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The land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector, as a source and a sink of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is critical for achieving carbon neutrality. Many academic journals have published papers on land use carbon emission or sink (LUCES), but LUCES reviews are relatively rare, which poses great challenges in accurately understanding the research progress and future prospects. This work analyzes the research characteristics, hotspots and future perspectives of LUCES research by using a bibliometric analysis (such as DDA, VOSviewer, CiteSpace software) and a review based on the data (6115 scientific papers) during 1991–2023 from the Web of Science (WoS) platform. We found that (1) over the past 33 years, it first presented a steady growth, then fluctuating growth, and finally a rapid growth trend in the yearly number of publications in LUCES research. The USA (17.31%), China (14.96%), and the UK (7.37%) occupy a dominant position in this research field. (2) The related LUCES research is interdisciplinary, which mainly cover science and technology, meteorology and atmospheric sciences, geology, and environmental sciences and ecology disciplines. (3) The research hotspot analysis on LUCES shows that these articles mostly covered the follow three aspects: ecosystem services, climate change, and carbon neutrality. (4) A review of the past LUCES literature suggests that it is mainly focused on exploring the forefront issues in terms of the definition and boundaries, evaluation method and influencing factors, etc. This work suggests that further research could explore the main scientific problems on quantification of land-based carbon neutrality, quantitative analysis of the impact mechanisms, as well as interdisciplinary research and collaborative governance needed for carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lime is a product derived from the thermal decomposition of limestone (mainly calcium carbonate, CaCO3) into quicklime (CaO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), also called calcination. Controlled reaction with water is used to manufacture hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2) products. Lime is used in a wide variety of applications: metals industry, construction materials sector, civil engineering, environmental protection, agriculture, and chemical industry. Lime production is one of the sources of anthropogenic CO2 emissions resulting in global warming and ocean acidification. However, a proportion of the CO2 emitted during the calcination is reabsorbed by the lime during the product life within its different applications. This process called carbonation is thermodynamically favoured because it is exothermal. It allows permanent CO2 storage in a stable product since the lime combines with gaseous CO2 reforming CaCO3. This paper reports a comprehensive literature review on the carbonation potential of lime in different applications. The total carbonation potential is assessed as carbonation rate, i.e. the ratio between the CO2 reabsorbed through carbonation during the operational life of lime and the CO2 emitted during limestone calcination. This study provided preliminary evidence that, based on the current EU market, on average 23–33% of lime process emissions are carbonated during the use phase. Carbonation over time is also analysed for the lime applications where information is available. For three applications, namely water, flue gas cleaning and pulp and paper, the carbonation reaction is instantaneous. Up to 22% of the calcination emissions are absorbed within five years based on the current EU market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tea Science is the property of Journal of Tea Science Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Landscape Architecture Frontiers is the property of Higher Education Press Limited Company and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Based on panel data from 30 provinces from 2001 to 2018 in China, this paper explores the effects and mechanisms of green urbanization on the forestry green total factor productivity (FGTFP) in the context of carbon neutral strategy using a two-way fixed effects model and instrumental variables. The results show that: Firstly, as a sector with ecological and economic benefits, ignoring carbon sink output tends to make FGTFP overestimated. Secondly, green urbanization has a significant positive contribution effect on FGTFP, and this finding still holds after a series of robustness tests including instrumental variables. Thirdly, green urbanization can indirectly promote FGTFP by stimulating the integration of forestry and tourism and strengthening environmental regulations. Fourthly, there is regional heterogeneity in the impact of green urbanization on FGTFP, i.e., the promotion effect of green urbanization on FGTFP is more significant in non-state forest areas compared with state-owned forest areas. Based on the above conclusions, the following countermeasures are proposed: firstly, attaching importance to green urbanization and strengthening environmental constraints; secondly, relying on green urbanization to drive the integration of forestry and tourism; thirdly, actively promoting the construction of green urbanization and green development of forestry in non-state forest areas, while vigorously developing the carbon sink economy to crack the transformation dilemma of backward state forest areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive carbon emissions will cause irreversible damage to the human