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This paper demonstrates how people can manipulate their beliefs in order to obtain the self-image of an altruistic person. I present an online experiment in which subjects need to decide whether to behave altruistically or selfishly in an ambiguous environment. Due to the nature of ambiguity in this environment, those who are pessimistic have a legitimate reason to behave selfishly. Thus, subjects who are selfish but like to think of themselves as altruistic have an incentive to overstate their pessimism. In the experiment, I ask subjects how optimistic or pessimistic they feel about an ambiguous probability and then, through a separate task, I elicit their true beliefs about the same probability. I find that selfish subjects claim to be systematically more pessimistic than they truly are whereas altruistic subjects report their pessimism (or optimism) truthfully. Given the experiment design, the only plausible explanation for this discrepancy is that selfish subjects deliberately overstate their pessimism in order to maintain the self-image of an altruistic person. Altruistic subjects, whose behavior has already proven their altruism, have no such need for belief manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the significance of gift-giving in human relationships, with a particular focus on traditional Korea. It discusses how gift exchanges create value and satisfaction for both parties involved, and examines the principles of gift exchange as outlined by anthropologists Marcel Mauss and Karl Polanyi. The article also explores the practical and symbolic functions of diplomatic gifts in establishing and fortifying international relationships and political order. It provides examples of diplomatic gift exchanges between China and neighboring countries, as well as between European countries and China. The article concludes by mentioning three papers that will further examine the practice of diplomatic gifts in East Asia, with a focus on Korea. [Extracted from the article]

This paper discusses one of the most important holy revelations that inspired the legal system of most civilized states. The Decalogue or Ten Commandments represents the foundation of the covenant relationship and the moral standards established by the sovereign God as a legal basis for the continuous relation with his people, Israel. In the first part of this paper we will point to the historical context in which the giving of the law on Mount Sinai took place, and will thus show that the covenant made with Moses was a continuance of the covenant lasting from Noah to Abraham. That being said, in this mosaic covenant, God keeps his 400 year old promise and gives laws and instructions intended to reveal his holy nature, while also establishing a moral, social and spiritual order for the Hebrew community. In the second part of this paper we will debate on the significance, purpose, structure and classification of the Mosaic law, thus attempting to define the concept of moral law. The Ten Commandments will be looked upon from three perspectives: the laws referring to a correct relationship with God, the laws related to work, and the laws related to society. The last part of our paper will focus on understanding and applying the Ten Commandments according to the new covenant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that identity economics and social psychology provide a useful frame of reference to interpret supererogatory actions and suggests that identity of companies can be a driving force behind these actions. Companies may perform actions against the narrow sense of economic rationality if those actions serve purposes of high importance for them. The climate crisis and the more recent COVID‐19 crisis call for supererogatory actions by companies more than ever before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation philanthropy has grown significantly in the past decade. As the number of philanthropic‐supported conservation initiatives increases, so too will the frequency of exits—the ending of funding relationships. A trend toward "strategic philanthropy," where foundations fund time‐limited grants, is already contributing to near‐constant exits. We draw attention to exits as a critical and ubiquitous—yet understudied—part of conservation grantmaking processes that can have tremendous impacts on the people and places foundations invest in. This paper begins to address this research gap with the first empirical study of exit processes in the context of ocean conservation philanthropy. We draw on an analysis of interviews and a knowledge co‐production workshop with donors representing 36 foundations investing in ocean conservation globally to: (1) develop a conceptual framework that broadens and clarifies definitions of exits and provides a common language to characterize exits along varied dimensions, and (2) derive best practices for exiting responsibly. This paper provides timely guidance for environmental philanthropy broadly, including the need to think about exits early and often as an integral part of the grantmaking strategy. Responsible giving must include responsible exits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the job market today, people with a (very) good knowledge of a foreign language, such as German, are in demand. Candidates are required to submit their application documents in this language. Unfortunately, having grammatical correctness and a rich vocabulary are not enough to write a job application and a CV. In order to prepare these documents correctly, it is necessary to know the differences between one's own and the other culture, in this case the culture of German-speaking countries. The aim of this paper is to present the findings of an exploratory study examining errors students made naming and expressing selected elements of the non-lingual reality that represent a specific kind of reflection of new and often foreign realities in covering letters and CVs. Due to the limited framework of this paper, it is focused on intercultural aspects. While these seem to be very simple, they may cause difficulties because of the characteristic way they are presented in the acquired language, such as the use of courtesy rules, the recording of the date, giving of personal data, writing about foreign languages skills or providing