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This paper explores the nascent problem of independent child labour migration from rural Ethiopia to the Middle East putting the issue within the broader migration discourse. While discussing the process of repatriating Ethiopian minors stranded in Yemen on their way to Saudi Arabia, the paper puts emphasis on the experiences: challenges faced and lessons learned in the process of providing emergency interim care, family tracing, reunification of minors repatriated from Yemen in 2011 under th...

Interrogating responses and reactions and the atmosphere of fear that my presence instigated, this paper critically examines human-elephant relations in Kerala amidst the bigger debates on animal rights, the emergence of elephants as a flagship species of conservation, and concerns regarding elephant captivity. The paper delves into how elephant handlers and owners reposition themselves and respond to activistic claims that portray human-elephant relations as torturous. Further, the study calls into question the strict nature-culture/wild-domesticated binaries posed by the activism discourse by probing the fuzzy naturecultures through which elephants and humans navigate their mundane lives. Moving forward, the research proposes that humans and elephants are attuned and entangled through nuanced phenomenological alignments that the normative moral frameworks on elephant captivity seem to overlook. Deploying various disciplinary and theoretical frameworks, this paper argues that incorporating the ethical turn in anthropology can yield incisive perspectives in interspecies studies. We extend our heartfelt thanks to the Vahabzadeh Foundation for financially supporting the publication of best works by young researchers of the Graduate Institute, giving a priority to those who have been awarded academic prizes for their master’s dissertations.

© 2022. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. Archaeological textile and paper materials shed light on cultural studies in different fields. In this study, a composite textile material and 2 printed Biblical artifacts of the 19th c., found during the excavation of the Balatlar Building Complex were investigated. The building complex, also known as the Balatlar Church or Mithridates Palace, is an imperial hamam complex belonging to the Roman Period, located in the Ada Street of Sinope province in the north of Turkey. It was found that different materials such as metal yarn, paper used under embroidery, and decorative beads used on textile material were used in the textile fragment recovered from tomb VIII of the Balatlar Building Complex. The investigation concerned the fiber types and dyestuffs for textile material, paper types and dyestuffs used for biblical artifacts by using non-destructive and microa-nalysis methods for these unique heritage objects. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Optical microscope (OM), Digital Microscope (DM), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (SEM-EDX) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) was used. It was determined that the textile find consists of two different fabrics, the main fabric, and the lining, and the dye that gives the main fabric its red color is the root dye (Rubia tinc-torum L.). Also, Alizarin and madder (Rubia tinctorum L.) was determined as a plant source. It has been estab-lished that only the pattern threads are silk threads. HPLC-DAD chromatograms has been analyzed of paper pieces of the, written and unwritten sides, paper-board and leather sides archaeological L.(Large) Bible and S. (Small) Bible books. It was concluded that natural dyestuffs were not used in the production of the paper and leather parts of the L.Bible and S.Bible books. For the written text Iron (III)-gallic acid binary complex vibration bands were detected. Documentation and research studies conducted on 2 discovered Biblical artifacts have shown that biological degradation has oc-curred on the surface of the artifact. As a result of microscopic examination, it was found that the cover part of the L.Bible was made of cardboard and there were remnants of gray side paper. Remnants of leather-pre-pared binding were found on the surface of S.Biblical artifact.

P.F. Strawson contributed to many philosophical domains, including the philosophy of language, the history of philosophy, metaphysics, moral philosophy and philosophical methodology. Most of his contributions in these areas have influenced contemporary debates, either because his views are still defended or because they are still considered worthy of detailed responses. His views on the philosophy of logic have been only rarely discussed, however. My aim in this paper is threefold. First, I provide a systematic account of Strawson’s philosophy of logic. I argue that Strawson is an important predecessor of logical expressivism, a contemporary position in the philosophy of logic most notably defended by Robert Brandom. My main focus is on Strawson’s largely-neglected 1982 paper ‘Logical Form and Logical Constants’, which contains his most mature ideas on the topic. Second, while Strawson’s position is of historical and independent philosophical interest, I argue that he leaves many points unclear. Finally, I propose several clarifications of Strawson’s position.

The elite theory of Max Weber has recently been rediscovered by political scientists and political theorists who have sought to explore both the heuristic and the normative potential of plebiscitary leader democracy. Notwithstanding the merits of this wave of studies, this paper argues that attention should be shifted from Weber's context-specific defence of plebiscitary leadership in post-WWI Germany to his broader conception of charisma as an attempt to grasp the enigma of significant social and political change. Contemporary democratic theory, this paper contends, can fruitfully draw on Weber to sink into the antinomies and ambiguities of a transformative democratic politics., This article was funded by Academy of Finland (Grand No. 312430).

