their common eigenvector matrix. This set contains the well-known connected line graph. These sparse operators can be viewed as graph filters operating in the DCT domain, which allows us to approximate any DCT graph filter by a MPGF, leading to a design with more degrees of freedom than the conventional PGF approach. Then, we extend those results to all of the 16 DTTs as well as their 2D versions, and show how their associated sets of multiple graph operators can be determined. We demonstrate experimentally that ideal low-pass and exponential DCT/DST filters can be approximated with higher accuracy with similar runtime complexity. Finally, we apply our method to transform-type selection in a video codec, AV1, where we demonstrate significant encoding time savings, with a negligible compression loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a detailed design methodology of a Resonant Dual Active Bridge (R-DAB) converter is proposed for battery charging applications. The converter design methodology is tailored to the charging profile of a Li-ion battery and is based on unique operating points (UOPs) that derive from a dual control method analysis. Specifically, both Pulse Frequency Modulation (PFM) and Phase-Shift Modulation (PSM) are adopted, to minimize the switching losses and the reactive power at the resonant tank. A detailed flowchart is presented, considering multiple design parameters and the UOPs, so that the resonant tank parameters are not overestimated. Simulation results of a conventional charger are presented, that validate the control method and design procedure. Finally, a 1kW|30A laboratory prototype charger is designed and evaluated, using a closed loop control system. The analysis of the experimental results proves the significance of the dual control method and verifies the proposed design methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing the physical coupling between the human body and the wearable robot is a challenging endeavor. The typical approach of tightening the wearable robot against the body, and softening the interface materials does not work well. It makes the task of simultaneously improving comfort, and anchoring the robot to the body at the physical human robot interaction interface (PHRII), difficult. Characterizing this behavior experimentally with sensors at the interface is challenging due to the soft-soft interactions between the PHRII materials and the human tissue. Therefore, modeling the interaction between the wearable robot and the hand is a necessary step to improve design. In this paper, we introduce a methodology to systematically improve the design of the PHRII by combining experimentally measured characteristics of the biological tissue with a novel dynamic modeling tool. Using a novel and scalable simulation framework, HuRoSim, we quantified the interaction between the human hand and an exoskeleton. In the first of our experiments, we use HuRoSim to predict complex interactions between the hand and the coupled exoskeleton. In our second experiment, we then demonstrate how HuRoSim can be coupled with experimental measurements of the stiffness of the dorsal surface of the hand to optimize the design of the PHRII. This approach of data-driven modeling of the interaction between the body and a wearable robot, such as a hand exoskeleton, can be generalized to other forms of wearable devices as well, demonstrating a scalable and systematic method for improving the design of the PHRII for future devices coupled to the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning (DL)-based codebook design method for generalized space shift keying (GSSK) systems. In this DL-based method, the transmitter and receiver of GSSK systems are designed based on deep neural network (DNN). By training the DNN in an end-to-end manner, the DL-based method can adaptively generate suitable binary codewords and combine them into a codebook for GSSK systems. Simulation results show that the proposed DL-based method obtains better performance compared to conventional approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a new type of uplift pile known as the composite-anchor pile, which employs a composite anchor composed of steel strands, grouting materials, and steel pipes as the main reinforcement. This paper extensively analyzes this pile’s load-bearing capacity and deformation characteristics through full-scale field tests and three-dimensional finite element numerical simulations. The results show that the composite-anchor pile has a more even distribution of stress, and its endurance and mechanics performance are better than others. Furthermore, this study utilizes a three-dimensional finite element refined model that has been validated using on-site test results to examine the influence of key parameters, such as the pile diameter, the number of composite-anchor cables, and the diameter of steel strands, on the load-bearing capacity of uplift piles. Building upon these findings, this paper introduces a calculating method to determine the bearing capacity of composite-anchor piles, thereby addressing the existing gap in this field.

This paper has the purpose to investigate the variation of electric field inside a HVDC cable insulation, and consequent potentiality of partial discharge inception in a defect upon load current variation. Simulations carried out by COMSOL Multiphysics show that load variations can incept partial discharges during cable operation at a constant voltage, depending on insulating material characteristics, defect size and location, and, in particular, the temperature and field dependence of electrical conductivity. Different values for temperature and field dependency of electrical conductivity, as well as of thermal conductivity and heat capacity are considered and their effect on the field distribution inside cavities near inner and outer semiconducting layer analyzed. For this purpose, a new analytical model to predict the behavior of PD amplitude and repetition rate from cable energization to steady state, including load variation, is introduced. The likelihood of PD inception during load transients, and not only voltage transients as previously demonstrated, poses further attention and constraints to HVDC cable design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the past few decades, topology optimization (TO) has been used as a structural design optimization tool. With the passage of time, this kind of usage of TO has been extended to many application fields and branches, thanks to a better understanding of how manufacturing constraints can achieve a practical design solution. In addition, the advent of additive manufacturing and its subsequent advancements have further increased the applications of TO, raising the chance of competitive manufacturing. Design for additive manufacturing has also promoted the adoption of TO as a concept design tool of structural components. Nevertheless, the most frequent applications are related to lightweight design with or without design for assembly. A general approach to integrate TO in concept designs is still missing. This paper aims to close this gap by proposing guidelines to translate design requirements into TO inputs and to include topology and structural concerns at the early stage of design activity. Guidelines have been applied for the concept design of an inner supporting frame of an ancient bronze statue, with several constraints related to different general design requirements, i.e., lightweight design, minimum displacement, and protection of the statue's structural weak zones to preserve its structural integrity. Starting from the critical analysis of the list of requirements, a set of concepts is defined through the application of TO with different set-ups (loads, boundary conditions, design and non-design space) and ranked by the main requirements. Finally, a validation of the proposed approach is discussed comparing the achieved results with the ones carried out through a standard iterative concept design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intent of this paper is to demonstrate the possibilities of transforming housing according to the contemporary needs of users in the conditions when the user is known. The methodological work starts from the thesis that housing is one of the demonstrative elements of everyday cultural patterns of a wider culture, a form of everyday behaviors but also that in daily routines of the known user lies the key for the design development direction. Agent(user) based analysis enables architecture to become a real service-not because it gives what is expected of it, but because in order to give what is expected of it, it previously studies a system of possible expectations, and then researches the possibilities of their realization, their understanding and acceptability. The paper will show the development of the concept of an ongoing design that will be realized and will discuss formal-functional preferences based on the space use analysis and the residents' habits enhanced by a moderate method of designing as the chosen methodological direction. The contribution of this paper can be seen in the demonstration of the designing process by interpreting ideas, making designing decisions grounded on facts and compromises as standard forms of behavior in procedures of practical action. In a wider sense the contribution of this paper is in demonstrating the need towards a programmatic questioning of strict differentiation's of housing spaces that were brought into question with the modern lifestyle.