information about a driving licence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to perform a phenomenology of forgiveness by way of careful analysis of texts on time-consciousness and alterity by Edmund Husserl. It does so in two ways: first, by identifying the manner in which we give time to ourselves as both absolute and concrete subjectivity; and second by identifying the way in which our relation to other persons has an isomorphic, structural similarity with our self-relation as temporality. The final part of the paper engages with three biblical texts—the story of Joseph and his brothers in Genesis, where forgiveness is mentioned for the first time—and two short passages in the Gospels of Luke and John. Ultimately, the paper concludes that forgiveness of self and other occurs as a kind of pre-giving or fore-giving in the sense of opening up new meaning for us all to inhabit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explicitly stating that its aid giving is based on the principle of mutual benefit is a distinctive feature of China's foreign aid. How the mutual benefit principle is interpreted in China's aid policy and why it remains perhaps the most durable aid principle over time is worth investigating. By comprehensively reviewing Chinese policy briefs and reports, white papers, government documents and speeches, this article finds that while mutual benefit has been a basic principle, the Chinese government's statement and its role in the aid policy has continuously varied over the years. During Mao's period, the mutual benefit was introduced as a basic principle but its importance was limited due to the country's policy statement indicating more the beneficiaries' benefit. Then after the Reform and Opening policy in 1978, mutual benefit moved to the centre of China's aid policy statement. Following the turn of the new century, particularly after 2011, China's aid policy again pays more attention to recipient interest, and the importance of stressing mutual benefit decreased. The flexible use of mutual benefit is an important characteristic while it has remained a central element. Additionally, because self-interest is an integral part of mutual benefit, it fits with China's pragmatic thinking on foreign aid, legitimizes the goal of China pursuing economic interests, softens the tone of China pursuing its political interests and to some extent alleviates the domestic critics on China's aid relations. The main conclusion is that Chinese aid would benefit from more conceptual clarity with respect to mutual benefit and a more stable application over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans are usually compassionate, caring and empathetic toward others, but are we really hard-wired for altruism when a disaster hits? There is evidence that people exposed to natural disasters tend to behave more philanthropically, but most studies rely on small-scale surveys and experimental data. For that reason, this paper makes a novel contribution to the literature by investigating whether the COVID-19 pandemic has altered prosocial tendencies and charitable donations, using a novel daily dataset of debit and credit card transactions. I conduct a real-time analysis of actual charitable donations in three European countries (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) and find that the COVID-19 pandemic and government interventions have no significant effect on how much people contribute to charities as a share of total spending. A higher preference for precautionary savings in the midst of the pandemic appears to outweigh altruistic behavior, while government welfare programs crowds out private charitable donations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper identifies the links between transnational municipal networks and international agreements in the environmental arena. It is taken for granted that transnational municipal networks support global environmental action and the process of sustainable development, in particular giving access to resources, with technical support and knowledge, but to what extent international agreements such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Paris Agreement, or the Convention on Biological Diversity guide the action of these networks? The research resorts to content analysis to examine the goals, mission, and published documents of two networks in particular, ICLEI and Mercosur, in the search for clear connections with the intergovernmental level. The paper contributes to the understanding of the role of transnational municipal networks in environmental governance, identifying through abductive reasoning the diffusion of norm from the international to the local level and underlining the importance of the role of international, national and local actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of charitable giving is the stepchild of economics. One looks in vain in most textbooks in the dismal science for even one entry. Yes, yes, it accounts for a smaller share of the GDP than wages, interest payments, profits, and other desiderata. However, the amounts donated are not insignificant. But, even if voluntary donations were near zero, this phenomenon should still garner more interest than it has. This paper is an attempt in small part to rectify this misallocation of scarce intellectual resources. The science of economics--as expressed by the subjectivist method of the Austrian school--explains the logic of charitable action. Praxeology tells us that people act charitable with the hope that their action will move them from a less preferred state of being to one that is more preferred. The Austrian theory of charitable action says that charitable action is--as is any purposeful action--decidedly self-interested. While altruism is an important motive for many--if not most--charitable people; it is ultimately secondary to the primary purpose of human action: self-interest. Moreover, there are many other secondary motives with no connection to altruism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: People's forecasts of their future emotions play an essential role in their behavior and experience of well-being. However, their emotional reactions may fall short of what they expect, which has implications for subsequent decision making. The current paper investigated the accuracy of affective forecasting about