This paper compares trajectories of two food-insecure agro-pastoral sites: Gelcha in Eastern Oromia inhabited by Karrayu, and Luqa in South Omo in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR) in Tsamay territory. The sites are part of the WIDE (Wellbeing Illbeing Dynamics in Ethiopia) project studying longitudinal changes in 20 Ethiopian rural communities since the mid-1990s. The other 18 sites were part of the Ethiopian Rural Household Survey for which baseline data are ava...

Shada Alma:“What hunt does a girl have? A girl’s hunt is when she marries. (laugh)Otherwise does she go hunting? She just stays at home with her mother.”(Two girls go hunting, Lydall and Head 1991) Duka Aike: “A girl’s hunt is when she marries. That’s when I’ll go hunting.”(The women who smile, Lydall and Head 1990) Introduction: marriage and the movement of women The idea for this paper arose from a seemingly simple fact: as in most patrilineal societies, it is the women in the Hamar-Banna-B...

In this paper we compare the longer-term trajectories of two communities in North Omo using data from a longitudinal study of twenty exemplar rural communities which launched in 1995 (WIDE1) with revisits in 2003 (WIDE2) and 2011 (WIDE3). In 2011, although the road distance between Gara Godo (‘chasing wild pig’) and Do’oma (‘harshlands’) was only 75 kms, and there were similarities in their vulnerability to drought, regular need for food aid, government development interventions and in some c...

In November 2012, the 18th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies was convened in Dire Dawa, a cosmopolitan city in the eastern lowlands of Ethiopia. This event gathered more than 300 international scholars from all disciplines of the humanities and social social sciences. Under the general theme of ‘movement’ these two volumes gather a collection of 70 papers that reflect recent trends in the field of Ethiopian studies. From local studies to regional and international perspectives, these studies question long term historical processes and current social and economic transformations. A number of contributions explore and give access to fresh sources of knowledge from unpublished or rediscovered texts and documents, from recordings of oral information, or from ethnographic observation. They also review literature, challenge conventional ideas and propose critical investigations on past and present issues, such as interethnic relations, women’s role, development policies and their impact.

The change in the scale and functions of towns in Africa is accompanied by evolving institutional socio-economic practices. In this paper I will address brokerage and the recruitment of new migrant labour in the town of Shashemene, Ethiopia. Brokering migrant labour is a relatively lucrative economic activity in the town and competition among the brokers to attract new labour migrants is intensive. Claims over the brokerage system involve processes of negotiations, grouping, cooperation and c...

This paper is a follow up of my PhD dissertation on the representations of gender in Ethiopian newspaper narratives, as observed through the coverage of the election of the year 2000 (Agaredech 2013). By examining on how two major Ethiopian newspapers covered the fourth national election in 2010, the purpose of this article is to see whether the media have shown any sign of progress regarding gender empowerment after ten years. This analysis will be completed by an interview conducted in Nove...

This paper focuses on institutional change related to water resources management among the Garri pastoralists inhabiting southern Ethiopia’s lowlands along the Ethio-Kenyan border. I analyze contemporary practices of water management in the light of a participatory model and valorisation of local environmental knowledge, which nowadays constitute a major concern of international development organizations working in these regions. Today a main feature of water usage among these groups is chara...

This paper is based on the second of the three reports resulting from a Young Lives relocation sub-study conducted in four sites in Ethiopia: three in Addis Ababa and one in Hawassa, the capital of the Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Region. This second report focuses on housing and considers how children and caregivers view the prospect of moving to condominium housing, the advantages and risks involved, and their perceptions of their ability to afford the costs. The urban lands...

Scholarship on the Ottoman printing enterprise has long neglected the part played by the traditional actors of the written word, including the ulema and calligraphers, in the rise of the press. Though traditionally viewed as opponents of the new print technology, these actors continued to fulfill vital roles in everything from editorial work to the techno- material aspects of printing, generating new opportunities for themselves in a rapidly changing cultural environment. This paper focuses on their role in the Imperial Press to reveal how the know-how of these actors was critical for the transition to the new Ottoman cultural medium of print. It further suggests that as these actors adapted andcarried their skills to that medium, they themselves were influenced by the new technology of the press, and the novel ways of relating to the written word that came with it, in a profound way, with significant implications for the nature of scholarship and the shape of the scholarly career track during the period.