living environment. Therefore, carbon neutrality has become an inevitable choice for sustainable development. Marine fishery is an essential pathway for biological carbon sequestration. However, it is also a source of carbon emissions. From this perspective, an in-depth assessment of the performance of carbon emissions and sinks from marine fisheries is required to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. This paper measured the carbon emissions, carbon sinks, and net carbon emissions of marine fisheries in nine coastal provinces of China from 2005 to 2020 for the first time. Based on the calculation results, the log-mean decomposition index method was used to analyze the driving factors of net carbon emissions. The results suggested that, from 2005 to 2020, both the carbon emissions and carbon sinks of China's marine fisheries increased, and the net carbon emissions showed a downward trend. There were variations in the performance of carbon emissions, carbon sinks, and net carbon emissions in different provinces, and only Shandong could consistently achieve carbon neutrality. Fujian and Liaoning achieved carbon neutrality in 2020. In terms of the contribution of each factor, the industrial structure was the main positive driver, and carbon intensity was the main negative driver. Based on the empirical results, this paper suggested increasing the implementation of the carbon tax policy, establishing a farming compensation mechanism and promoting carbon emissions trading and international blue carbon trading. The results could give a reference for the energy conservation and emission reduction of marine fisheries while enhancing the ecological benefits of their carbon sinks and helping to achieve the carbon neutrality target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the land use data changes in Jilin Province in 2011, 2014, 2017, and 2020, this paper analyzes the land use changes during 2011–2020 through the land use transfer matrix, calculates the changes in carbon sinks of recent years, and then uses the CA–Markov model to predict the land use types and carbon sinks in Jilin Province in 2030 and discusses the driving factors. The results show that cultivated land and forest land are the two major land use types in Jilin Province, and the area of cultivated land, water bodies, and artificial ground in the province increased from 2011 to 2020; the increased area of artificial ground was mainly converted from cultivated land, accounting for 70.34% of the total converted area. The area of forest land is mainly converted along with the area of cultivated land, and grassland is mainly converted to arable areas, accounting for 84.96% of the total converted area. Water bodies and wasteland are mainly converted to cropland and artificial ground, and the area of artificial ground undergoing transfer is smaller. The change in carbon sinks mainly comes from woodland carbon sinks and grassland carbon sinks. In 2030, compared with 2020, the area of woodland, grassland, and wasteland and the corresponding carbon sink is predicted to decrease, among which the area and carbon sink of woodland decrease the most. The factors for land use type change include the slope factor, road factor, township center, and socio-economic drivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate measurement of agricultural total factor productivity (AGTFP) is crucial to measure the level of sustainable agricultural development, and agricultural carbon sink is an important element to leverage the development of green transformation. Few studies have incorporated agricultural carbon sink into the measurement framework of AGTFP, and the evolutionary dynamics and related spatial effects of Chinese AGTFP from the perspective of carbon sinks are unclear. On this basis, the paper used a provincial-level agricultural panel data set of China from 2000 to 2019 to measure the provincial indicators of agricultural carbon sinks, CO2 emissions and agricultural non-point source pollution. Then, we incorporated these environmental factors into the measurement framework of AGTFP and used the SBM-DEA model to calculate the Chinese AGTFP from the perspective of carbon sinks. We further analyzed the spatial and temporal divergence and convergence of AGTFP in China using Moran'I and spatial econometric models. We found that after measuring AGTFP, including agricultural carbon sinks, 28 out of 30 Chinese provinces showed an increased trend, but the development gap between regions was obvious. The spatial econometric model showed a significantly positive spatial correlation between the AGTFP of each province and did not have absolute α-convergence and absolute β-convergence characteristics. After adding the control variables of resource endowment of each province, it showed conditional β-convergence characteristics, and the spatial spillover effect of China's AGTFP was increasing. Finally, the paper proposed policy recommendations for the sustainable and coordinated development of China's agricultural regions in response to the research findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The properties of copper tailings, the relevant policies and current status of comprehensive utilization of copper tailings were systematically reviewed in this paper. The comprehensive utilization direction of copper tailings under the background of dual carbon was further discussed. China has provided a good policy environment for the comprehensive utilization of copper tailings. The comprehensive utilization of copper tailings also shows the characteristics of multiple approaches, directions, and