resource allocations and how this (in)accuracy predicts future allocation decisions. Methods: Two experimental studies were conducted. Study 1 (N = 84) examined the extent to which people can accurately predict how allocation decisions will feel using an ultimatum game on the part of the allocator. Study 2 tested whether the affective forecasting bias affects future allocation decisions, with 192 participants playing a two-round ultimatum game on the part of allocators. Results: Study 1 found an affective forecasting bias, and people anticipated more powerful emotional reactions to both positive and negative allocation events than they actually experienced when the events occurred. Study 2 found that increased affective forecasting bias resulted in less generous decisions in positive event conditions and more generous decisions in negative event conditions. Discussion: These results extend previous findings concerning affective forecasting bias and the feelings-as-information model in resource allocation interactions and show that the difference between anticipated and experienced emotion is also informative in allocation decisions. The results suggest that being more cautious when forecasting positive outcomes and more optimistic when forecasting negative outcomes can be beneficial to one's well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The first-person perspective, developed by Husserl for the scientific study of consciousness, consists of formal categories which can be used both for the analyses of consciousness as such and its concrete forms. Evidence (Evidenz), the central category in this approach, characterizes consciousness as knowledge. This paper presents the phenomenology of changes in perception and embodiment which lead to evidence for religious/spiritual experience (RE). Such change develops over time via contemplative practice, but also can be a part of spontaneous RE. Because of the presence of evidence, RE containing the change of perception are presentational (as distinct from appresentative). This temporally extended evidence concerns reality's giving of itself, granted that the main distinction between religious and non-religious experience is in the kind of reality to which they refer: physical in the case of non-religious, and 'ultimate' in the case of religious experience. Involving flesh and the reversibility of the body, the change in such complex RE also entails the transmutation of emotion from negative to positive. I compare these findings with Husserl's analysis of religious experience in HUA XVII, and argue that grounding religious experience in the preconceived idea of God, as Husserl does, limits RE to regressive forms which do not constitute knowledge. Such experiences remain teleologically directed at the world-horizon. By contrast, REs grounded in change of perception have a different teleology and do constitute knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At a time when Christian preachers employ all forms of gimmicks to persuade people to give, examining Paul's model of appeal in the collection for the saints, particularly 2 Corinthians 8:7-12, would prove helpful. Paul avows that he is not commanding the Corinthians and takes pains to demonstrate that. This paper, therefore, employed a lexico-grammatical method of exegesis to explore Paul's preferred approach and what it portends for the church's rhetoric at fundraising towards ensuring results, on one hand, and integrity, on the other hand. It discovered that for Paul and Christian giving in general, sounding authoritative while calling for funds would inadvertently compromise the ethics of freewill giving, which is at the core of Christian generosity. Rather an appeal to the people's gracious endowments, the earnestness of their love, free will and proportionate giving would be more fruitful and girded with integrity; the kind of giving acceptable to God. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem addressed in this paper is of the crucial difference between justice and revenge. Following the vivid images of revenge and justice present in literature, I argue that revenge is rooted in a reactive, backward-looking spirit which is destructive for both individuals and the community. Justice, on the other hand, is rooted in an active, forward-looking spirit which is constructive and aimed at restoring order. I analyze the different functions of punishment which are based on payback and are thus focused on the balance of power and status which is more typical for revenge than justice. Retribution should be based on a normative balance rooted in norms and values, and which is aimed at promoting accountability. Anger transformed by justice should be focused on wrongdoing (the act), rather than the wrongdoer (person). Justice in its highest degree, when complemented by mercy, becomes' justice as generosity' which is able to restore trust in social relations, fostering solidarity and reconciliation in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alternative Politics / Alternatif Politika is the property of Alternatif Politika and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Qur'ān has made the attainment of accomplished piety (al-birr) essentially contingent on the spending of that which one loves and holds dear to his heart in the path of God (Al-Qur'ān 3: 92). Two significant characteristics of this concept stand out above all others: The first is the generality and extensiveness of the scope of charitable spending (infāq), which does not limit it to monetary spending alone; rather, this holistic term encompasses all types of spending - material, physical, moral, or emotional - that can be of any kind of benefit to those in need. Second, anything spent in the name of God should be something the giver/donor likes rather than something he/she despises or considers useless. Consequently, belief (īmān) is the primary criterion for the validity and acceptance of one's charitable deeds (infāq). This belief must be supplemented by sincerity (ikhlāṣ), which is also a necessary corollary for the legitimacy (ṣiḥḥah) and preservation (baqā') of charitable deeds. Another requirement for charitable acts to be accepted in the sight of God is that there be no verbal reminders of one's favors or harming the recipients because of what one has done for or spent on them, believing that he/she has the