L’archéologie occupe désormais une place éminente dans l’étude des faits religieux du monde grec. Cette discipline scientifique fournit naturellement des données à l’histoire des religions, mais on peut aussi lui assigner un objet et des objectifs propres : étudier les produits de la technique pour analyser les effets de ce que l’on pourrait appeler l’« artificialisation » des faits de culture. Cette communication se propose d’envisager quelques‑uns des dispositifs techniques associés à la fréquentation des dieux, à partir des exemples fournis par le site de Délos. À cette fin, diverses manières d’équiper un lieu spécifique pour la visite cultuelle sont envisagées ; nous abordons également les moyens techniques de son appropriation à une divinité particulière. Archaeology now plays an important role in the study of religion in the Greek world. As a scientific discipline, archaeology provides the history of religions with useful data, but it also has its own object and objectives: to study the products of technique and analyse the effects of what could be termed the “artificialization” of the cultural facts. Consequently, taking examples from the Delos site, this paper will consider some of the technical facilities related to the frequentation of the gods. To do so, we will consider various ways of equipping a specific place for cultic visits and will also focus on the technical means used to appropriate it to a particular deity.

À la fin du ive siècle, dans une Délos qui vient de se libérer de la tutelle athénienne, un archonte sortant de charge offre à Aphrodite un petit sanctuaire. La relation qui s’y établit entre le fondateur, sa famille, les magistrats déliens et la déesse est complexe. Elle est ici analysée en trois étapes. Le moment de la fondation est décisif : Stèsiléôs y détermine une forme du culte qui favorise la proximité (topographique, architecturale, iconographique) de la déesse avec ses fidèles et privilégie la représentation familiale dans le sanctuaire. À ses débuts, le culte est marqué par un fonctionnement mixte : fondé à une échelle familiale, il est fréquenté par un cercle de magistrats et partiellement entretenu par la caisse sacrée ; la famille s’y réserve toutefois une proximité singulière avec la déesse en gérant une partie des offrandes et des célébrations. À la suite de Stèsiléôs, ses enfants confirment l’implication familiale dans le sanctuaire en redéfinissant sa position entre gestion publique et privée. At the end of the 4th century, when Delos was no longer under Athenian supervision, an archon leaving his charge offered a small Sanctuary to Aphrodite. This paper analyses the highly complex relationship between the founder, his family, the magistrates and the goddess in three phases. The moment of the foundation is crucial: Stesileos established a form of worship that favoured the (topographical, architectural, iconographic) goddess’ proximity to her worshippers and promoted family representation in the sanctuary. In its early days, the cult was marked by a mixed practice: founded by a family, it was attended by a circle of magistrates and partially maintained through the sacred treasury; however, the family maintained a uniquely close relationship to the goddess by managing part of the offerings and celebrations. After Stesileos died, his children reaffirmed the family’s involvement with the shrine by redefining its position between public and private management.

