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A multi-hazard analysis (seismic, landslide, flood) is conducted to verify the impact on the road network. The ENEA CIPCast platform is an innovative Decision Support System (DSS) that is used to implement the analyses using GIS. Using analytical and geoprocessing tools, the hazards were assessed and mapped. The overlapping of different geospatial layers allowed the implementation of a specific hazard map for the road network. Multi-hazard values were obtained using an appropriate matrix of single values, which were classified, and then summarized into four classes of values. The analyses were conducted at the regional (Campania region), provincial (Metropolitan City of Naples), and local scales (island of Ischia and municipality of Casamicciola Terme). In particular, the landslide event that struck Ischia island on 26 November 2022 and the municipality of Casamicciola Terme was considered as a case study to determine the impact on the road network, infrastructures, buildings, and jeopardizing inter-municipal connections. The results are mainly visualized through map processing and statistical summaries of the data. The management of the landslide debris, which can contain a multitude of fractions (waste, biomass and vegetation, sludge, soil, and rocks transported downstream by water), was also explored. This is a frontier issue for which international manuals and guidelines, as well as national and emergency acts, have been examined. A specific protocol for the sustainable management of the debris generated by floods and landslides is needed, and discussed in the present paper, to overcome emergencies after catastrophic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flow-like landslides are recognized to be the most destructive slope movements and to threaten human life. They may occur in several geological settings, as is the case of the pyroclastic soil covers resting on either igneous, or carbonate, bedrocks. The pyroclastic soil strata involved in these shallow landslides typically are partially saturated over the whole year. Intense rainfall, considered at hourly time scale, represents the triggering factor because it causes the decrease in matric suction and the consequent decrease in soil shear strength. However, it is recognized as the role of the hydromechanical slope behavior, the vegetation cover, and the geomorphological irregularities on shallow landslide hazard. These factors should be properly simulated in physically based predictive models of the failure onset to set up a reliable early warning system (EWS). This paper presents a new coupled thermohydraulic modeling of a pyroclastic soil cover in Campania, accounting for several slope factors that may predispose landslide activation, including the geomorphological local irregularities. The Mount Faito test site, in the Lattari Mountains (Southern Italy), has been adopted as a prototype slope for the geomorphological and hydromechanical scenarios of reference because of the extensive field and laboratory characterizations of the soil strata already available from previous studies. Once validated with these data, the numerical model has been used to estimate the slope response to critical rainfall scenarios. Such numerical estimations have been then compared to the instability predictions currently provided by empirical approaches, defined in terms of the intensity and duration of rainstorms threshold of shallow landslide activations. By comparison between the empirical and physically based approaches, the crucial role of antecedent slope hydraulic conditions and the geological setting for implementing reliable EWS, reducing false alarms, is proved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broad mountainous areas in the western Campania (southern Italy), where young pyroclastic deposits extensively outcrop, frequently experience rainfall-induced slope movements of different degrees of mobility, causing heavy damage and fatalities. Such landslides cannot be easily mitigated, and the implementation of physically based early warning systems is still not able to predict the post-failure evolution of slope movements and the exposed areas at risk. This paper is devoted to overcoming this limit. To this end, the mechanical characterization of pyroclastic soil, carried out through an extensive laboratory testing program, is presented and compared with those of two other ashy soils of different depositional mechanisms. The results show that the depositional mode influences soil properties; to begin with, it affects the unsaturated shear strength, whose intercept of cohesion is up to 5 kPa higher in ashes of flow deposition than in airfall ash deposits. The saturated undrained soil response allowed for the identification of different levels of susceptibility to the liquefaction of pyroclastic deposits, which is one of the main factors governing the post-failure evolution of landslides. Gathering all the acquired information, including saturated and unsaturated soil shear strength, permeability function, and water retention curves, into a soil database, it was possible to present all data under a unitary framework. Finally, the implementation of the proposed flowchart for a simplified assessment of post-failure evolution to be employed in regional early warning systems can enhance our knowledge of the areas at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent events, including the floods in central Europe in May 2021, have highlighted how climate change is giving rise to scenarios that were neither foreseen nor predictable. One problem this poses is the need to rethink the logic of various environmental constraints that are often based on return times of 20-50 years or 100-200. A single event does not change the statistical expectations for the recurrence of the event itself, but the recurrence of several extraordinary events in a few years is a clear indication of a changing trend. The prevention of the effects of such events is based on the definition of the areas at greater or lesser risk specifically based on the return times of the exceptional events, so it is foreseeable that