right to do so. As a result, the charitable deeds of a hypocrite or one who brags about his generous deeds are rendered null and void due to a lack of belief and/or sincerity. The benevolent deeds of a person who verbally abuses or reminds the recipients of his/her generosity are also declared void because there is a lack of the condition of preservation (sharṭ al-baqā') in his/her charitable deeds. In this context, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of charity ethics in Islam, with a particular emphasis on its two important aspects: sincerity and ostentation, in light of Maulānā Ashraf 'Alī Thānavī's works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews and discusses the neuroscience of a dynamic, contextual and polycultural self. Advances in neuroscience suggests that: (1) the brain can acquire contradictory cultural systems at the same time; (2) all three groups of bi/multi/ and mono-cultural individuals can activate corresponding cultural patterns of the self, based on the cultural cues given in a specific cultural context; (3) individuals may be born with some genetic predispositions and these interact with the cultural environment, such that the same genetic predisposition may have opposite expressions of the self in different cultural contexts. Based on these insights, future research could invest more in (1) understanding the neuroscience of polycultural and global citizens who may have a universal identity; (2) advancing new identity development models for monocultural individuals who have the potential of a dynamic, contextual and polycultural self, but don't benefit from living in a diverse cultural environment; and (3) because people can be both products and producers of culture, future research can focus on 'technologies of the self', in the sense that individuals, organisations and governments can promote human agency (i.e. people as producers/authors of culture), proactively raise awareness and support the cultivation of a dynamic, contextual and polycultural self. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity conservation is a primary focus of investment within the broader field of environmental philanthropy, making conservation philanthropy a rapidly growing field of research and practice (Taylor & Blondell, [32]). First, conservation philanthropy has largely remained under the scholarly radar: the field of philanthropic studies has devoted little attention to conservation, while conservation scientists have paid little attention to philanthropy. The limited body of existing research on conservation philanthropy can be found scattered across diverse fields and literatures (e.g., neoliberal natures, philanthrocapitalism, conservation finance, conservation governance, etc.), making it difficult for scholars and practitioners to find it, engage with it, and build on one another's work in a systematic way. [Extracted from the article]

Understanding the emotions experienced by higher education instructors related to assessment feedback, how instructors understand student emotions, and how instructors might manage these emotions positively, can help to secure the educational benefits of feedback. In this research, we aimed to explore the emotional responses that instructors experienced through the giving and receiving of assessment feedback. We undertook qualitative data collection, carrying out individual semi-structured interviews with instructors from three universities who had administered a dialogic feed-forward intervention on one of their teaching units. The full interview transcripts were analysed inductively using thematic analysis. Five main themes emerged from the interview data: 1. Summative written feedback aroused largely negative emotions in instructors because they felt distanced from their students; 2. Instructors experienced a broad range of emotions related to dialogic feedforward encounters, emerging from their proximity to students; 3. Dialogic feed-forward, as an affective encounter, was emotionally challenging for instructors; 4. Dialogic feed-forward built strong learning relationships between students and instructors, strengthening students' sense of belonging; 5. Dialogic feed-forward was transformational for instructors as educators. We consider the implications of our findings for instructors and wider assessment and feedback practices, including emotional labour, promotional reward, and instructor professional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In countries where Christmas is celebrated, people are under pressure in the pre-Christmas period to spend on gift giving and socializing. In two surveys we investigated the role of the meaning of Christmas and other psychological factors in predicting propensity to spend and to borrow at Christmas (UK, N = 190; Norway, N = 234). Factor analysis identified three components of the meaning of Christmas: financial concerns, indulgence, and social aspects. In both surveys: (1) experienced financial hardship predicted lower propensity to spend and greater propensity to borrow; (2)more proactivemoneymanagement practices predicted lower propensity to borrow; (3) material values predicted both propensity to spend and propensity to borrow; and (4) seeing Christmas as a time for indulgence, experiencing more negative affect, or less positive affect, predicted greater propensity to spend. Additionally: (1) in the UK survey, participants who said that lately they had been feeling more negative (more angry, sad etc.) had a greater propensity to borrow; and (2) in the Norway survey, an obligation gift motivation predicted propensity to spend. The findings show that in addition to experienced financial hardship and proactive money management practices, the psychological factors of material values, affect, and gift motivation play significant roles in propensity to spend and/or borrow at this time of high pressure. We discuss implications for theory and financial interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the student-staff partnership literature calls for increased collaboration and power sharing among staff and students. Less common are accounts by student partners themselves that take up the challenge of what partnership and power feel like as universities embrace their neoliberal trajectory - and - purport to do so on behalf of students themselves. Especially acute is