Akdeniz ve Anadolu coğrafyası için ticarî, askerî ve jeopolitik ehemmiyete sahip olan Rodos, tarih boyunca çeşitli milletlerin hâkimiyetine girmiş önemli bir adadır. Adanın 1309 yılında Saint Jean Şövalyelerinin eline geçmesinden sonra zamanla adanın Osmanlı aleyhtarlığının merkezi hâline gelmesi ve Akdeniz ticaret yolunun güvenliğinin sağlanması amacıyla Fatih Sultan Mehmed Rodos’u fethetmek için seferler düzenlemiş fakat bu girişimler sonuçsuz kalmıştır. Bu tarihten sonra çeşitli sebeplerle atıl kalan Rodos meselesi için Haziran 1522’de Kanuni Sultan Süleyman adayı Türk topraklarına katmak ve böylece Akdeniz ticaret yollarının güvenliğini de sağlamak üzere büyük bir sefere çıkmış ve Rodos 20 Haziran 1522’de fethedilmiştir. Türk tarihi açısından önemli bir fetih olan Rodos’un alınmasının ticarî, siyasî ve askerî sonuçları olduğu gibi edebî sonuçları da olmuş ve bu olay üzerine çeşitli fetih-nâmeler kaleme alınmıştır. Bunların en meşhuru ise Celâlzâde’nin Rodos Fetih-nâmesi’dir. Fetih-nâmeler bilindiği üzere edebî bir tür olarak seferi baştan sona anlatan eserler olduğu gibi padişaha tehniye olarak da sunulan manzumelere ad olabilmekteydi. Klasik Türk edebiyatı geleneği içerisinde pek çok örneği olan bu uygulamanın bilinmeyen bir örneği ise tarafımızdan tespit edilip makalenin konusu edilmiştir. Rodos’un fethinin 500. yılını andığımız şu günlerde XVI. yy. şairlerinden olduğu anlaşılan Fehmî (ö. XVI. yy.?)’nin Rodos Fetih-nâmesi ilim âlemine sunulmaya çalışılmıştır. T.C. Devlet Arşivleri Osmanlı Arşivi Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi Evrakı 0364 nolu gömlekte yapmış olduğumuz çalışmalarda Kanuni Sultan Süleyman’a sunulduğunu tespit ettiğimiz belgede mezkur fetih-nâme ve şairin Rodos’un fethine düşürdüğü tarih kıt‘ası yer almaktadır. Saray arşivinde bulunması hasebiyle sultana sunulduğu anlaşılan kaside, hem fetih-nâme türü hem de adı kaynaklarda geçen fakat eserleri bugüne ulaşmayan şairi açısından önem arz etmektedir. Rhodes, which has commercial, military and geopolitical importance for Mediterranean and Anatolian geography, was ruled by diverse nations throughout the course of history. When the island captured by the Knights of St. John in 1309, island became the center of anti Ottoman activities, and Mehmed the Conqueror’s campaigns to conquer the island failed. After this date, Rhodes question which remained stagnant for various reasons, solved in June 1522 with the extensive campaign of Suleiman the Magnificent, in order to include the island to Turkish territories and secure the Mediterranean trade roads, and the island was conquered 20 June 1522. As an important conquest for the Turkish history, conquest of Rhodes had both commercial, political and military, and eternal consequences, and this event was written in several fetihnames. The most famous of these, is the Fetihname of Rhodes of Celalzade. As it is already known, fetihnames, which tell a conquest from beginning to end, would become poems known as tehniye. An unknown sample of this kind, which have many examples in classical Turkish literature tradition, is inspected by us and become the subject of this paper. In these days which coincides with the 500th anniversary of the conquest of Rhodes, Fehmi’s- a 16th century poets (d. 16th century) Fetihname of Rhodes, is tried to be presented to scholarly world. In our studies in Republic of Turkey State Archives, Ottoman Archives Topkapı Palace Archives document 0364, we have seen that this piece, which includes fetihname and the date, which was given by the poem. As it was found in the palace archives it is clear that this poem was presented to sultan. It is important for both fetihname literature and its poem, who has been unknown to this date.

This paper first evaluates the impact of a two-decade-long Islamization policy carried out by a pro-Islamist party, which came to power in 2002 in Turkey, on the attitudes of Turkish people toward religious values, religious practices, and clergy. In this regard, how the importance of religion, frequency of going to mosques, and trust in the clergy have changed among Turkish Muslims between 2002 and 2018 were examined by using World Values Survey data and employing logistic regression analysis. Estimation results indicated a reduction in belief in God, attendance to mosques, and trust in clergy, which imply the failure of the Islamization policy. Second, we explored what caused the failure by using the same data set and methodology. Our estimations suggested that the symbiotic relationship between the pro-Islamist government and religious clergy and institutions may explain the failure. As the government is identified with religion in the eye of the public, dissatisfaction with the government turned to dissatisfaction with religious values.

Byzantine incubation literature is the term used in research to denote early Byzantine collections of healing miracles (5th–7th century) in which the saint’s miraculous intervention is related to the incubation experience. Despite the centrality of the concepts of disease and healing in such literature, the relationship between medicine and Christian religion needs to be further explored. Based on the Egyptian collection of Miracles of Cosmas and Damian contained in manuscript Lond. Add. 37534 (BHG 373b) as a case study, this paper intends to: (1) present those miraculous accounts where food is treated as medicament, starting from a close reading of the relevant passages; (2) looking at the (Byzantine) medical knowledge integrated in these narratives.

This paper reconstructs the conceptual foundations of Locke’s unilateralist theory of original appropriation through a critical comparison with the rival compact theories of Grotius and Pufendorf. Much of the normative and conceptual framework of Locke’s theory is common to theirs. Integrating his innovative doctrines on labour and natural self-proprietorship into this received theoretical framework logically required Locke to make several conceptual amendments. I highlight three all but overlooked revisions: (i) an unusually broad conception of labour; (ii) a reduction of mere use-rights to property rights; and (iii) a novel non-self-preservationist interpretation of the divine authorization to use natural resources in common. The reconceptualization of ‘labour’ is theoretically the most fundamental, underpinning the other two. My contextual reconstruction enhances our grasp of the structure of Locke’s theory of original appropriation. It also reveals Locke’s main objection to compact theories to be an external one, hinging on idiosyncratic conceptualizations of key notions.

