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The green vehicle routing problem (GVRP) is a relatively new topic, which aims to minimize greenhouse gasses (GHG) emissions produced by a fleet of vehicles. Both internal combustion vehicles (ICV) and alternative fuel vehicles (AFV) are considered, dividing GVRP into two separate subclasses: ICV-based GVRP and AFV-based GVRP. In the ICV-based subclass, the environmental aspect comes from the objective function which aims to minimize GHG emissions or fuel usage of ICVs. On the other hand, the environmental aspect of AFV-based GVRP is implicit and comes from using AFVs in transport. Since GVRP is NP-hard, finding the exact solution in a reasonable amount of time is often impossible for larger instances, which is why metaheuristic approaches are predominantly used. The purpose of this study is to detect gaps in the literature and present suggestions for future research in the field. For that purpose, we review recent papers in which GVRP was tackled by some metaheuristic methods and describe algorithm specifics, VRP attributes, and objectives used in them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transportation sector is responsible for about 16% of worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. Despite efforts for a sensible reduction by means of new technologies' development, the average age of a vehicle fleet is 12.3 years in the European Union. In light of this, actions aiming at improving the efficiency of circulating vehicles can prove effective in the short to mid-term. Introducing performance packages in standard fuels could allow a reduction in the CO2 emissions of whole vehicle fleets without any modification to powertrain. Such a kind of additive is generally used in premium fuels; deposit control additives can reduce or control the deposits at intake valves and at nozzle holes with benefits for the fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions. Further improvements in combustion phasing can be achieved with cetane/octane improver. This paper aims to assess the influence of two performance packages on the exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of five vehicles set to be as representative as possible of circulating Italian passenger cars and light commercial fleet vehicles (LCVs). Based on the literature datasets, three Euro 4 vehicles were selected with a mileage representative of each single vehicle class: two passenger cars (one spark ignition and one diesel) and an LCV. Further, two diesel Euro 6 vehicles, a passenger car and an LCV, were tested to investigate the effect of fuel additives on the combustion of vehicles compliant with current homologation regulation. Exhaust emissions and fuel consumption were experimentally estimated on a chassis dynamometer over a worldwide harmonized light vehicles test cycle (WLTC) in a climate-controlled laboratory. Each vehicle was preliminarily tested when running with base fuel, then a 3000 km clean-up stage was performed using the additive package. Finally, WLTC tests were repeated. Results demonstrated the efficiency of the performance packages with a reduction between 1.2% (diesel Euro 6 passenger car) and 8.1% (diesel Euro 4 passenger car) in fuel consumption. Similar trends were found for CO2 emissions. Further, a sensible reduction in THCs, CO and PM was found for each vehicle class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although technical improvements to engines and aftertreatment systems have the greatest impact on pollutant emissions, there is also potential for reducing emissions through driver behavior. This potential can be realized in the very short term, while better emission-control technologies only take effect once they have penetrated the market. In addition to a change in driving style, the vehicle owner's choice of vehicle technology and size class will also have an impact on the future emissions of the vehicle fleet. The effects of different driving styles, the tire choice, the vehicle size class, and propulsion technologies on energy consumption and tailpipe and non-exhaust emissions are analyzed in this paper for different traffic situations and start temperatures for cars with petrol and diesel combustion engines and for battery electric vehicles. The analysis is completed with the corresponding upstream emissions from fuel and electricity production. The analysis is based on a vehicle simulation using the Passenger car and Heavy-duty Emission Model (PHEM), which is based on a large database of vehicles created using measurements of real driving conditions. For the assessment of the driving style, a novel method was developed in an H2020 project, which reproduces a measured trip with a virtual eco-driver. Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (CO2eq) increase with increasing vehicle size, but can be reduced by around 20% for conventional vehicles and 17% for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) through an environmentally conscious driving style. On average, BEVs have around 50% lower CO2eq emissions than conventional vehicles, if the emissions from vehicle production are also taken into account. On an average journey of 35 km, the cold start of modern diesel vehicles accounts for around half of the total NOx emissions, while the proportion of cold starts for petrol vehicles is around 25%. Tire and brake wear together generate a similar amount of PN23 emissions as the exhaust gases from new cars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the correlation between automobile exhaust, PM2.5, and air pollution to explore the rate of contribution of automobile exhaust to PM2.5 pollution and the effect of government regulation on automobile exhaust gas. The results show that the atmosphere is hazy and that car exhaust is the main cause of PM2.5 pollution. This paper divides the governance strategy into two methods: reducing the number of motor vehicles and reducing the emissions capacity of motor vehicles. It also analyses the effects of congestion control on public car travel and establishes a dynamic game model. To strengthen the influence of supervision on enterprises with regard to purifying devices and restrictions, this study also creates a "prisoner's dilemma" model. The final results of the study show that restriction measures can effectively relieve road pressure. Additionally, congestion costs can alleviate environmental pressure, but it is difficult to determine the costs, and the difficulty of implementation increases. Increasing enterprises' installation of purifying devices is not advisable or desirable in the short term. Finally, the paper offers some suggestions for the maintenance of the atmospheric environment and the management of automobile exhaust: (1) improve the national green transport system and environmental protection awareness; (2) advocate public transport as a mode of travel; and (3) reduce the use of buses and popularize new energy vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transient car emission tests generate huge amount of test data, but their results are usually evaluated only using their "accumulated" cycle values according to the homologation limits. In this work, two machine learning models were developed and applied to a truck RDE test and two light-duty vehicle chassis emission tests. Different from the conventional approach, the engine parameters and fuel consumption were acquired from the Engine Control Unit, not from the test measurement equipment. Instantaneous engine values were used as input in machine-learning-based digital twins. This novel approach allows for much less costly vehicle tests and optimizations. The paper's novel approach and developed digital twins model were able to predict both instantaneous and accumulated fuel consumption with good accuracy, and also for tests cycles different to the one used to train the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, vehicle emissions have become one of the important pollutant sources of the urban atmosphere. Scholars and decision-makers are constantly expected to accurately grasp the dispersion of vehicle pollutants to formulate a series of policies and strategies which can facilitate a friendly and sustainable urban environment, such as controlling the total number of vehicles, requiring higher emission standards, promoting new energy vehicles, improving public transit service, and optimizing non-motorized transportation systems. This paper provides a review of the mechanism research methods and mathematical modeling approaches for urban vehicle pollutant dispersion. The mechanism research methods reviewed include field measurements, wind tunnel experiments, and numerical simulations. The modeling approaches involve two kinds of popular models: Box models (STREET, CPBM, AURORA, PBM) and Gaussian models (CALINE, HIWAY, OSPM, CALPUFF, R-LINE, ADMS series, EPISODE, CityChem, SIRANE, MUNICH). Moreover, this paper clarifies the basic assumption, fundamental principle, related research, applicable conditions, and limitations of these mechanism research