the conundrum of how partnership initiatives can, and do, reproduce the very power dynamics they set out to transform. We are a group of students and staff working in curriculum partnership together at Western Sydney University. The context of our work together is the 21C project, a university-wide strategy to transform curriculum, teaching, and learning, drawing on 'partnership pedagogy'. In this paper, we engage in a process of reflexive inquiry to interrogate a new elective unit that many of us are involved in as advocates, co-creators, as students and staff learning together, and as evaluators, called We are the university: Students co-creating change (WATU). To highlight partnership's intricate power plays, we offer a fictionalised account to reflect our multi-voiced experiences of being involved in WATU. We have come to understand power's simultaneity in partnership as forms of power over, as permission-giving, as sharing (or partnership), and as the power to act (agency). The account is our story of partnership's inevitable contradictions - a collaboration that teaches us about the challenges of working together while being cautious of partnership's transformatory claims. Practitioner Notes 1. How do student-staff partnership initiatives often reproduce the power dynamics they set out to transform 2. How can student-staff partnership initiatives work with power in complex ways How do we attend to power 3. What stories are we trained to tell about our student-staff partnership initiatives? What theories can we draw on to disrupt stories of practice, and how do practices push our theoretical knowledge 4. What are the success criteria of our student-staff partnership initiatives Who sets them 5. In what way does our WATU story led you to rethink a student-staff partnership practice you are involved in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain segments of the population reply on charitable or other nongovernmental organizations as their main source of support, with these organizations largely funded by those in society who can afford to give. The present study investigated to what extent information transparency influences donation decisions, and whether specific preferences for charities influences information seeking behavior. We recruited 114 participants via Prolific and employed a binary online Dictator Game to address these two study objectives. The results showed that participants' actual donation behavior was not influenced by their charity preference or the level of information transparency. However, they were more prone to seek out additional information when deciding about the most preferred category of charity. These results raise important questions as to whether the perceived anonymity of online choices may differ from choices carried out in person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of crises-wars, pandemics, and natural disasters-both increased selfishness and increased generosity may emerge. In this paper, we study the relationship between the presence of COVID-19 threat and generosity using a four-year longitudinal dataset (N = 696,942) capturing real donations made before and during the pandemic, as well as allocations from a 6-month dictator game study (N = 1003 participants) during the early months of the pandemic. Consistent with the notion of "catastrophe compassion" and contrary to some prior research showing a tendency toward self-interested behavior under threat, individuals across both datasets exhibited greater financial generosity when their county experienced COVID-19 threat. While we find that the presence of threat impacted individual giving, behavior was not sensitive to threat level. Our findings have significant societal implications and advance our understanding of economic and psychological theories of social preferences under threat.

(1) Background: Sustainability is a crucial priority and a critical part of the modern world. Promoting pro-social values to the younger generation is an issue addressed throughout this paper. The present study aims to answer the question of whether generosity, as a positive attitude towards others, and sustainability, as a positive attitude towards the environment, are related. (2) Methods: The current research includes a sample of 4333 adolescents, ages 14 and 15, who attend schools in Bihor County, Romania. (3) Results: The regression analysis indicates a significant correlation between sustainable values, operationalized through adolescent involvement in environmental organisations, and generosity. (4) Conclusions: Sustainable behaviour can be considered a form of giving that contributes to the collective good. Our research outlines a significant need for a new set of competencies provided through a newly designed curriculum and/or through focused training, in order to cultivate generosity across cultures, ecologies, and generations; at the same time, we also highlight the significant role that the joint efforts of the school-family-library trifecta in supporting this goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Are religious people more generous than non-religious people? If so, are they more generous in general or mainly to members of their religious ingroup (i.e., parochially generous)? Also, do levels of parochial generosity differ between Christians, Muslims, and atheists? This paper examined these questions by using a novel design of the Dictator Game, where participants in multiple rounds decided how much money to keep for themselves and give to three other players, of whom some information is revealed. Three studies (N = 1,719) with a Swedish sample, an American sample, and a sample from Egypt and Lebanon were conducted. We found that religious people were more generous compared to non-religious people when information about players’ religious affiliation was available, but not when it was not available. The results suggest that if religious people are more generous, this mainly occurs when religious information is salient. We also found evidence of parochial generosity among Christians, Muslims, and atheists as all three groups gave more to their religious ingroup than to both of their outgroups. However, Muslims seemed to differ from Christians and atheists by giving more to their ingroup than the other two groups gave to their respective ingroups in the USA and possibly in Sweden.