The aim of this paper is to identify the ways in which modern and contemporary Chinese literature has depicted the female body, and how this depiction has been used as a tool not only of artistic expression but of sense-making as well. I will especially focus on disruptive and uneasy narratives of the female body provided by Chinese writers. I will develop my analysis of a range of literary texts within a twofold conceptual frame. On the one hand I will stress the importance of close reading ...

De nombreuses recherches sur le bilinguisme des enfants issus de familles immigrées mettent en avant un vocabulaire plus réduit en L1 et L2 en comparaison des enfants monolingues (Zablit & Trudeau, 2008 ; Treffers-Daller et al., 2007). Cet article s’intéresse justement à l’accès au vocabulaire en turc (L1) et en français (L2) en production et en réception orales des enfants bilingues franco-turcs scolarisés en CP, CE2 et CM2 à l’école primaire en France, en comparaison avec leurs pairs monolingues français et turcs. Pour ce faire, le test allemand Wortschatz- und Wortfindungstest für 6- bis 10-Jährige (Glück, 2011) a été utilisé. Pour les bilingues, les résultats montrent un meilleur niveau en L1 en CP, ensuite une nette amélioration en L2 en CE2 et un écart plus rapproché entre les deux langues au CM2. Il a été également relevé dans leur répertoire linguistique des phénomènes d’interférence, d’interlangue ainsi que la transformation de la L1 avec des emprunts de la L2. Bien que le vocabulaire total des bilingues soit plus faible en CP, ce retard est rattrapé en CE2. De fortes et positives corrélations (Pearson et al., 1993) ont été constatées entre les langues : plus la L1 est maîtrisée, plus la L2 l’est aussi. Vocabulary access in L1 and L2 of French-Turkish bilingual children in France aged 6 to 10 years. Many researches on bilingualism of children from immigrant families show low is their vocabulary in L1 and L2 compared to their monolingual peers (Zablit & Trudeau, 2008; Treffers-Daller et al., 2007). This paper precisely focuses on vocabulary access in Turkish (L1) and French (L2) in oral production and comprehension of French-Turkish bilingual children at first, third and fifth grades at a primary school in France, in comparison with their monolingual French and Turkish peers. To do this, the German test Wortschatz- und Wortfindungstest für 6- bis 10-Jährige (Glück, 2011) was used. The results of bilinguals show a better level in L1 in the first grade and then a notable amelioration in L2 in the third grade and that the lexical gaps between the two languages is significantly reduced in the fifth grade. In the linguistic repertoire of bilinguals’, phenomena as interference, interlanguage as well as transformation of L1 with borrowings from L2 was observed. Although bilinguals’ total vocabulary is lower in the first grade, this delay is caught up in the third grade. According to the Pearson et al., (1993) correlation coefficient, there is a strong and positive correlation between two languages: the more we promote L1 development, the more we promote L2.

The General Urban Development Plan for Lourenço Marques (today Maputo) was approved on 25th April 1955. Coordinated by architect João Aguiar, director of the Colonial Planning Office. it was developed based on the first urban plan for the city, which had been drawn up by Joaquim José Machado and António José de Araújo in 1887. A further new Master Plan for Lourenço Marques was drawn up between 1967 and 1969. This new one was the last before Mozambique gained independence in 1975 and it was drafted by a specialist team coordinated by the engineer and urbanist Mário de Azevedo. The orientations applied in Aguiar’s Urban Plan were quite distinct from those of Azevedo’s Master Plan. The innovative element was that it opposed the ‘conception of a city closed in on itself, limited in size and structure’.1 Azevedo’s plan furthered a regional interpretation of the territory and placed the emphasis on the provision of an entire transport infrastructure network by land, sea, and air. This paper seeks to throw light on the evolution of Portuguese urbanism in the Portuguese African colonies in the last years of colonization with a view to highlighting the different approaches.