methods and modeling approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exhaust emissions testing of vehicles under real driving conditions (real driving emissions, RDE) using portable exhaust emissions measurement systems (PEMS) was introduced a few years ago by the European Commission as a mandatory test during type approval and later also for in-service conformity. This paper compares results from mobile systems for measuring exhaust gas emissions (PEMS) with a stationary laboratory (BOSMAL's Exhaust Emissions Testing Laboratory). The tests were carried out using a passenger car equipped with a spark ignition engine, which was tested on a chassis dynamometer over the WLTC cycle. The results showed that the differences between PEMS analysers and stationary analysers range from a few percent to a dozen or so percent, depending on the component and the measurement method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the problems in current research into low-carbon and water scenery tourism, this paper brings forward a low-carbon tour route algorithm of urban scenic water spots based on an improved Divisive Analysis clustering model. Based on the ecological attributes of scenic water spots, the clustering model is set up to create scenic spot clusters. Via the clusters, the low-carbon tour route algorithm of urban scenic water spots based on the optimal energy conservation and emission reduction mode is proposed, and it provides the optimal scenic water spots and low-carbon tour routes for tourists. The model can thus realize the optimization of vehicle exhaust emission in urban travel and reduce exhaust emission damage to urban water bodies and natural environments. In order to verify the advantages of the proposed algorithm, this paper performs an experiment to compare the proposed algorithm with the frequently used route planning methods by tourists. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has great advantages in energy conservation, emission reduction and low-carbon travel and can reduce the exhaust emission and the damage to the urban water bodies and the natural environment, realizing low-carbon tourism. The main findings and contributions of the proposed work are as follows. First, an improved clustering algorithm is set up, and the urban scenic water spots are clustered according to attribute data, which could optimize the scenic spot recommendation spatial model. Second, combining with the specific characteristics of scenic water spots, the scenic spot mining and matching algorithm is set up to satisfy tourists' needs. Third, a method that could reduce emission exhaust by optimizing self-driving tour routes is proposed, which could control and reduce the damage to urban environments and protect water ecosystems. The proposed algorithm could be used as the embedded algorithm of tour recommendation systems or the reference algorithm for planning urban tourism transportation. Especially in peak tourism season, it could be used as an effective method for tourism and traffic management departments to direct traffic flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, the energy supply in the market is tight and the oil price fluctuates sharply. With the increasing degree of environmental pollution, both developed and developing countries pay special attention to the development of new energy, and energy conservation and emission reduction have been put on the agenda. As new energy vehicles have the advantages of energy conservation and environmental protection, they are strongly supported by governments. Many countries regard new energy vehicles as substitutes for traditional vehicles, and their development has ushered in a good opportunity. Under the background that the government and enterprises pay more attention to the development of new energy vehicles, it is of positive significance to study the intelligent manufacturing enterprises of new energy vehicles in a province. This paper studies the manufacturing of new energy vehicles through soft computing. Next, this paper also analyzes the financial market. Enterprise risk is closely related to investor income and social healthy development, which is a hot issue concerned by the public and the government. However, in recent years, there have been a series of cases in which enterprises have suffered huge losses using "hedging" to avoid operational risks, which has aroused public concern about the motivation of enterprises to use derivative financial products. Based on the leverage characteristics of derivative financial instruments, scholars believe that the high leverage profit in the capital market is the main incentive for enterprises to use hedging for hedging speculation. Existing studies pay more attention to the consequences of enterprise hedging, and they analyze the impact of enterprise hedging, focus on the result level after enterprise hedging, and seek the significance of enterprise hedging. Through the research on soft computing, this paper will apply it to the intelligent manufacturing of new energy vehicles and promote the development of hedging in China's financial market [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scenario of the Automobile Industry has changed, not only in India but also for the world as a whole. Rise in demand for more sustainable mobility and vehicles with increased usage of renewable energies have given rise to a revolution. This revolution has not only been affecting mankind for better implementation of resources but has also shown tremendous greener and cleaner effects on the flora and fauna of the land as a whole. There has been electrification of vehicles, addition of superior systems to generate lesser harmful effluents and also changing the guidelines of emissions to cleaner and more sustainable ones. The purpose of this paper is to review and state the existence of different pieces of literature for the transition from Bharat Stage-IV (BS-IV) to Bharat Stage-VI (BS-VI). Much has been written about the transition to BS-VI, the difficulties, and the positive effects on vehicle reliability, economy and the environment. In particular, this work explores the parallels between BS-VI and the corresponding Euro norms and their sequence of implementation. The aforesaid transition has increased the number of oil refineries in India that produce BS-VI-compliant fuels, keeping in mind the increased need for it. This paper explores the current state of the literature and throws light on many of the questions regarding this significant transition. The authors have tried to study the ongoing issues including the stress of inventory management of dieselrun passenger cars, the different refinements required to process and manufacture the BS-VI-compliant vehicles, people's reaction on the changes brought in by the issuing bodies with respect to the norms, to name a few. The focus of the research has been on Bharat Stage emission norms, their implementation challenges and automobile pollution in India to name a few. The authors also discuss the needs, advantages and challenges faced by the industry, producers and customers and conclude that this change is one of the reasons for the decline in car sales in India as it may affect the buying power of the customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of the paper is to review available alternative powertrain technologies for non-road machinery. Based on that, to propose adequate classification and recognise main trends within this area. The paper presents various powertrain propositions alternative to internal combustion engine and solely mechanical powertrain developed by manufacturers over a course of years. The article explains actual legislative situation regarding environmental challenges connected to the powertrain solutions and reiterates the need for development in that area. Both commercially available and only presented at fairs or at early development stages solutions have been analysed. Depending on the load conditions and work patterns multiple benefits as well as challenges to the reviewed concepts have been discussed. Certain classification of existing powertrain solutions have been proposed taking into account its design and functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The streetscape of any city reflects the natural built fabric of the street and adds to the experiential quality of that space. A sustainable streetscape ensures that the spaces are long-lasting and functional as a part of the greater sustainable eco-system. Over the past two centuries, mankind has increased the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere from 280 to more than 380 parts per million by volume, and it is still increasing every day. If Earth continues to emit carbon without control, the surface temperature is expected to rise by 3.4 °C by the end of this century. Climate change of that magnitude would likely have serious, long-lasting, and, in many cases, devastating consequences for the planet Earth. Egypt has become one of the biggest emitters of atmospheric pollutants from the