In a rapidly changing world, due to globalization, individualization, economization, and secularization, the need for revitalizing the mission of Christian schools is inevitable. The authors relate the concept of mission to the often-used concept of school identity. The latter concept is distinguished as intended identity, lived identity, and perceived identity. The mission is defined as equal to the intended identity and must be understood as a contextual vocation. Revitalizing the mission means following a process in which stakeholders can once again relate prospect to retrospect. This process includes discerning about a vocation by exploring meanings in the past and the present (sense-giving and sense-making) and focusing on ethos (action formation and institutionalization). The outcome of the revitalization will differ according to the preferences in the context of the school. The authors propose a seven-step model through which the school's vocation can be determined in any context. Although this roadmap is mainly meant to be used in an already existing school, it can also be applied to a new school to be started. In both cases, staff members need to be involved in the process of revitalization and inception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the judgments of Calver v Accident Compensation Corporation and its appeal in the light of the legislative history behind New Zealand's accident compensation scheme. It posits that the Calver judgments reflect an ongoing principle of generous and expansive interpretation, which can be tracked through the case law in this area, and that an overriding principle of generosity does not fully accord with the legislative history. That history has involved intentional redrafting to curtail overly expansive judicial approaches, and legislative development in this area has been relatively stagnant in recent decades. Alternative approaches for interpreting the scheme are discussed. A more comprehensive set of principles for interpretation of accident compensation cases would make this area more predictable and better explain the outcomes of cases where the boundaries appear to be widened. It does not seem convincing, in light of the full history, to simply suggest that outcomes should reflect the Woodhouse vision. Credence should be paid to real policy issues, which have so far prevented a fully comprehensive scheme from being developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Contexto Internacional is the property of Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Relacoes Internacionais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This analysis provides two case studies comparing direct payment versus charitable donations on respondents' behalf as survey participation incentives. The first examines agricultural producers' willingness to participate in several hypothetical surveys. Donation to charity significantly increases producers' willingness to participate relative to direct payment. The second case study examines forest landowners' willingness to participate in an actual, one‐time survey. Neither payment nor donation incentives improve participation among mail respondents and donations are less effective versus payment among online respondents. If they do not decrease participation, then donations may be preferred, requiring less effort to process a smaller number of transactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the serious humanitarian crises encountered by the modern world, it is more crucial than ever to build a society based on solidarity, compassion, empathy, and a sense of teamwork and cooperation. This research provides insight into how the factors of personality traits, altruistic behaviors, and humanitarian actions can positively influence citizens' behavioral intentions, allowing for a deeper understanding of the motives behind charitable giving. To this end, a study was conducted with 332 Greek respondents, which used a special purpose questionnaire, including the HEXACO-24 questions and 13 additional questions, that addressed attitude towards advertisement, charitable giving, as well as the behavioral intention to donate. The findings add to current research by underlining the relevance of individuals' altruistic character, since our analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between charitable giving and behavioral intention to donate. All HEXACO personality traits, excluding emotionality, demonstrated a statistically significant positive relationship with the attitude towards advertising, while none of the personality traits exhibited a statistically significant positive relationship with the concept of charitable giving, which calls for further investigation. Our findings also revealed that attitude towards an advertisement had no drastic effect on charitable giving and behavioral intention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the impact of corporate violations on corporate charitable donation behavior and the heterogeneity influences played by corporate ownership type, analyst attention and information transparency. This study analyzed 3,715 non-financial companies in Chinese A-shares from 2011 to 2020 using panel data. The impact of corporate violations on corporate charitable donations was examined by using Ordinary Least Squares, instrumental variables two-stage least squares and propensity score matching method. Consequently, the following conclusions are presented. First, corporate violations are significantly positively correlated with the level of corporate charitable donations. Second, among the companies with high analyst attention, high information transparency, or non-state-owned nature, the positive impact of enterprise violations on charitable donations is greater. These findings suggest that charitable giving may be used by some businesses as an undesirable tool to conceal their irregularities. No study has been conducted regarding the influence of corporate violations on corporate charitable donations in China. This study is a pioneering study that seeks to give insights into the link between these variables in the context of China, which has practical implications for gaining insights into corporate charitable giving in China, as well as identifying and curbing "hypocritical" corporate charitable donation behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world severely put under stress by COVID-19, generosity becomes increasingly essential both when able to transcend local