benefits. However, the actual industrial application process still has problems, such as limited methods and low utilization rates. The development of large--scale consumption of copper tailings resources is an important measure to realize the construction of green mines and ecological civilization in China. Under the background of dual carbon, the comprehensive utilization of copper tailings includes two directions: carbon reduction and carbon sink enhancement. The main development direction of copper tailings comprehensive utilization in the future is to realize ecological restoration of tailings pond by adopting efficient improvement measures, increasing the carbon sink of the tailings matrix, and promoting the growth of vegetation carbon pool in mining area as well as establishing the corresponding technical method and standard system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving carbon neutrality is an important initiative to cope with global warming. Most studies on the role of tourism towards carbon neutrality were based on the carbon emission reduction (CER) perspective while the carbon sink (CS) perspective was lacking. Based on the quasi-natural experiment of high-standard scenic spots, this paper aimed to examine the effect of tourism resources development on regional CS with high-precision multi-source datasets of 2601 Chinese county units. According to the results of the time-varying difference-in-difference (DID) model regression, CNSA significantly deteriorated CS, but the findings of the rolling regression test confirmed that the adverse effect diminished over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Natural Gas Industry is the property of Natural Gas Industry Journal Agency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, CO2 carbon source sink has become a hot issue in the sustainable development of ecological environment. In this paper, taking the arid forest area in western China as an example, the carbon sink potential of arid loess region, the carbon density distribution of artificial emission reduction based on remote sensing images, and the carbon flux characteristics of different land types are systematically studied. The results showed that the planting degree of corn should be strengthened and the shallow root crops such as boll and soybean should be coupled. For garden plots, almond trees should be developed first, followed by walnut trees, which have better carbon sink potential. After the vegetation normalization index of NDVI was extracted by remote sensing image, the vegetation biomass of plantation was calculated by NDVI, and then the carbon sink storage of plantation area was calculated using the biomass. It shows that the spatial characteristics of carbon density of forest and grass in the study area are obvious over time. The number of patches with carbon density greater than 350 g/m² was increasing, and they were all distributed in the northwest of the artificially reduced forests, indicating that the ecosystem carbon storage in these patches was also increasing. The annual carbon sequestration in the study area showed an approximate exponential growth trend over time, and the cumulative carbon sequestration showed an exponential growth trend from time to time. An intact forest landscape is essential for stabilizing terrestrial carbon stocks, preserving biodiversity and providing other ecosystem services. In the future, the development goal of arid forest region should be to improve the quality and efficiency of low quality and low efficiency plantation, so as to restore the plantation with relatively complete structure, landscape and function as far as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the degree of spatial correlation between carbon emissions and ecological support coefficients among cities in the middle reaches of Yangtze River (MRYR) region by using social network analysis method and spatial autocorrelation analysis. The actual carbon compensation quota (ACCQ) of each city in MRYR is also calculated based on the carbon revenue and expenditure method, and the theoretical carbon compensation quota (TCCQ) is obtained by introducing technology level and ecological value factors. The results show that (1) carbon sinks in the MRYR region increased very little, while carbon emissions increased significantly during the study period, resulting in an overall carbon deficit in 2015. (2) Wuhan and Changsha, as regional economic centers, are at the center of the carbon emission spatial network, with significant carbon emission spillover. (3) The ecological carrying capacity of the MRYR region showed a spatial and temporal pattern of decline at the center and stability at the periphery. (4) The TCCQ is more convergent in revenues and expenditures than the ACCQ and is more suitable for government policymaking. Based on these findings, we recommend that governments establish regional carbon emission quota systems and horizontal carbon compensation mechanisms based on carbon budget accounting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pastures are of central importance in food production and provide multiple ecosystem services. The objective of this paper was to determine whether the intensification of pasture-based animal production systems, through practices such as fertilization and improved pasture species, has a higher capacity in the short-term (five years) to sequester carbon in the soil compared to (1) natural grassland without anthropogenic interactions, (2) natural grassland fertilized and overseeded with exotic species, and (3) annual pastures with frequent soil disturbance. The study