transportation sector. The level of carbon emissions and its effect on air quality are placed high on the research agenda. The transportation sector has a great impact on increasing CO2 emissions. The transportation and traffic sectors produce a quarter of the global CO2 emissions due to the heavy use of fossil fuels. This research aims to study the effects of street shape and design on CO2 production. This paper presents an analysis of road transportation in Egypt, taking Helmiet EL-Zaitoun as the main case study, with a focus on energy demand and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Carbon emissions are measured using "Testo 315-3" as a measuring instrument to identify the relationship between street design and quality on the amount of carbon emissions produced. The results of this research suggest that street quality affects the amount of CO2 emissions produced. A car moving at a constant speed will produce fewer CO2 emissions than a car forced to start–stop every while because of external factors such as cracks in the roads occurring from bad streetscape elements. The presented research provides a set of guidelines to enhance the quality of the streetscape and design in order to reduce the amount of CO2 produced in the streets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noise from cars is one of the main sources of harmful pollution. In the presented paper, an octave frequency band analysis is conducted according to standard methods of external and internal noise measurement. Experiments at different speeds, with three types of cars--conventional gasoline (GV), hybrid (HEV) and pure electric (BEV)--were carried out on two types of pavement--damaged coarse-grained and smooth fine-grained asphalt. The results show variations in external and internal noise levels vs. speed in different octave bands. At each speed, a spectral analysis was done. The diagrams with results show changes in noise level vs. speed and the positions of noise maximums. Regression models for the octave spectrum at different speeds and pavements are developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the complex and diverse forms of automobile emission detection faults and various interference factors, it is difficult to determine the fault types effectively and accurately use the traditional diagnosis model. In this paper, a multicondition auto fault diagnosis method based on a vehicle chassis dynamometer is proposed. 3σ method and data normalization were used to pretreat tail gas data. BPNN-RNN (Back Propagation Neural Networks-Recurrent Neural Networks) variable speed integral PID control method was used to achieve high-precision vehicle chassis dynamometer control. Accurate tail gas data were obtained. The simulation and test results of BPNN-RNN variable speed integral PID control were verified and analyzed. The PID control method can quickly adjust PID parameters (within 10 control cycles), control overshoot within 2% of the target value, eliminate the static error, and improve the control performance of the vehicle chassis dynamometer. Combined with BPNN (Back Propagation Neural Network) and SOM (Self-organizing Maps) network, a BPNN-SOM fault diagnosis model is proposed in this paper. By comparing and analyzing the fault diagnosis performance of various neural networks and SOM-BPNN algorithm, it is found that the SOM-BPNN model has the best comprehensive result, the prediction accuracy is 98.75%, the time is 0.45 seconds, and it has good real-time stability. The proposed model can effectively diagnose the vehicle fault, provide a certain direction for maintenance personnel to judge the vehicle state, and provide certain help to alleviate traffic pollution problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that the pollutants in exhaust gas can cause performance deterioration in air-fuel oxygen sensors. Although the content of Pb in fuel oil is as low as 5 mg/L, the effect of long-term Pb accumulation on TiO2 oxygen sensors is still unclear. In this paper, the influence mechanism of Pb-containing additives in automobile exhaust gas on the response characteristics of TiO2 oxygen sensors was simulated and studied by depositing Pb-containing pollutants on the surface of a TiO2 sensitive film. It was found that the accumulation of Pb changed the surface gas adsorption state and reduced the activation energy of TiO2, thus affecting the steady-state response voltage and response speed of the TiO2-based oxygen sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a market-based instrument for transportation demand management, a transport fee-charging policy can not only effectively reduce traffic congestion, but also improve air quality. Considering the urgent need to improve urban transport fee-charging policies and reduce transport carbon emissions, the paper focuses on the role of the performance of fee-charging policies in reducing the carbon emissions of urban transport. In this study, we propose a methodological framework for the performance evaluation of urban traffic carbon emission fee-charging policies. First, we analyze the current situation of the implementation of fee-charging policies and their relationship with urban traffic congestion. Subsequently, we analyze changing trends of carbon emissions associated with transportation travel in Beijing in recent years, to identify the main sources of carbon emissions from transport. Finally, we used the DEA method to evaluate the performance of the fee policies for urban transport, which are meant to reduce carbon emissions, analyze their implementation efficiency, and then discuss the main factors affecting their efficiency. The results show that with the implementation of fee-charging policies, urban traffic congestion has eased. The overall carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from transportation in Beijing grew rapidly. CO2 emissions generated by car travel are the main source of carbon emissions from transportation in Beijing. The average value of the overall technical efficiency (TE) of Beijing's fee-charging policies to reduce transportation carbon emissions from 2006 to 2018 is 0.962, indicating that the overall implementation of Beijing's fee-charging policies has been effective. Adjustments to the fee structure reduce motor vehicle travel to an extent, increase the proportion of green travel, and reduce the intensity of transportation carbon emissions. The technical non-efficiency in Beijing's fee-charging policy is mainly due to non-efficiency of scale, followed by pure technical non-efficiency. Appropriately adjusting the fee structures imposed by different policies would help to improve the efficiency of policy implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automobile industry, as a representative in pursuing the goals of "emission peak" and "carbon neutrality", has made low carbon a new industrial practice. With regard to low carbon, the lightweight design proves to be an effective approach to reducing carbon emissions from automobiles. Given the state of research, in which the existing lightweight design schemes of automobiles seldom consider the impact of the lightweight quality on carbon emissions during the whole life cycle of the automobiles, this paper proposes a more comprehensive lightweight design method for automobiles in regard to carbon emissions. First, the finite element method was adopted to analyze the stress, strain and safety factors of the automobile parts based on their stress, so as to identify the positions where the lightweight design was applicable. Subsequently, a lightweight scheme was designed accordingly. Next, the finite element method was re-applied to the parts whose weights had been reduced. In this way, the feasibility of the lightweight scheme was verified. In addition, a method of calculating the carbon emissions produced by changes in the mass, manufacturing processes, application and recycling of automobile parts after the application of the lightweight design was also presented. The method can be used for evaluating the low carbon benefits of the lightweight design scheme. To prove the feasibility of the method, the ZS061750-152101 wheel hub designed and manufactured by Anhui Axle Co., Ltd. was taken as an example for the case analysis. The lightweight design changes three structures of the wheel hub, reducing its weight by 1.4 kg in total. For a single wheel hub, the carbon emissions are reduced by 51.22 kg altogether. That is to say, if the lightweight scheme were to be applied to all the wheels produced by Anhui Axle Co., Ltd. (about 500,000 per year), the carbon emissions from the wheel production, application and recycling could be cut by 2.56 × 107 kg, marking a favorable emission reduction effect. The proposed method can not only provide insight into the lightweight design of automobiles and other equipment against the background of low carbon but also provide a channel for calculating the carbon emission changes in the whole process after the application of the lightweight design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A