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The development of sustainable, safe, low-cost, high energy and density power-density energy storage devices is most needed to electrify our modern needs to reach a carbon-neutral society by ~2050. Batteries are the backbones of future sustainable energy sources for both stationary off-grid and mobile plug-in electric vehicle applications. Biomass-derived carbon materials are extensively researched as efficient and sustainable electrode/anode candidates for lithium/sodium-ion chemistries due to their well-developed tailored textures (closed pores and defects) and large microcrystalline interlayer spacing and therefore opens-up their potential applications in sustainable potassium and aluminum batteries. The main purpose of this perspective is to brief the use of biomass residues for the preparation of carbon electrodes for potassium and aluminum batteries annexed to the biomass-derived carbon physicochemical structures and their aligned electrochemical properties. In addition, we presented an outlook as well as some challenges faced in this promising area of research. We believe that this review enlightens the readers with useful insights and a reasonable understanding of issues and challenges faced in the preparation, physicochemical properties and application of biomass-derived carbon materials as anodes and cathode candidates for potassium and aluminum batteries, respectively. In addition, this review can further help material scientists to seek out novel electrode materials from different types of biomasses, which opens up new avenues in the fabrication/development of next-generation sustainable and high-energy density batteries.

The present work elucidates facile one-pot synthesis from biomass forestry waste (Norway spruce bark) and its chemical activation yielding high specific surface area ( S BET ) biochars as efficient lithium- and sodium-ion storage anodes. The chemically activated biochar using ZnCl 2 (Biochar-1) produced a highly mesoporous carbon containing 96.1% mesopores in its structure as compared to only 56.1% mesoporosity from KOH-activated biochars (Biochar-2). The latter exhibited a lower degree of graphitization with disordered and defective carbon structures, while the former presented more formation of ordered graphite sheets in its structure as analyzed from Raman spectra. In addition, both biochars presented a high degree of functionalities on their surfaces but Biochar-1 presented a pyridinic-nitrogen group, which helps improve its electrochemical response. When tested electrochemically, Biochar-1 showed an excellent rate capability and the longest capacity retentions of 370 mA h g -1 at 100 mA g -1 (100 cycles), 332.4 mA h g -1 at 500 mA g -1 (1000 cycles), and 319 mA h g -1 at 1000 mA g -1 after 5000 cycles, rendering as an alternative biomass anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Moreover, as a negative electrode in sodium-ion batteries, Biochar-1 delivered discharge capacities of 147.7 mA h g -1 at 50 mA g -1 (140 cycles) and 126 mA h g -1 at 100 mA g -1 after 440 cycles., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2022 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Aims: The pharmacokinetic (PK) similarity between MB02, a proposed bevacizumab biosimilar, and reference bevacizumab approved from the USA (US-bevacizumab) and European Union (EU-bevacizumab) was evaluated. Safety and immunogenicity were also assessed., Methods: In this phase 1, randomized, double blind, single dose, parallel group study, 114 healthy male volunteers were randomized 1:1:1 to receive a 3 mg/kg intravenous dose of MB02, US-bevacizumab or EU-bevacizumab, and evaluated for 100 days. PK similarity between MB02 and reference bevacizumab was determined using the standard bioequivalence criteria (0.80-1.25) for the area under the serum concentration-time curve from time 0 extrapolated to infinity (AUC (0-∞) ) and the maximum observed serum concentration (C max )., Results: Baseline demographics were similar across treatment groups. All study drugs exhibited similar PK profile. The 90% confidence interval for the geometric lead square means ratios for the primary parameters AUC (0-∞) and C max for MB02, US-bevacizumab and EU-bevacizumab were fully contained within the pre-defined bioequivalence limits for the 3 pairwise comparisons: AUC (0-∞) (MB02:US-bevacizumab 0.998 [0.944 to 1.05]; MB02:EU-bevacizumab 1.07 [1.00 to 1.14]; and US-bevacizumab:EU-bevacizumab 0.934 [0.884 to 0.988]) and C max (MB02:US-bevacizumab 0.983 [0.897 to 1.08]; MB02:EU-bevacizumab 1.06 [0.976 to 1.16]; and; US-bevacizumab: EU-bevacizumab 0.926 [0.851 to 1.01]). Treatment emergent adverse events were reported in 87 subjects (76.3%), most being mild and with comparable incidence among treatment groups. Thirty-three subjects (28.9%) reported 56 possibly related treatment emergent adverse events with comparable incidence across treatments, the most frequent being headache (10.5%) and fatigue (3.5%). Anti-drug antibody incidence was low and similar between treatment groups., Conclusions: This study demonstrates the PK similarity and bioequivalence of MB02 to the reference bevacizumab, whether approved from USA or EU. The safety and immunogenicity profile of MB02 was shown also to be similar to the bevacizumab reference product (NCT04238663)., (© 2021 The Authors. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Pharmacological Society.)