boundaries, building upon universalistic values, and when directed toward more local contexts, such as the native country. This study aims to investigate an underresearched determinant of generosity at these two levels, a factor that captures one's beliefs, values, and opinions about society: political ideology. We study the donation decisions of more than 46,000 participants from 68 countries in a task with the possibility of donating to a national charity and an international one. We test whether more left-leaning individuals display higher generosity in general (H1) and toward international charities (H2). We also examine the association between political ideology and national generosity without hypothesizing any direction. We find that more left-leaning individuals are more likely to donate in general and more likely to be generous internationally. We also observe that more rightleaning individuals are more likely to donate nationally. These results are robust to the inclusion of several controls. In addition, we address a relevant source of cross-country variation, the quality of governance, which is found to have significant informative power in explaining the relationship between political ideology and the different types of generosity. Potential mechanisms underlying the resulting behaviors are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state of tourism development in Africa is yet growing. To this, certain factors such as generosity, ethnic tension and social support in Africa have been put forth to investigate the state of tourism arrivals in Africa. The objective of this paper is therefore to analyze the generosity of Adult Africans measured in three strands; adults' donations to charity, volunteering time to organizations and adults helping strangers or someone, ethnic tension and social support on Tourism arrivals in Africa. Using a panel of forty-one African countries within the period 2006–2017, we employ the smoothed instrumental variable quantile regression and found that African generosity, ethnic tension and social support contribute to the building of the tourism sector in Africa.

Copyright of Reti Medievali is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Existing evidence from laboratory experiments finds that a match is likely to increase charitable donations by more than a theoretically equivalent rebate. A number of explanations have been proposed for this in the literature. One idea, which has never been tested, is that people consider a match to be more generous, because unlike the rebate, there is no reward for making a donation in the match setting. We design a survey to determine whether people do consider matches more generous than rebates, and probe the reasons subjects give for their answers. We find that a significant number of people do consider rebates less generous because of the reward associated with donations in such a setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advisory councils (ACs) are permanent opinion-giving bodies that are established by public authorities. Their members are recruited from among residents, local officials, and members of NGOs. The author argues that, apart from their opinion-giving function, ACs perform the role of citizen representatives. The research was based on the survey of AC members. Its results were analyzed by a theoretical framework informed by representation theory. It has been documented that the representation is significantly related to the AC type, and that the decisive factor of disparity between ACs is their mandatory vs. optional creation. The study also shows that there is strong relationship between the formal and substantial representation of AC members. However, mixed AC audience undermines traditional links of authorization and accountability, which calls for the reconsideration of the theoretical framework of studies on AC representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nigde University Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Nigde Üniversitesi Beden Egitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of Physical Education & Sports Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

How does acute stress influence the degree to which we cooperate with others? Research on the effects of stress on social decision-making is guided by two seemingly contrasting theories. Acute stress may trigger a Fight-or-Flight response, manifested by increased anxiety, and more egocentric or selfish behavior. Alternatively, according to the Tend-and-Befriend model, acute stress may induce affiliative behaviors, marked by increased prosociality in an effort to seek and receive social support and protection. Extant studies on the topic do not provide consistent support for either pattern of behavior, with studies showing evidence for both Fight-or-Flight or Tend-and-Befriend like responses. One possibility, may be the nature of social responses to stressful situations differ as a function of the individual. In the current study, we demonstrate an example of such a person-by-situation interaction, showing that acute stress can cause either pro-social or selfish responses, contingent on individual differences in trait empathy. One hundred and twenty three participants (60 F) were assessed for trait empathy using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index; consequently, they underwent either the Trier Social Stress Test—a well-validated paradigm for eliciting acute psychosocial stress—or a non-stress inducing control condition. Following exposure to either the stress or control condition, participants played a one-shot Dictator Game to evaluate their generosity levels. Statistical analyses revealed that acute stress by itself did not affect the amount transferred in the Dictator Game. Rather, individual differences in trait empathy moderated the effects of stress on giving. Elevations in stress-induced cortisol resulted in more generous behavior, but only in individuals high in empathy. In contrast, in individuals low in empathy, a greater rise in stress-induced cortisol resulted in more selfish behavior. Effects were more pronounced in females than males. Our findings highlight the necessity of integrating personality traits as important moderators of the link between stress and sociality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the social status motive in an experiment at an art‐house cinema in Germany where movie‐goers can make monetary contributions to help the cinema become climate