car muffler is a device to improve car noise emission. Some conventional mufflers use layers of glass fiber as a material to absorb noise. However, filling glass fiber is an environmentally unfriendly work, mainly manually filling with chop strand fiber. This research selected a composite material of glass fiber and foam concrete to replace chop strand fiber to avoid this hazard and maintain the muffler's good noise reduction performance. A response surface methodology with a two-way factorial experimental design repeated the center point twice is performed. The density of the foamed concrete and the weight of the glass fiber is being considered in order to determine the nearly optimal combination of the values in two factors. The response variable is the loudness sensation in Sone of the noise generated from the muffler. At present, the lowest loudness sensation from the two-way factorial design is 16.6494 Sones, which occurred for a muffler with a formula combination of a density of 0.2 g/cm3 and 40 g of glass fiber. The significance of this paper is the presentation of a new application of foam concrete to the green muffler design. To the best of our knowledge, this unique area has never been tackled in the material application of concrete. We have discovered that foam concrete indeed does an excellent job in terms of noise reduction as compared with that of a market muffler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Big data, AI, and machine learning have ushered in a transformative era in computer processing and application. AI's capacity to emulate human cognition spans a spectrum of industries, from rudimentary tasks to intricate decision-making processes. Projections indicate that within a short span, AI technology will bestow computers with human-like capabilities, rendering it indispensable. This advancement has substantially bolstered industry autonomy, fortifying security and safety through the integration of electronics, internet connectivity, advanced algorithms, and cutting-edge processing chips. In this context, Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) leverage AI-powered systems and sensors to optimize performance and proactively thwart potential failures. Going beyond Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), this review scrutinizes the broader spectrum of AI applications. Specifically, it synthesizes pertinent studies encompassing AI's impact on car emissions, predictive maintenance, security, and the realm of connected vehicles. While AGVs can utilize AI algorithms to chart emission-efficient routes and engineer energy-conservative vehicles, AI, through diverse algorithms, proficiently anticipates component failures, substantially enhancing the cost-effectiveness of predictive maintenance and bolstering vehicle reliability. Moreover, AI integrated with sensor technology safeguards vehicles against a spectrum of threats. Neural networks and machine learning further automate security measures for both cargo and passengers. Concurrently, AI and machine learning fortify traffic control and enhance vehicle communication within connected vehicle frameworks, albeit necessitating fortifications in data security, encryption, and system efficiency. This survey paper comprehensively covers the expanse of automotive AI and machine learning applications, extending beyond ADAS. It underscores that the evolving mobility landscape necessitates a thorough evaluation of network architecture, connectivity, and performance metrics, encompassing AGV technology, networking protocols, and swarm dynamics. In this vein, the paper advocates for experts to address existing literature gaps and proactively enhance automotive systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic pollutant contamination in the environment is a serious and dangerous issue, especially for developing countries. Among all organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the more frequently discovered ones in the environment. PAH contamination is caused chiefly by anthropogenic sources, such as the disposal of residential and industrial waste and automobile air emissions. They are gaining interest due to their environmental persistence, toxicity, and probable bioaccumulation. The existence of PAHs may result in damage to the environment and living things, and there is widespread concern about the acute and chronic threats posed by the release of these contaminants. The detection and elimination of PAHs from wastewater have been the focus of numerous technological developments during recent decades. The development of sensitive and economical monitoring systems for detecting these substances has attracted a lot of scientific attention. Using several nanomaterials and nanocomposites is a promising treatment option for the identification and elimination of PAHs in aquatic ecosystems. This review elaborated on the sources of origin, pathogenicity, and widespread occurrence of PAHs. In addition, the paper highlighted the use of nanomaterial-based sensors in detecting PAHs from contaminated sites and nanomaterial-based absorbents in PAH elimination from wastewater. This review also addresses the development of Graphene and Biofunctionalized nanomaterials for the elimination of PAHs from the contaminated sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important trend in the automotive industry, electrification of propulsion systems has potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions of the transportation sector. Whereas electric vehicles do not produce exhaust emissions during driving, the impact of electricity provision for charging the batteries as well as the impact of vehicle production play an essential role in a holistic consideration of the carbon footprint. The paper introduces a comprehensive evaluation of greenhouse gas emission-related factors of battery-electric cars, considering the entire product life cycle. This comprises vehicle production, including battery system, electric powertrain and other relevant components, the car’s use phase under consideration of different electricity mixes, user patterns and the end-of-life phase. The results of the study can serve as a basis for comparison with the characteristics of cars driven by conventional propulsion systems and allow a detailed discussion of the different technologies, especially under consideration of future development trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important trend in the automotive industry, electrification of propulsion systems has potential to significantly reduce greenhouse-gas emissions of the transportation sector. Whereas electric vehicles do not produce exhaust emissions during driving, the impact of electricity provision for charging batteries, as well as the impact of vehicle production play an essential role in a holistic consideration of the carbon footprint. The paper introduces a comprehensive evaluation of greenhouse gas-emission-related factors of cars driven by different propulsion technologies, considering the entire product life cycle. This comprises vehicle production, including battery system, electric powertrain and other relevant components, the car's use phase under consideration of different electricity mixes and the end-of-life phase. The results of the study give insights of influencing factors on life-cycle-related carbon-dioxide-equivalent emissions of cars driven by combustion engines, hybrid powertrains and battery-electric propulsion systems. In addition, a comparison of actual mass-production cars is made and the total life-cycle carbon footprints are discussed under different boundary conditions of electric power supply. In this way, the article comprehensively introduces an automotive life-cycle assessment and provides fundamental information, contributing to an objective discussion of different propulsion technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the growth of the economy, the number of automobiles on the road is fast growing, resulting in substantial environmental pollution from exhaust gas emissions. In the automobile factory, some improvements have been achieved by constructing devices to degrade automobile exhaust. However, although most of the vehicle exhaust emissions have met the national standards, the exhaust gas is superimposed at the same time period due to the increasing traffic volume, making the exhaust emissions seriously reduce the air quality. Therefore, the scholars in the road field began to study new road materials to degrade vehicle exhaust, which has gradually become one of the effective ways to reduce automobile exhaust. Photocatalyst materials have been widely concerned because of their ability to oxidize harmful gases by solar photocatalysis. Yet, the effect has been not satisfactory because of the small light response range of photocatalyst material, which restricts the catalytic effect. In this study, this paper attempts to use Fe3+ to modify the TiO2, which is one of the main photocatalytic materials, to expand the range of light reaction band and to improve the degradation effect of automobile exhaust. The degradation effects of ordinary TiO2 and modified TiO2 on automobile exhaust were compared by test system in the laboratory. The results show that the modified TiO2 can effectively improve the performance of vehicle exhaust degradation. Moreover, the molecular dynamics method was used to establish the channel model of TiO2, and the dynamic process of automobile exhaust diffusion and absorption was simulated. The diffusion law and adsorption process of different types of automobile exhaust gas such as NO, CO, and CO2 in the TiO2 channel were analyzed from the molecular scale through the radial concentration distribution and adsorption energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has already committed to peaking carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 (referred to as the 30·60 Target), which has brought both daunting challenges and great opportunities to the automobile industry in China. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive and in-depth studies on the challenges, paths, and strategies for reducing carbon emissions to fulfill the 30·60 Target in automobile industries. Therefore, this paper proposes low-carbon development strategies for China's automobile industry. This study's method is to integrate the results from different literature to summarize the status, challenges, opportunities, and refine the coping strategies for carbon emission of the automobile industry. The results indicated that the paths for achieving the 30·60 Target include joint carbon emission reduction by upstream and downstream enterprises inside the industry. It also needs cross-industry and cross-sector coordinated decarbonization outside the industry. Meanwhile, the low-carbon policy and regulation system should be established to provide a direct driving force and fundamental guarantee for the low-carbon development of China's automobile industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the experimental test results reflecting the comparative changes in the performance efficiency and emissions of the exhaust of a naturally aspirated, four-stroke, single-cylinder, air-cooled diesel engine due to its transition from neat rapeseed oil biodiesel to fuel blends prepared by mixing in various proportion (by volume) rapeseed methyl ester (B) and butanol (Bu). The lubricity properties of biodiesel-nbutanol fuel blends were studied using HFRR method. In contrast to previous works, the undertaken investigation is performed with a totally renewable, binary liquid biofuel blends. The purpose of the research is to reduce simultaneously the production of NOx emissions and the exhaust smoke with respect to neat biodiesel due to potentially improved homogeneity of combustible mixture and particulate matter emissions benefits suggested by the higher oxygen content (21.62wt%) and the relatively lower carbon-to-hydrogen ratio (4.8) of the normal nbutanol. The tests revealed that the brake specific fuel consumption for the binary biodiesel-n-butanol fuel blends is always higher than that neat biodiesel produces under the same loading conditions. Maximum nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were obtained with the engine running on neat biodiesel (2290 ppm). At full (100%) load conditions, the lowest NOx emission was obtained with the engine running on a biofuel BBu20 blend. The lowest level of carbon monoxide emissions (CO) was observed, when engine running with the most butanol-oxygenated biofuel blend BBu20.The highest smoke opacity of the exhaust was obtained when the engine was fuelled with neat biodiesel and at full load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve the problems of warehouse explosion and delay of logistics distribution network under the sudden explosion of demand on "double 11" and "618," this paper proposes a logistics distribution network location algorithm that can consider reliability, green environmental protection, and path optimization. Firstly, the transportation model of logistics distribution network location-route optimization is established. Under the condition that the transportation model satisfies the vehicle path reliability constraint, it can minimize the total cost, including logistics distribution cost, transportation oil consumption, and CO2 emission cost. This paper designs an improved imperial competition algorithm to solve it according to the characteristics of the transportation model. Firstly, the competition mechanism of "United Lian Heng" was introduced in the initial national stage, enhancing the information exchange and retaining the superior population. Secondly, in the process of empire assimilation, we can learn from the colonial rule strategy, which is gradually infiltrated and assimilated by all levels of the country to enhance the development ability of the algorithm. Finally, the algorithm designs a mechanism to judge and jump out of local optimum, so as to avoid "premature" affecting the optimization performance. The rationality of the model and the effectiveness of the improved imperial competition algorithm are verified by simulation experiments of different scales, while the influence of reliability level is analyzed. Experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively solve problems of different scales and maintain stable performance under different reliability levels. Moreover, its algorithm performance is better than that of the standard imperial competition algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Road transportation is responsible for a significant part of the EU's total CO2 emissions. Therefore, the automotive sector is subject to continuously strengthening environmental regulation. Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17th April 2019 sets, for the period from 2020 to 2024, an EU fleet-wide target of 147 g CO2/km for the average emissions of new light commercial vehicles and an EU fleet-wide target of 95 g CO2/km for the average emissions of new passenger cars, phasing in for 95% of vehicles in 2020 with 100% compliance in 2021. If a manufacturer does not meet given CO2 standards, the excess emissions premium (penalty) is to be charged. Value creation in the automotive sector across the supply chain is necessarily undergoing a process of change. Manufacturers of passenger cars and light commercial vehicles are forced either to face a massive penalty or to invest in the development of low-emission technology and in the change of the production portfolio towards zero- and lowemission vehicles with lower profit margins and a relatively unformed customer base. The aim of this paper is to identify how the excess emissions premium affects the value creation in the automotive industry. Our methodology utilizes the income-based valuation approach. First, we conduct an analysis of the key financial value drivers of automotive companies in the period from 2016 to 2019. Subsequently, we make a prognosis of value drivers for the future period affected by the above-mentioned regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is becoming a vital and crucial parameter in many technical, commercial and self-development sectors of an individualistic in any countries. In this context, fossil fuels are devaluing and their costs are rising and hovering. While generating energy from the existing fossil fuels is not alone economically infeasible but also provoke many sensitive environmental issues. Along with emissions from automobile sector, one of other culprits in ecosystem is disposal of waste plastics. To meet the acute energy needs with eco-balance is utilising plastic oil as functional fuel to run the engines. This research paper presents the experimental investigations on multi-cylinder petrol engine operating with 10% and 20% of plastic pyrolysis oil with and without methanol additive at 5% volume basis blended with petrol. The experimental results observed that the engine brake thermal efficiency was improved 7.9%, 18.6% and HC emissions were 25.31%, 5.6% controlled with the 20PPO5M compared to petrol fuel and 20PPO fuel operated at full load conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increased number of cars, outdoor parking is one of the critical problems. Moreover, the management of the parking system is also considered a difficult task. Humans, on the other hand, were acclimated to efficiently parking their automobiles by providing them with the precise location of parking in advance of their arrival. As a result of human inefficiency, it was unsuccessful and ultimately increased the compliance cost. As a result of the development of the notion of the Internet of Things. A lot of systems were installed regarding smart parking systems that are decreasing the cost but also contain a huge impact on the reduction of emissions from cars. While it is possible to integrate Internet of Things (IoT) devices into automobiles, such an approach will necessitates the deployment of additional infrastructure, which will raise the cost, and also it is not feasible within current infrastructure configurations. Then there's