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Static depiction of motion, particularly lines trailing behind a mover, has long been of interest in the psychology literature. Empirical research has demonstrated that these "motion lines" benefited motion comprehension in static images by disambiguating the direction of movement. Yet, there is no consensus on how those lines derive their meaning. In this article, we review three accounts suggesting different interpretations of what motion lines represent. While a perceptual account considers motion lines originating from motion streaks in the primary visual cortex, metaphorical and lexical accounts propose them as graphical conventions that should be learned—either through resemblance to sensory experiences (e.g., natural path marks) or directly being mapped to a conceptual category of paths. To contrast these three accounts, we integrate empirical research on motion lines and their understanding. Overall, developmental, proficiency, and cross‐cultural variances indicate that the understanding of motion lines is neither innate nor universal, thus providing less support for lines having a purely perceptual origin. Rather, we argue the empirical findings suggest that motion lines are not iconic depictions of visual percepts but are graphical conventions indexing conceptual path information, which need to be learned and encoded in a visual lexicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problems of studying the relationship between manifestations of perfectionism and emotional burnout are of considerable interest to modern psychology. Prospective participants in such a study are representatives of various professional communities and students as future specialists. The purpose of this work is to consider the manifestations and relationships of emotional burnout, self-esteem, mental states and perfectionism among Russian and Chinese students. A total of 80 people took part in the study (40 Russian and 40 Chinese students). Research Methods applied: 1) multidimensional scale of perfectionism by P. Hewitt and G. Flett, adapted by I.I. Grachev; 2) the burnout questionnaire by K. Maslach adapted by N.E. Vodopyanov; 3) a technique for diagnosing self-assessment of mental states by G. Eysenck. As a result of the use of comparative and correlation types of analysis, intercultural differences and interrelations between the characteristics of perfectionism, self-assessment of the emotional state and characteristics of emotional burnout were found. Respondents from China showed lower results on the "aggressiveness" scale compared to Russian respondents. Russian students showed higher scores on the "anxiety" scale than Chinese students. Meanwhile, Chinese students, compared to Russian respondents, showed higher results in self-confidence and their future. In the course of the study, both groups showed average indicators of rigidity, but the level of rigidity in Russian students was higher than in Chinese students. In conclusion of this scientific study, the main recommendations for the correction of emotional burnout and self-regulation of perfectionism and mental states among students are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans perceive the external world by integrating information from different modalities, obtained through the sensory organs. However, the aforementioned mechanism is still unclear and has been a subject of widespread interest in the fields of psychology and brain science. A model using two reservoir computing systems, i.e., a type of recurrent neural network trained to mimic each other's output, can detect stimulus patterns that repeatedly appear in a time series signal. We applied this model for identifying specific patterns that co-occur between information from different modalities. The model was self-organized by specific fluctuation patterns that co-occurred between different modalities, and could detect each fluctuation pattern. Additionally, similarly to the case where perception is influenced by synchronous/asynchronous presentation of multimodal stimuli, the model failed to work correctly for signals that did not co-occur with corresponding fluctuation patterns. Recent experimental studies have suggested that direct interaction between different sensory systems is important for multisensory integration, in addition to top-down control from higher brain regions such as the association cortex. Because several patterns of interaction between sensory modules can be incorporated into the employed model, we were able to compare the performance between them; the original version of the employed model incorporated such an interaction as the teaching signals for learning. The performance of the original and alternative models was evaluated, and the original model was found to perform the best. Thus, we demonstrated that feedback of the outputs of appropriately learned sensory modules performed the best when compared to the other examined patterns of interaction. The proposed model incorporated information encoded by the dynamic state of the neural population and the interactions between different sensory modules, both of which were based on recent experimental observations; this allowed us to study the influence of the temporal relationship and frequency of occurrence of multisensory signals on sensory integration, as well as the nature of interaction between different sensory signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background We have investigated and analyzed the latest research on love addiction in the fields of clinical psychology, diagnosis, psychotherapy and treatment. Methods From 30 November 2021 to July 2022 a review was conducted aimed at identifying the current diagnostic paradigms associated with this new behavioral dependence, investigating in depth what has not yet emerged, searching for strong and weak correlations with related theoretical constructs, comorbidities, investigate which evaluation scales are currently used and outline a guiding design