neutral. Our key result is that offering high contributors a "social status gift" that displays their good deed increases both the likelihood of a high contribution and mean contributions. It performs significantly better than previously studied mechanisms, such as the removal of anonymity, the provision of a reference point, or a neutral thank‐you gift, and it also performs better than offering high contributors publicity through social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much of the theoretical and experimental research on charitable giving allows for three main types of donor: pure altruists, impure altruists, and pure warm‐glow givers. For none of these types should donations be increasing in the amount donated by others: there is no room for "competitive giving". We design an experiment in which a participant chooses how much to donate to an individual recipient of charitable funds, conditional on the donation of another participant, and therefore controls the total donation to the recipient. We find evidence for the existence of competitive givers in addition to the other three types, suggesting a great deal of heterogeneity in individual utility functions. However, the frequency of different types depends on whether participants are told about the average donation in a previous experiment. Revealing this information reduces the frequency of competitive givers, suggesting that some competitive giving is motivated by a desire to conform to a social norm inferred from other participants' behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to show cartoon memes on the internet that contain about libraries to see the possibilities for using such forms of instruction in the library, so as to make the atmosphere in the library more comfortable and not boring, both for users and for students. library managers. The methods used in this research are qualitative methods, library, and descriptive analysis, namely collecting data in the form of cartoons containing images and texts about libraries on the internet, then analyzing them using theories about cartoons and informative texts, to get the meaning and messages conveyed. contained in it, then draw conclusions which cartoon models can be used as examples for making cartoons that can be used in the library. From the analysis of cartoon memes about libraries on the internet, both from the aspect of images and the text contained in them, it was found that it seems that these memes can be used as an alternative to giving instructions in the library rather than just the usual instructions which are only in the form of writing, because the images and the text in these memes attracts the attention of visitors and librarian more, so that they can not only entertain, but also give the message that library managers want to library users. Research on humor in libraries has been widely carried out by researchers, but specifically discussing the use of cartoons as a tool for conveying instructions in libraries seems to have been done recently. This can be traced from the writings found on the internet, both in the form of ebooks, e-journals and other scientific writings, both academic and non-academic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Federa Uudges resolved more than eighty-seven percent Of appeals through unpublished opinions ouer the past five years. 7hese dispositions are non-precedential and typically contain abbreviated reasoning. Such high rates of nonpublica tion may be difficult to reconcile with the core values of the federal judiciary-values grounded in precedent, reason-giving, and equal treatment. Atter intense attention to the prevalence of unpublished opinions some Been years ago, far less attention has been paid to the phenomenon in recent years. But a new debate is beginning to emerge. This Article makes three contributions to the ongoing conversation. First, it brings hard data to the debate. Drawing on a dataset Of over 400,000 appeals *om the Federal Judicial Center and a sample of more than 1,400 unpublished opinions randomly selected Ji-om six-federal circuits, this Article examines nonpublication rates across several dimensions, inctuding case type, party type, and outcomes. For example, from 2008 to 2018, pro se, or as we will refer to them, self-represented, appellants were twelve times less Wcely to receive a published opinion than appellants represented by counsel. Appeals initiated by incarcerated people and immigrants also had publication rates signvicantly below the baseline for all appeals. In contrast, when the United States is the underlying plaint(ff, opinions are published at a signiticantly higher-thanusual rate. These findings reveal a pattern Of dtfferential treatment that merits attention. Second, we introduce an expanded theoretical*amework for evaluating unpublished opinions. Rather thanfocusing on a single feature of these opinions (e.g., their nonprecedential status) we utilize a framework that highlights the dynamic tradeoffs involved in any system of publication and reveals that precedent, reason-giving, citation, and public dissemination- the primary features of judicial opinions implicated by nonpublication-combine to q#ect the legal system's core ualues in complex, context-dependent, and sometimes Ofsetting ways. Finally, an important takeaway from our piece relates to the serious transparency problems that peruade current nonpublication practices. Our work uncovered significant barriers to accessing and studying unpublished opinions on a large scale. These barriers make it difficult for scholars, the public, and even some judges to find these opinions, much less to study them and understand the effects Of nonpublication on the judicial system and those who participate in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate strategic communication about the social impact of costly prosocial actions. A 'sender' with noisy information about impact sends a cheap-talk message to a 'receiver', upon which both agents choose whether to act. In the presence of social preferences and image concerns, the sender trades off persuasion , exaggerating impact to induce receiver action, and justification , downplaying impact to cast doubt on the effectiveness of action and excuse her own passivity. In an experiment on charitable giving we find evidence for both motives. In line with our theory and a justification motive, increasing image concerns reduces communication of positive impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]