the fact that CCTV technology is widely available and also small enough to fit into any parking area without being noticeable. In this paper, Convolution Neural Network (CNN) based smart parking system is designed and implemented. The CNN is used to detect vacant and occupied parking spaces through CCTV cameras and provide feedback to the passengers. Furthermore, the proposed approach is using CNR and PKLot datasets for ensuring the effectiveness of the model. This was developed to solve the issues of time, cost, and accuracy with the existing systems. As a result, the proposed model provides excellent results in terms of accuracy. Moreover, it is cost-effective and saves time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a generic method based on publicly available data to design a master plan optimizing the number of coworking spaces to deploy in a given area, as well as their placements across the territory, with the goal of reducing the GHC emissions linked to car commuting. As a first step, we collect and preprocess population data to convert them into an exploitable form. Then we design a decision model that describes when a person would choose to work in a shared office, and which transport mode they would use. We finally perform an optimization to maximize the gains in terms of traveled distance using a linear solver and heuristic methods, and compare their respective effectiveness. The results are encouraging, since they show that using an optimized network computed with our method, we could reduce the total car commuting distance by 23%, which represents a reduction in carbon emissions of hundreds of tons per day at the scale of the studied use case region around Toulouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether Lean - based on the Toyota production system and just-in-time principles - and its many interpretations contributed to this state of mobility and vehicle production systems is discussed elsewhere (e.g., Browning & de Treville, [1]; de Treville & Antonakis, [4]; MacDuffie, [15]; Schonberger, [19]). Operations Management (OM) is at the heart of two global sustainability objectives in the 21st century: to reduce the negative impact of operations and supply chains on the climate, and to improve access to good jobs, in order to address growing income inequality. While leading global firms strictly enforce production output standards in their global supply chains, labor and environmental conditions at their suppliers fall outside their responsibility. Transportation and vehicle production systems are woven into the fabric of global and local economies, and in many places have been a significant source of middle-class jobs such as trucking, auto assembly, and bus driving. [Extracted from the article]

• The paper presents simulation of air pollution in urban canyons was considered. • Tree and grass barriers were used as a porous medium to protect nearby houses. • Solved by modified Navier-Stokes and species equations to account the porous media. • For modeling, trees and barriers with porosity properties were close to reality. This paper is investigated the comprehensive study of the nitrogen dioxide pollution distribution in a specific street in Almaty city, Kazakhstan. It was given a generalized description of the porous medium and the effect of porosity on the spread of nitrogen dioxide. The calculated obtained results were analyzed by comparison with the previous data. Based on the study of different cases, it was detected that the existing of superposed barrier along the road essentially decreases the level of greenhouse gas concentrations near the pedestrian zone. The optimal variant of the combined barrier with a height of 2.5 m and a tree with a total height of 15 m, where the stem is 3 m, and the crown with a height of 12 m, has the property of permeability(porosity), was chosen. This type of barrier normalizes the ventilation properties in the street canyon and protects the pedestrian zone from poisonous gasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained considerable popularity, driven in part by an increased concern for the impact of automobile emissions on climate change. Electric vehicles (EVs) cover more than just conventional cars and trucks. They also include electric motorcycles, such as those produced by Gogoro, which serve as the primary mode of transportation for food and package delivery services in Taiwan. Consequently, the Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (EVRP) has emerged as an important variation of the Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). In addition to the CVRP's constraints, the EVRP requires vehicles to visit a charging station before the battery level is insufficient to continue service. EV battery consumption is linearly correlated to their weight. These additional constraints make the EVRP more challenging than the conventional CVRP. This study proposes an improved Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA), with performance validated by testing 24 available benchmark instances in the EVRP. This study also proposes a novel update mechanism in the improvement stage and a strategy to improve the routes with charging stations. The results show that in small and large instances, the proposed HSA improved the number of trips to the charging stations by 24% and 4.5%, respectively. These results were also verified using the Wilcoxon signed-rank significant test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of nitromethane addition to gasoline fuel on engine perfor-mance and emissions in a single-cylinder spark-ignition engine was experimentally inves-tigated. By adding 5% and 10% nitromethane to gasoline, experiments were carried out at full load at six different cycles. Engine load, fuel consumption, exhaust gas tempera-ture, and emissions were measured during the experiments. According to the measured experimental data, engine power, torque, specific fuel consumption, exhaust gas tem-perature, average effective pressure, thermal efficiency, CO, CO2, HC, and NOx values were compared with each other. According to these results, nitromethane's addition im-proved engine power, torque, specific fuel consumption, and thermal efficiency. It is un-derstood that the addition of nitromethane to gasoline improves combustion efficiency and increases thermal efficiency. With the addition of nitromethane, an increase in CO2 emission, which is a product of complete combustion, and a decrease in CO emission occurred. This supports the increase in combustion efficiency. HC emissions have de-creased. There has been an increase in NOx emissionsIn addition, since the addition of more than 10% nitromethane causes engine instability, it has created difficulties in using it without modification in the engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Clean Coal Technology is the property of Clean Coal Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) play vital roles within brown carbon (BrC), influencing both climate dynamics and human health to a certain degree. The concentrations of these drug classes were analyzed in PM 2.5 from an urban area in Beijing during the autumn and winter of 2017 and 2018. There were four heavy haze episodes during the campaign, two of which happened prior to heating and the other two during heating. During the entire course of sampling, the mean total concentrations of the nine NACs and the eight OPAHs were 1.2–263 and 2.1–234 ng m -3 , respectively. The concentrations of both NACs and OPAHs were approximately 2–3 times higher in the heating period than before heating. For NACs, the relative molecular composition did not change significantly before and during heating, with 4-nitrocatechol and 4-nitrophenol demonstrating the highest abundance. For OPAHs, 1-naphthaldehyde was the most abundant species before and during heating, while the relative proportion of anthraquinone increased by more than twice, from 13 % before heating to 31 % during the heating. In Beijing's urban area during autumn and winter, significant sources of NACs and OPAHs have been traced back to automobile emissions and biomass burning activities. Interestingly, it was observed that the contribution from coal combustion increased notably during heating. It is worth noting that the secondary generation of BrC was important throughout the whole sampling period, which was manifested by the photochemical reaction before heating and the aqueous reaction during heating. It was further found that the haze in autumn and winter was nitrate-driven before heating and secondary organic carbon (SOC)-driven during heating, and the secondary formation of BrC increased significantly in pollution events, particularly during heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicle interior air quality is an issue of growing interest among car manufacturers and customers. GC-MS is the benchmark method for the analysis of indoor air or material emissions. It is suitable for the quantification of target pollutants and the most abundant compounds. It fails, however, to uncover the true