that allows you to move between current scientific discoveries, searching for relevant studies in the databases PubMed, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), PsycINFO, MDPI, APA, ScienceDirect, and ReserchGate. Results We identified a total of 102 unique articles. Among these, 22 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 5 of these met the eligibility criteria and were, therefore, included in the final systematic review. Conclusions Group psychotherapy has proved to be a valid alternative, in fact the scientific landscape suggests that most group therapies are successful because these dynamics involve the reward and attachment systems in the brain in most subjects. Although there is currently no official classification for this type of addiction, the continuing interests of clinical psychology open up new scenarios for achieving greater psychophysical well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Intersectionality is the interface between a person's identities in relation to social systems and institutional discrimination. The concept has generated much interest in psychology for understanding societal inequities and providing culturally informed services to minoritized patients but has yet to be incorporated in clinical neuropsychology. This omission is unfortunate as it is argued that appreciating the impact of institutional discrimination on minoritized groups can enhance our understanding of brain organization and functioning and bolster access to competent neuropsychological services to minoritized patients. The purpose of this article is to illustrate how intersectionality is germane to the discipline of clinical neuropsychology and to make recommendations for infusing it into the practice. Method Theories and findings in cultural neuroscience are summarized to provide a theoretical background for understanding how the environment can impact brain development and organization. The literature on disparities in education, economics, and health disparities between Whites and minoritized groups was reviewed for institutional biases that place minoritized groups at a disadvantage. These topics were selected due to their known impact on brain organization and cognition. This was followed by a similar review for access to competent neuropsychological assessments for minoritized patients. Results There is a confluence of institutional discriminatory processes that contribute to disparities in education attainment, economic status, health disparities, and accessibility to culturally informed neuropsychological services. Perceived discrimination has significant health and cognitive ramifications. Conclusions Intersectionality is germane to appreciating brain functioning and providing competent services to minoritized patients. Recommendations were made to incorporate intersectionality in clinical neuropsychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cuteness in the young has long been theorized to elicit care and protection. Most research on this topic has focused on human infants, despite theories suggesting that cuteness may elicit broader social interest that could support learning and development beyond infancy. In four experiments (N = 531 adults, 98 children), we tested whether 'kindchenschema'—facial features associated with cuteness—and perceived cuteness elicit interest in playing with and caring for children, and whether masks disrupt these processes. Participants viewed images of children's faces, masked or unmasked. Kindchenschema correlated with perceived cuteness and age, and these variables predicted adults' interest in playing with and caring for children. Masks did not reduce cuteness ratings or interest in children, although they weakened relations between perceived cuteness and interest, and between perceived age and interest. Cuteness and related signals may guide adults' interactions with children, fostering learning and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to problematize ethnic-racial inequalities in Joinville, Santa Catarina, through an analysis of the constitution and trajectory of four recreational social clubs in the city. Several were the methodological procedures adopted: analysis of documents from the Municipal Historical Archive; participation in events promoted by clubs and conversations with some attendees; production and analysis of two images: one showing the geographic location of the clubs and the other their facades. The information made it possible to carry out what we understand as topographic reading, a tool for research in social psychology interested in the critical analysis of the constitutive relations of urban space. As a result of the research, the way in which the constitution and trajectory of these social clubs highlights the ethnic-racial inequalities present in the city's history is evident, as well as the process of (in)visibility of memories, knowledge and sayings. We conclude that the location of clubs in the city's territory and the structure of its buildings enable different forms of visibility, directly implying the ways in which the narratives, memories and trajectories of the ethnic-racial groups represented by each of them are known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress psychology is an interesting and important interdisciplinary research field. In this perspective article, we briefly discuss 10 challenges related to the conceptual definition, research methodology, and translation in the field of stress that do not receive sufficient attention or are ignored entirely. Future research should attempt to integrate a comprehensive stress conceptual framework into a multidimensional comprehensive stress model, incorporating subjective and objective indicators as comprehensive measures. The popularity of machine learning, cognitive neuroscience, and gene epigenetics is a promising approach that brings innovation to the field of stress psychology. The development of wearable devices that precisely record physiological signals to assess