a series of territorial plans, mostly carried out a few decades ago, will have to be updated or re-executed from scratch. These reworkings will be able to take advantage of the opensource software and open spatial data that have become available in the meantime, facilitating the entire process, and making it more open and shareable. In this paper we tested on a real case (the May 1999 pyroclastic flows in Campania, southern Italy) the actual possibility of implementing a model for forecasting such events using only open-source software and open data. It has been demonstrated that the entire process can be carried out using only open-source resources and it has been verified that the predictions of the hazard and risk model obtained with only input data prior to the event, give an output prediction that is significantly coincident with the events that actually occurred as documented by the authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslides represent a severe geohazard in many countries. The availability of inventories depicting the spatial and temporal distribution of landslides is crucial for assessing landslide susceptibility and risk for territorial planning or investigating landscape evolution. Nevertheless, these inventories are usually affected by limitations due to their nonpublic availability and inhomogeneities in characterization and mapping. Such problems are fully recognizable by the analysis of the multiple landslide inventories of the Campania region, which is one of the Italian regions with the highest exposure to landslide hazard and risk. On this basis, a revised Landslide Inventory of the Campania region (LaICa), resulting from the processing of multiple existing landslide inventories, has been reconstructed. It aims to (i) provide a new geodatabase that is able to overcome issues derived from the coexistence of multiple inventories and (ii) provide a methodological paradigm able to support the reorganization of existing official inventories. The implication of LaICa, with its 83,284 records, will possibly improve the assessment of landslide susceptibility and then reassess the related risk. Measurement(s) landslide Technology Type(s) Data Set [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of geological processes threatening people and properties in a populated region should be based on a comprehensive knowledge of historical events and related characteristics. This type of information is essential for predisposing event scenarios, validating prediction models, and planning risk mitigation measures. Such activities may be more complex in some geological settings, where urban settlements are exposed to multi-hazard conditions. This is the case of the densely populated Campi Flegrei volcanic area located in the Campania region, southern Italy. Here, volcanic and seismic hazards are associated with landslides, floods, and coastal erosion, which are playing a relevant role in the landscape modification. The CAmpi Flegrei LAndslide Geodatabase (CAFLAG), here presented, provides information related to 2302 landslides that occurred in the continental, coastal, and insular sectors of the study area during the 1828–2017 time interval. Data associated with the collected landslide events highlight the characteristics of both landslides and of the affected sites. Most of the cataloged mass movements consist of rock falls affecting rocky slopes formed by lithified volcanic rocks, such as tuff or ignimbrite. In addition, rainfall-induced earth and debris slides translating into debris avalanches or rapid flows are widespread along steep slopes mantled by weakly welded pyroclastic airfall deposits, similarly to other areas of the region. The highest density of landslides is concentrated along the coastline, where mass movements are contributing to the retreat of coastal cliffs, and along inland slopes exposed towards the western directions, where most of the storm systems come from. Temporal information shows peaks of landslides in the years 1986, 1997, and 2005. A total of 127 people lost their lives as a consequence of 53 cataloged landslides, with a frequency of deadly events observed however to have decreased since the early 1980s. This information will be useful to analyze mortality and risk conditions still affecting the population of the Campi Flegrei caldera, which should be fully addressed with advanced knowledge and accurate scenarios. The full database is freely available online at 10.4121/14440757.v2 (Esposito and Matano, 2021). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steep slopes covered by loose unsaturated pyroclastic deposits widely dispersed in Campania, Southern Italy, are often subjected to shallow landslides that turn into fast debris flows causing a large amount of damage and many casualties, triggered by heavy and persistent precipitation. The slope of Cervinara, located around 40 km northeast of Naples, was involved in a destructive flowslide between 15 and 16 December 1999, triggered by a rain event of 325 mm in 48 h. Hydrometeorological monitoring activities have been carried out near the landslide scarp of 1999 since 2017 to assess the water balance and to identify major hydrological processes involving the cover and the shallow groundwater system developing in the upper part of the underlying limestone fractured bedrock. Since 1 December 2022, a remotely accessible low-cost network has been installed to expand the field hydrological monitoring. The use of a network of low-cost capacitive sensors, communicating within the domain of Internet of Things (IoT) technology, aiming at dispersed monitoring of soil moisture, has been tested. Specifically, the tested prototype network allows measurements of the soil water content at two different points, communicating through a Wi-Fi-based IoT system using ESP32 boards. The ThingSpeakTM IoT platform has been used for remote field data visualization. Based on the obtained results, the prototype of this IoT-based low-cost network shows the potential to expand the amount of hydrological data, suitable for setting up early warning systems in landslide-prone areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]