molecular complexity of these samples. In the present study, we describe the development of a TD-GC × GC-TOFMS method designed to detect polar and potentially odorous molecules in car material emissions. Attention is paid to the hyphenation of the thermodesorber and the gas chromatograph, both at software and hardware levels, and the constraints due to pressure limitations on the thermodesorber (evaluated at 414 kPa/60 psi at the end of the temperature ramp and at 138 kPa/20 psi at rest). A compromise was made for the 2D column length and diameter to balance separation and pressure (50 × 0.18 × 0.18 cm × mm × µm + 60 cm transfer line selected). On various materials, we were able to observe several hundreds of polar molecules, among them were between 75 and 150 odorants per material. This work lays the foundation for the widespread screening of potential odorants in car material emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to increasingly stringent global environmental policies, this study addresses the pressing need for accurate prediction models of CO2 emissions from vehicles powered by alternative fuels, such as compressed natural gas (CNG). Through experimentation and modelling, one of the pioneering CO2 emission models specifically designed for CNG-powered vehicles is presented. Using data from chassis dynamometer tests and road assessments conducted with a portable emission measurement system (PEMS), the study employs the XGBoost technique within the Optuna Python programming language framework. The validation of the models produced impressive results, with R2 values of 0.9 and 0.7 and RMSE values of 0.49 and 0.71 for chassis dynamometer and road test data, respectively. The robustness and precision of these models offer invaluable information to transportation decision-makers engaged in environmental analyses and policymaking for urban areas, facilitating informed strategies to mitigate vehicular emissions and foster sustainable transportation practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents issues related to the assessment of concentrations of harmful substances in the exhaust gas cloud behind a compression-ignition passenger vehicle. The introduction describes issues related to the impact of air pollution on the environment and on human health and life expectancy. The article presents exhaust gas dispersion tests behind the vehicle were carried out both in stationary conditions (a specially prepared laboratory stand) and in real operating conditions. PEMS testing equipment was used for this type of measurements. During the measurements, concentrations of harmful exhaust gas compounds were analyzed in relation to the distance of the measuring probe from the exhaust system. In stationary conditions, the influence of the engine speed on the dispersion of pollutants was also studied. The tests carried out show that the concentrations obtained behind a moving vehicle significantly decrease with the distance of the measuring probe, and their dispersion is much smaller in most cases than in the case of stationary tests. This is the basis for recognizing that thanks to this, it is possible to analyze the concentrations obtained and conduct tests using the emission gate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, solving global environmental problems is recognized as an important task for humanity. In particular, automobile exhaust gases, which are pointed out as the main cause of environmental pollution, are increasing environmental pollutants and pollution problems, and exhaust gas regulations are being strengthened around the world. In particular, when an engine is idling while a car is stopped and not running, a lot of fine dust and toxic gases are emitted into the atmosphere due to the unnecessary fuel consumption of the engine. These idling emissions are making the Earth's environmental pollution more serious and depleting limited oil resources. Biodiesel, which can replace diesel fuel, generally has similar physical properties to diesel fuel, so it is receiving a lot of attention as an eco-friendly alternative fuel. Biodiesel can be extracted from various substances of vegetable or animal origin and can also be extracted from waste resources discarded in nature. In this study, we used biodiesel blended fuel (B20) in a CRDI diesel engine to study the characteristics of gases emitted during combustion in the engine's idling state. There were a total of four types of biodiesels used in the experiment. New Soybean Oil and New Lard Oil extracted from new resources and Waste Soybean Fried Oil and Waste Barbecue Lard Oil extracted from waste resources were used, and the gaseous substances emitted during combustion with pure diesel fuel and with the biodiesels were compared and analyzed. It was confirmed that all four B20 biodiesels had a reduction effect on PM, CO, and HC emissions, excluding NOx emissions, compared to pure diesel in terms of the emissions generated during combustion under no-load idling conditions. In particular, New Soybean Oil had the highest PM reduction rate of 20.3% compared to pure diesel, and Waste Soybean Fried Oil had the highest CO and HC reduction rates of 36.6% and 19.3%, respectively. However, NOx was confirmed to be highest in New Soybean Oil, and Waste Barbecue Lard Oil was the highest in fuel consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the synchronous development of highway construction and the urban economy, automobiles have entered thousands of households as essential means of transportation. This paper reviews the latest research progress in using phytoremediation technology to remediate the environmental pollution caused by automobile exhaust in recent years, including the prospects for stereoscopic forestry. Currently, most automobiles on the global market are internal combustion vehicles using fossil energy sources as the primary fuel, such as gasoline, diesel, and liquid or compressed natural gas. The composition of vehicle exhaust is relatively complex. When it enters the atmosphere, it is prone to a series of chemical reactions to generate various secondary pollutants, which are very harmful to human beings, plants, animals, and the eco-environment. Despite improving the automobile fuel quality and installing exhaust gas purification devices, helping to reduce air pollution, the treatment costs of these approaches are expensive and cannot achieve zero emissions of automobile exhaust pollutants. The purification of vehicle exhaust by plants is a crucial way to remediate the environmental pollution caused by automobile exhaust and improve the environment along the highway by utilizing the ecosystem's self-regulating ability. Therefore, it has become a global trend to use phytoremediation technology to restore the automobile exhaust pollution. Now, there is no scientific report or systematic review about how plants absorb vehicle pollutants. The screening and configuration of suitable plant species is the most crucial aspect of successful phytoremediation. The mechanisms of plant adsorption, metabolism, and detoxification are reviewed in this paper to address the problem of automobile exhaust pollution. [Display omitted] • Exhaust from automobiles is a significant soil and air pollution source. • Vehicle pollutants cause environmental impacts and health problems. • Remediation and current treatment technologies are associated with high costs. • Hyperaccumulator can remediate highway heavy metals, particulate matters, volatiles. • Phytoremediation helps future remediation of highway environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, with the increased concerns about the global environment, attempts have been made to promote the replacement of fossil fuels with sustainable sources. For transport, which accounts for around a quarter of total greenhouse gas emissions, meeting climate neutrality goals will require replacing existing fleets with electric or hydrogen-propelled vehicles. However, the lack of adequate decision support approach makes the introduction of new propulsion technologies in the transportation sector a complex strategic decision problem where distorted non-optimal decisions may easily result in long-term negative effects on the performance of logistic operators. This research addresses the problem of transport fleet renewal by proposing a multi-criteria decision-making approach and takes into account the multiple propulsion technologies currently available and the objectives of the EU Green Deal, as well as the inherent scenario uncertainty. The proposed approach, based on the TOPSIS model, involves a novel decision framework referred to as a generalized life cycle evaluation of the environmental and cost objectives, which is necessary when comparing green and traditional propulsion systems in a long-term perspective to avoid distorted decisions. Since the objective of the study is to provide a practical methodology to support strategic decisions, the framework proposed has been validated against a practical case referred to the strategic fleet renewal decision process. The