stress responses in naturalistic situations, standardize real‐life stressors, and measure baselines presents challenges to address in the future. Conducting large individualized and digital intervention studies could be crucial steps in enhancing the translation of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of language learning anxiety has received considerable attention in the last decades due to interest in learner psychology. Foreign language anxiety has been investigated as situation-specific anxiety related to the language classroom. Lately, researchers focused on language anxiety from a skills perspective, mainly the productive ones, speaking and writing, exploring the debilitating effects of anxiety on language learners. This paper reports on a study on speaking anxiety that included a sample of sixteen EFL undergraduates who took part in focus group interviews. They were conducted to collect qualitative data that would shed light on speaking anxiety from students’ perspectives. Based on existing language anxiety research, a theoretical overview of some of the personal and procedural factors that are thought to contribute to foreign language speaking anxiety is provided. The findings revealed a significant impact of the teachers’ role (s) in alleviating much of the anxiety experienced by the subjects in EFL speaking. An essential aim of this paper was to suggest some possible pedagogical measures that would help learners, as well as teachers, overcome major difficulties caused by foreign language speaking anxiety in an EFL university setting with reference to the teaching and learning of the speaking skill in the EFL Algerian university context. Ways to deal with and minimise foreign language speaking anxiety could be more effective if they intersect with students’ concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Michel Foucault is one of the most emblematic figures of postmodernism, who included a wide range of social-historical, philosophical-epistemological, culturalanthropological issues through his numerous works. There is a rich assortment of matters in the works of Foucault: from his early interests in psychology and madness, through the birth of modern medicine and humanities, to the analysis of disciplining forms of the history of sexuality. By opposing modern views, he valorizes the peculiar effectiveness of the individual, discontinuous, and local critique compared to the driving effect of global and totalitarian theories, both on the theoretical and political level, although he acknowledges that theories such as Marxism and psychoanalysis created easier tools for local research, however he believed that they are reductionist and imposing in practice, and should be replaced by a plurality of forms of knowledge and microanalysis. Genealogy is one of the key notions in his philosophy, through which he aimed at problematizing the truth of our everydayness: our bodies (sexuality), our social institutions (prisons, schools, hospitals, families) and scientific norms (normality, madness, health and diseases) which are in fact objects produced in historically changeable relations of power. The genealogical analysis suggested by Foucault aims to destroy the unity of the well-known and natural objects of our experience, at the same time being aware that such a political will is not created in theory but it needs action and people who would operate in such a way. The purpose of this paper is to examine genealogy through the prism of Foucault's thought and its relation to power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural activities and associated land use change are a major contributor to global anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, making climate change mitigation in the agricultural sector all the more critical. However, farmers' willingness to adopt GHG abatement depends, to a large extent, on the financial implications of new practices. Climate change mitigation is unlikely to be adopted without external (financial, socio-cultural, or other) incentives. The research presented in this paper considers farmers' preferences for financing climate change mitigation practices through public crowdfunding. As a first study of its kind, we investigate farmers' attitudes towards climate change mitigation, knowledge of crowdfunding as a fundraising method, and interest in using public crowdfunding campaigns to finance on-farm mitigation practices. Based on a choice experiment survey with 443 Norwegian farmers, we show that knowledge about crowdfunding as an alternative finance method is generally low. Respondents who are interested in using crowdfunding prefer donation- or reward-based crowdfunding models that cover the full cost of mitigation over a loan-based model or campaigns that only fund a proportion of the costs. A financially secure farming business, previous exposure to crowdfunding, and a strong sense of responsibility to abate climate change are associated with higher farmers' interest in using crowdfunding. We find that farmers in Norway are hesitant to be publicly presented as recipients of crowdfunding, which suggests that crowdfunding is best set up as joint campaigns (e.g. with other farmers) that are run by intermediary organisations (rather than by individual farmers). Our findings highlight that, while opportunities to use crowdfunding as a fundraising method for agricultural climate change may be limited, properly designed campaigns can provide an effective instrument to engage certain groups of farmers in on-farm climate change mitigation. • Crowdfunding can be used to raise funds for agricultural climate change mitigation. • There is currently no research on farmers' interest in crowdfunding. • We conduct a choice experiment survey of Norwegian farmers. • About 25% of farmers would be interested in crowdfunding to finance mitigation measures. • Donation- or reward-based models, and campaigns that collaborate with other farmers are preferred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]