assessed the organic carbon stock (OCS), total organic carbon (TOC), particle size, porosity, and density at different soil strata, as well as the root system and forage production. Forage dry matter (DM) production varied significantly with means ranging from 6615 to 13,000 kg ha–1 year–1 for natural grassland (NG) and permanent pasture (PP), respectively. Improved natural grassland (ING) and NG presented a higher density and root diameter than PP and annual pasture (AP). Forage systems significantly influenced soil porosity and density, with NG and ING showing lower soil densities and higher soil porosities. The OCS (0–100 cm) was similar between NG (270 Mg ha–1), ING (255 Mg ha–1), PP (274 Mg ha–1), and AP systems (256 Mg ha–1). Over a period of five years, the intensification of pasture-based animal production systems did not have a significant impact on OCS in the soils of a Brazilian subtropical highland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon sink is the process of absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere, through forests, wetlands, grasslands, and oceans. Through this process, greenhouse gases can be absorbed from the atmosphere. In order to analyze the contribution of carbon sinks to carbon neutrality, three parts of works were carried out on carbon sinks in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei. Firstly, the regional carbon sinks were calculated based on actual data. Secondly, the macro-factors were selected related to carbon sinks, on which the econometric analysis was carried out. Finally, a carbon sink prediction model was constructed based on partial least squares regression. After that, three carbon sink development scenarios with different intensities were set up. Under these three scenarios, the carbon sink potential of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was forecasted from 2020 to 2030. The results show that under the strong carbon sink scenario, the carbon sink in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei can neutralize 388.6901 million tons/a of carbon emissions by 2030, whose contribution rate to China's carbon emission reduction can reach 10.48%. Compared with the baseline scenario and weak carbon sink scenario, the strong carbon sink scenario can achieve greater carbon sink potential and contribute more to China's carbon neutrality. As a conclusion, the target of carbon neutrality of China can be easier to achieve under the strong carbon sink scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countryside is rich in large-scale blue and green spaces such as woodland, farmland, grassland and water, which means a great potential of carbon sink. Rural architecture still has a long way to go in terms of low-carbon construction, which makes countryside carbon source and carbon sink significant in researches and practices of realizing objectives of carbon neutral. In view of the problems of current researches on rural carbon source and carbon sink, such as indistinct rural characteristics, incomplete system construction, this paper through sorting out these researches systematically classified the types of countryside carbon source and carbon sink, proposed corresponding strategies, made prospects on researches and practices of countryside carbon source and carbon sink, so as to provide references for future researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A carbon peak in 2030 and carbon neutrality in 2060 are major strategic development goals for China. Driven by the ambitious goal of achieving a carbon peak and carbon neutrality, the development of green innovation technology is an important method of achieving these aims. Speeding up energy transformation and tapping into the carbon sink capacity of the natural ecosystem are key to this process. The strategic path of green development deserves further discussion. This study takes Guizhou province as an example. Based on the actual situation of Guizhou province and the characteristics of karst areas, through the collection and collation of the existing literature, policies, and technologies and the analysis of typical cases, this paper summarizes and analyzes ecological restoration and negative carbon emissions in karst areas; water-energy-carbon coupling, energy saving, and emissions reduction technologies; industrial energy saving and emission-reduction technologies in karst areas; and CCUS technology for carbon dioxide capture, utilization, and storage. On this basis, the trend and orientation of green development in Guizhou are studied and judged, and countermeasures such as adhering to clean and efficient low-carbon utilization, strengthening the research on and development of carbon emission-reduction technology, and implementing carbon sink capacity buildings are put forward. Key core technology research and development innovation are recommended to establish a low-carbon science and technology innovation system. The efficient use of energy, the recycling of resources, negative emissions, and other strategies should be promoted. We also posit specific suggestions such as accelerating the transformation and application of green and low-carbon scientific and technological achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of global climate governance and China's carbon neutrality target, Shanxi Province, one of China's major energy exporting regions, is under high pressure to achieve carbon neutrality. This paper sets up three carbon source scenarios and three carbon sink scenarios based on the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) and CA-Markov models to simulate the future