results obtained demonstrate how the decision maker's perception of the technological evolution of the propulsion technologies influences the decision process, thus leading to different optimal choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we investigated the photo-oxidation of Euro 5 gasoline vehicle emissions during cold urban, hot urban and motorway Artemis cycles. The experiments were conducted in an environmental chamber with average OH concentrations ranging between 6.6 × 10 5 –2.3 × 10 6 molec. cm -3 , relative humidity (RH) between 40 %–55 % and temperatures between 22–26 °C. A proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) and the CHemical Analysis of aeRosol ON-line (CHARON) inlet coupled with a PTR-ToF-MS were used for the gas- and particle-phase measurements respectively. This is the first time that the CHARON inlet has been used for the identification of the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) produced from vehicle emissions. The secondary organic gas-phase products ranged between C 1 and C 9 with one to four atoms of oxygen and were mainly composed of small oxygenated C 1 –C 3 species. The SOA formed contained compounds from C 1 to C 14 , having one to six atoms of oxygen, and the products' distribution was centered at C 5. Organonitrites and organonitrates contributed 6 %–7 % of the SOA concentration. Relatively high concentrations of ammonium nitrate (35–160 µ g m -3) were formed. The nitrate fraction related to organic nitrate compounds was 0.12–0.20, while ammonium linked to organic ammonium compounds was estimated only during one experiment, reaching a fraction of 0.19. The SOA produced exhibited log⁡C∗ values between 2 and 5. Comparing our results to theoretical estimations for saturation concentrations, we observed differences of 1–3 orders of magnitude, indicating that additional parameters such as RH, particulate water content, aerosol hygroscopicity, and possible reactions in the particulate phase may affect the gas-to-particle partitioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of heavy metal pollution in arable soil on agricultural production, environmental health, and the wellbeing of urban and rural residents cannot be overlooked. It has become a significant bottleneck in achieving comprehensive rural revitalization. To accurately grasp the characteristics of heavy metal pollution in suburban cultivated soil, Tangwang Village (a suburb of Huainan City) was subjected to scrutiny. The contents of heavy metals (Hg, Cu, Hg, As, Pb, Cr, Cd, and Zn) in the topsoil of cultivated land in this area were detected, and their spatial distribution characteristics were analyzed using inverse distance spatial interpolation. (1) After conducting a comprehensive analysis and thorough examination of the PMF model sources, it was determined that Cu, Cd, and Zn exhibit a direct correlation with agricultural practices, collectively contributing to a cumulative percentage of 21.10%. Meanwhile, Cr is derived from a combination of sources, including both natural parent materials and human activities, accounting for a total proportion of 24.45%. Notably, lead emissions from automobile exhausts constitute a significant source, while arsenic is primarily associated with dispersed factories and their respective operations, contributing to respective proportions of 36.38% and 18.07%. It is evident that agricultural practices, transportation, and industrial activities are the main reasons for heavy metal pollution in arable soil. (2) The evaluation of geological accumulation indicators reveals that the level of soil arsenic accumulation pollution is mild to moderate (1.199). On the other hand, the cumulative pollution level of Cd, Hg, Cr, and Cu was relatively low (0.462→0.186), whereas the levels of Pb and Zn were below the threshold. (3) The assessment of the ecological risk index revealed that the predominant elements posing potential ecological risks in the investigated region were Hg, As, and Cd, with average Ei values of E(Hg) = 86.81, E(As) = 80.67, and E(Cd) = 67.83, respectively. (4) The human health risk assessment revealed significant differences in the single non-carcinogenic risk values of heavy metals generated by different exposure pathways, with oral ingestion > dermal contact > oral nasal inhalation. Children were more susceptible to the toxic effects of heavy metals compared to adults. Both As and Cr caused an increased risk of cancer in both children and adults, which is a matter of great concern. The results of this study contribute to a more accurate description of the sources of heavy metals in farmland soil. This study indicates that the application of PMF for soil source analysis yields clear results that can be further applied. This research also has potential policy significance as it can help to improve the sustainability of ecosystems by coordinating both environmental and human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-wheeled vehicles, due to their population, constitute a significant share of road vehicles in Europe. Therefore, this article presents an overview and analysis of the applicable legal regulations regarding two-wheeled vehicle engines in terms of toxic exhaust emission tests. For the correct interpretation of emission standards, the authors of this work made the necessary analysis of the categorization of two-wheeled vehicles based on Polish law and the criteria of European regulations. The presented analysis concerns not only the current regulations, but also their development trends over the years. These considerations are supplemented with a literature review, which includes the problems of the ecology, energy consumption and construction of the considered group of vehicles. The work presented in this article also concerns the assessment of the conditions for conducting tests on objects belonging to category L in laboratory conditions on chassis dynamometers. On this basis, considerations were made to evaluate the currently applicable WMTC (World Motorcycle Test Cycle) test by comparing it with the actual operation of two-wheeled vehicles. This resulted in the formulation of conclusions regarding the need to introduce procedures for testing pollutant emissions in road conditions in the approval process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particulate and gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) samples (n = 108) were measured every six days from January to December 2022 at a representative point in the Korean Banwol National Industrial Complex. The measurement results revealed that the concentration of particulate Σ18 PAHs was 7.92 ± 4.04 ng/Sm3 in winter, 1.83 ± 1.99 ng/Sm3 in spring, 1.43 ± 0.95 ng/Sm3 in summer, and 2.58 ± 2.14 ng/Sm3 in autumn. The concentration of gaseous Σ18 PAHs was 3.32 ± 3.72 ng/Sm3 in winter, 6.34 ± 5.95 ng/Sm3 in spring, 8.33 ± 8.13 ng/Sm3 in summer, and 3.88 ± 1.71 ng/Sm3 in autumn. The results of the correlation analysis showed that particulate PAHs have positive relationships with PM10 and PM2.5 and negative relationships with temperature and O3. The diagnostic ratio and PAHs component slope showed that the emission source characteristics of the Banwol National Industrial Complex were dominated by biomass coal combustion over four seasons; however, the influence of petroleum combustion (automobile emissions) was not negligible. As for coal combustion, bituminous coal was the most influential, and lignite was relevant in summer and autumn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Statistician / Wiadomości Statystyczne is the property of State Treasury - Statistics Poland and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Water is an essential resource for the functioning of society, where it is involved in key areas such as domestic use, agriculture, energy production, industry, and transport. Climate change exacerbates water scarcity. In the context of preserving water resources, effluents from the automobile sector need to be deeply considered due to their environmental impacts. This review focuses especially on the water effluents generated by car workshops. In car workshops, daily floor washing waters containing organic pollutants, either from vehicle components or from products used for maintenance and repair, can represent large volumes of water (between 15 L and 50 L per day) that are discharged into the wastewater system. These particular industrial organic effluents are not well characterized and can represent severe environmental risks. The aim of this review is to help automotive maintenance and repair professionals better manage these industrial organic effluents. We first describe the potential sources of organic pollution emissions in car workshops with the purpose of identifying the organic compounds to be monitored as a priority in the wash water. Then, we apply a risk prevention management tool, based on the criticality matrix, to identify products with a high risk of leaking onto the ground in order to limit organic pollutants at the source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]