This paper presents and discusses the selection of a set of core indicators for the sustainable conservation of built heritage. This core set of indicators was selected by following a two-step methodology: 1) first, a comparative analysis of indicators of two building sustainability assessment (BSA) tools with different approaches was performed by using content analysis to identify common priorities; 2) second, a selection of the indicators according to scale, stage of the life cycle, and coverage of core aspects for sustainable development, following the criteria established by the International Organization for Standardization. The results show that even if current methodologies have different structures, terminology, and priorities, they share common principles that promote a more sustainable built environment. However, by being mostly oriented to the intervention and operation phases, these methods do not have direct application as an assessment framework for the sustainable conservation of the built heritage. To overcome this situation, this research presents a concise set of indicators that can support the development of an assessment tool to ensure the sustainable conservation of existing buildings., The authors would like to acknowledge the support granted by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), in the scope of the Doctoral Program Eco-Construction and Rehabilitation (EcoCoRe), to the PhD scholarship with the reference PD/BD/127853/2016

This paper argues that the most effective way to distribute capabilities, as part of a capabilitybased theory of justice, involves the implementation of an unconditional basic income. On the one hand, unconditional access to the means – external conditions – required by capabilities has a positive impact on capabilities’ robustness and security. On the other hand, income, as an external condition, enhances at least three important aspects in the distribution of capabilities: (1) it enhances the multiple realisability of capabilities; (2) it allows for changes across time in the sources of variation that affect the conversion of means into capabilities; and (3) it increases the effectiveness of other external conditions with which income is combined.

This paper focuses on some remaining problems of interpretation in one of the Latin letters of the archive of Claudius Terentianus (early 2nd century AD). Among our principal findings, one may note the explanation of xylesphongium as an alteration of xylosp(h)ongium by association with *espongia, the spoken form of spongia and thus as another proof of the existence in contemporary spoken Latin of a pro(s)thetic vowel which also accounts for the confusion of the verbs spectare and exspectare in the same letter. It is also argued that the author’s use of praeesse for adesse can be regarded as a typical instance of linguistic interference in a bilingual setting and that lentiamina for linteamina can possibly be accounted for by assuming a reborrowing from Greek. Geen doi ispartof: Les Etudes Classiques vol:89 issue:1-4 pages:301-334 status: published

Les Archives nationales conservent dans leur série AG les papiers de fonctions des hommes qui se sont succédé à la tête de l’État de la IIIe République à nos jours, en temps de paix et en temps de guerre. Les fonds des présidents de la République y côtoient ceux du maréchal Pétain, chef de l’« État français », et du général de Gaulle, chef de la France libre, puis président du Comité français de libération nationale et du Gouvernement provisoire de la République française. Ces archives, variées mais d’une richesse inégale selon les époques, renferment un certain nombre de dossiers et de documents relatifs à la Grèce, produits ou reçus par le chef de l’État en personne, ses collaborateurs et les services permanents de la présidence de la République. Même si elles ne sauraient se substituer aux fonds des Archives diplomatiques, de telles pièces offrent un point de vue intéressant et parfois inattendu sur la Grèce, et permettent de se faire une idée de la teneur, au sommet de l’État, des relations franco-grecques de la Belle époque à François Mitterrand. The AG series in the French National Archives preserves the official papers of the men who have held the position of Head of State from the 3rd Republic to the present day, in wartime and peacetime. The archives of the Presidents of France are side by side with those of Marshal Pétain, who was head of the “French State” and of the General de Gaulle, who was head of “Free France”, then President of the French Committee for National Liberation and of the Provisional Government of the French Republic. The archival material is extremely varied but can be patchy depending on the era, including a certain number of files regarding Greece, that were produced or received by the Head of State in person, his staff and the permanent administrative departments of the French Presidency. While these pieces are no substitute for the Diplomatic Archives, such documents provide an interesting, and at times, unexpected point of view on Greece, and a comprehensive idea of the state of France-Greece relations at the most senior level of government, from the Belle époque to François Mitterrand’s presidency.

Zosimus of Panopolis was a Graeco-Egyptian alchemist of the 3rd century whose alchemy was imbued with both technical and Gnostic elements. In this way, the notion of conversion is met in the corpus of Zosimus in both its material and spiritual aspects. The aim of this paper is to present these two kinds of conversion by having a special focus on the role of the spirit (pneuma) in their procedures. Hence, in the first part of the study I present how pneuma is involved in the conversion of metals, while in the second I deal with the spiritual–Gnostic aspects of his alchemy, which pertain to the notion of the “divine spark.” In the last part of the study, I examine the relation between pneuma and divine water in the work of Zosimus, which serves in turn as an exegetical tool for the Coptic-Gnostic source which is found in the Gospel According to Philip (61, 12b–20a).