change in carbon source and carbon sink of Shanxi from 2020 to 2060; it analyzes the achievement of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets for each source–sink scenario. The results show that: (1) The total energy consumption and CO2 emissions have increased significantly, from 2000 to 2020, especially in heavy industry; (2) The CO2 emissions are predicted to peak at 381.6 Mt, 294.1 Mt and 282.7 Mt in 2040 (baseline scenario), 2030 (policy scenario), and 2025 (carbon neutrality scenario), respectively. The achievement of the carbon neutrality mainly depends on the reduction in CO2 emissions; (3) If Shanxi Province strives to reach the energy intensity of developed countries by 2060, with 80% of non-fossil energy generation, it has the potential to achieve the carbon neutrality target; (4) The popularization of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technology will significantly accelerate the achievement of Shanxi Province's carbon neutrality target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Sciences / Chung-kuo ko Hsueh Yuan Yuan Kan is the property of Institutes of Science & Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bamboo plants are fast-growing, quickly produce usable material, and are an abundant resource. Bamboo is an excellent, natural, and renewable material. It has a long history of application in human life, industrial manufacturing, cultural industries, and other fields. The warehousing of bamboo and its finished products is an emerging industry with much potential. A reasonable, stable, and orderly warehouse could be an effective solution for the sustainable management, seasonal harvesting, and raw material stability issues. In addition, the warehouse plays an important role in the processing of raw materials, reserve logistics, keeping a robust and real-time supply for downstream products. This is of great significance for alleviating problems associated with Chinese timber safety and for improving the quality of life. This paper focuses on warehousing experience in grain and coal fields, reviews the common material processing and preservation measures of bamboo, analyzes advantages and developmental prospects of bamboo warehousing, and explores and suggests appropriate storage methods, technical systems, and application models. It is expected to provide technical guidance for construction in the bamboo storage industry, and to supply ideas and suggestions for the modern development of the bamboo industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangrove ecosystems provide critical goods and ecosystem services to coastal communities and contribute to climate change mitigation. Over four decades, remote sensing has proved its usefulness in monitoring mangrove ecosystems on a broad scale, over time, and at a lower cost than field observation. The increasing use of spectral indices has led to an expansion of the geographical context of mangrove studies from local-scale studies to intercontinental and global analyses over the past 20 years. In remote sensing, numerous spectral indices derived from multiple spectral bands of remotely sensed data have been developed and used for multiple studies on mangroves. In this paper, we review the range of spectral indices produced and utilised in mangrove remote sensing between 1996 and 2021. Our findings reveal that spectral indices have been used for a variety of mangrove aspects but excluded identification of mangrove species. The included aspects are mangrove extent, distribution, mangrove above ground parameters (e.g., carbon density, biomass, canopy height, and estimations of LAI), and changes to the aforementioned aspects over time. Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was found to be the most widely applied index in mangroves, used in 82% of the studies reviewed, followed by the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) used in 28% of the studies. Development and application of potential indices for mangrove cover characterisation has increased (currently 6 indices are published), but NDVI remains the most popular index for mangrove remote sensing. Ultimately, we identify the limitations and gaps of current studies and suggest some future directions under the topic of spectral index application in connection to time series imagery and the fusion of optical sensors for mangrove studies in the digital era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Forest Products Industry is the property of China Forest Products Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Accelerated carbonation of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) could be an efficient way to reduce the carbon footprint. High CO2-concentration under optimal relative humidity could accelerate the CO2 binding capacity of the hydrated cement paste in the RCA. The latter is the topic of this paper. The study looks into the forced carbonation of crushed cement pastes as a basis to understand the CO2 uptake in relation to various binders containing supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) such as fly ash (FA) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). Samples include three cement pastes: ordinary Portland cement, substitution rate of 30 % FA and 50 % GGBS respectively at a water/binder ratio of 0.45. All binders were graded to 0/2, 2/4 and 4/8 mm fraction sizes and preconditioned before exposed to CO2 concentration of 10 % under controlled temperature at 20 °C and 65 % RH. All tested binders presented a high CO2 uptake within the first hours of exposure with clear differences concerning the fraction sizes and the composition. The phase content before and after carbonation was observed by X-ray diffraction and the portlandite and calcite were quantified by thermogravimetric analyses and their derivative curves for fraction size 4/8 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural eco-efficiency is a crucial indicator for measuring the green and sustainable development of agriculture. This study utilizes provincial panel data from 2006 to 2019 to measure agricultural eco-efficiency while integrating carbon emissions and carbon sinks. A two-way fixed effect model and a nonlinear quadratic term model are utilized to investigate whether expanding farmland management scale contributes to enhancing agricultural eco-efficiency. The research results indicate that agricultural eco-efficiency is at a moderate level and exhibits a positive trend with an average annual growth rate of 1.28%. The relationship between farmland management scale and agricultural eco-efficiency is characterized by an inverted U-shaped nonlinear association. Appropriate management scale is essential for promoting green development of agriculture and is validated even after conducting endogenous and robustness tests. The research identified a significant moderating effect of service outsourcing, where a higher degree of service outsourcing results in a flatter inverted U-shaped curve mentioned above. Moreover, the non-linear relationship between the scale of agricultural land and agricultural eco-efficiency has become more significant after the reform of “separation of the three rights” and in the east and central regions. Finally, based on the above conclusions, the paper provides specific recommendations for improving agricultural eco-efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) plays an important role in understanding ecosystem function and the global carbon cycle. In this paper, the key parameters of the Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) model, maximum light use efficiency (εmax), was optimized by using vegetation classification data. Then, the NEP was estimated by coupling the optimized CASA model, geostatistical model of soil respiration (GSMSR) and the soil respiration–soil heterotrophic respiration (Rs-Rh) relationship model. The ground observations from ChinaFLUX were used to verify the NEP estimation accuracy. The results showed that the R2 of the optimized CASA model increased from 0.411 to 0.774, and RMSE decreased from 21.425 gC·m−2·month−1 to 12.045 gC·m−2·month−1, indicating that optimizing CASA model by vegetation classification data was an effective method to improve the estimation accuracy of NEP. On this basis, the spatial and temporal distribution of NEP in China was analyzed. The research indicated that the monthly variation of NEP in China was a single peak curve with summer as the peak, which generally presented the pattern of southern region > northern region > Qinghai–Tibet region > northwest region. Furthermore, from 2001 to 2016, most regions of China showed a non-significant level upward trend, but main cropland (e.g., North China Plain and Northeast Plain) and some grassland (e.g., Ngari in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia) showed a non-significant-level downward trend. The study can deepen the understanding of the distribution of carbon sources/sinks in China, and provide a reference for regional carbon cycle research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, the scientific community has studied, experimented, and published a notable body of literature on the ecological enhancement of coastal and marine infrastructure (CMI). The Nature‐Inclusive Design (NID) approach refers to methods and technologies that can be integrated into the design and construction of CMI to create a suitable habitat for native species (or communities) whose natural habitat has been degraded or reduced. To examine the compliance of new environmentally sensitive technologies with structural requirements and fiscal restraints, while providing ecosystem and habitat value, this paper presents the findings of a structural–economical–biological analysis of ecologically engineered Articulated Concrete Block Mattresses (ACBMs). To evaluate the structural and biological performance of the Ecological Articulated Concrete Block Mattresses, a pilot project was deployed in April 2017 at Port Everglades, Florida, USA, and evaluated against controls of adjacent artificial structures and smooth‐surface concrete blocks and monitored over a period of two years. The elements of ecological enhancement implemented in the fabrication and design of the ecologically enhanced ACBMs were comprised of bio‐enhancing concrete additives and science‐based designs. Based on the results of this study, these design alterations have increased the richness and diversity of sessile assemblages compared to control blocks and adjacent artificial structures and supported a higher abundance of mobile species. This ecological improvement was achieved within the operational limitations of conventional manufacturing and installation technologies, while complying with strict structural requirements for standard concrete marine construction. The results supported the working hypothesis and demonstrated that modifications of concrete composition, surface texture, and macro‐design have the potential to increase the ecological value of concrete‐based CMI and promote a more sustainable and adaptive approach to coastal and marine development in an era of climate resilience‐building. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:148–162. © 2021 SETAC KEY POINTS: Ecological enhancement was achieved within the operational limitations of conventional manufacturing and installation technologies.Ecological Articulated Concrete Block Mattresses comply with the strict structural requirements for coastal and marine construction.Design alterations have increased the richness and diversity of sessile assemblages compared to control blocks and adjacent artificial structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yellow River is the property of Editorial Board of Yellow River and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Climate change is currently the biggest environmental challenge facing sustainable development in human society, and it is an inherent requirement for achieving sustainable development by actively addressing climate change. Under the increasingly strict constraints of climate governance, developed countries such as the United States, European Union countries, and Japan have responded and actively formulated low-carbon development goals and policy measures that are in line with their national conditions. These policies mainly involve various fields such as low-carbon technology, energy conservation and emission reduction, and circular development, with clear policy guidance. In this paper, the evolution of policies on marine carbon sink and carbon trading in China is summarized, providing support for better understanding the background of formulating relevant international and domestic policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Finding ways to keep global warming under 1.5 degrees Celsius is urgent and will need a portfolio of solutions. Seaweeds are marine photosynthetic organisms that humans harvest either from the wild or farm, to be used in many applications and providing various ecosystem services. Large scale farming of seaweeds for absorbing carbon has lately been promoted as a climate "fix". The major shortcomings of this argument relate to the idea that a carbon sink function should exist through carbon accumulation in seaweed biomass simultaneously as seaweeds are consumed as food by humans, fed to animals, or used in many alternative applications. This carbon instead enters the fast carbon cycle and does not provide any "carbon sink" function. Radical suggestions of intentionally transfer of farmed seaweeds to the deep-sea to accomplish a longer removal are highly questionable from feasibility, economic, ecosystem effects and ethical resource use perspectives. Development of "ocean forests" for carbon capturing through farming should not be compared to forests on land as these provide carbon removal from the atmosphere at sufficiently long time scales to be qualified as carbon sequestration - thus making a difference related to reducing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Seaweeds can, however, play a role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the overall food system through carbon offset - i.e. if replacing food, feed, and/or materials that have larger carbon footprints. The fate/cycling of carbon as particulate and dissolved matter from both farmed and wild seaweeds, are however not fully understood, especially with respect to pathways and time scales relevant for carbon removal/storage. Another potential pathway for their role in decarbonization may be through reducing enteric methane emissions from ruminants and also through bioenergy production. More research is, however, needed for understanding the contributions from such interventions. Presenting seaweed farming as a quick fix for the climate risks facilitating misdirected investments (for carbon abatement solutions) and reducing demand for specific research and technological development that will be needed for increasing our understanding about seaweeds' contribution to food/feed systems and additional sustainability services and benefits. Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2022.2048792. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTFor the estimation of global karst carbon sink, a few conventional methods usually require the parameters that are difficult to measure, resulting in the big cost. Moreover, under the constraints of incomplete and timeliness issues in the collection of data over a large region, it has remained a challenge for these methods to study global karst carbon sink. Therefore, this paper proposes estimating the global karst carbon sink, and analyzing the suitability of the response surface methodology and the fluctuating variation of karst carbon sink in global karst regions from 1951 to 2050. This paper shows that the proposed method can reduce the time of numerical calculation and is suitable for application in global weathering models; The global karst carbon sink in the future changes not only displays an upward trend but also exposures its fluctuating trend largely. This fluctuation is probably due to global warming.

The land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) sector, as a source and a sink of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is critical for achieving carbon neutrality. Many academic journals have published papers on land use carbon emission or sink (LUCES), but LUCES reviews are relatively rare, which poses great challenges in accurately understanding the research progress and future prospects. This work analyzes the research characteristics, hotspots and future perspectives of LUCES research by using a bibliometric analysis (such as DDA, VOSviewer, CiteSpace software) and a review based on the data (6115 scientific papers) during 1991–2023 from the Web of Science (WoS) platform. We found that (1) over the past 33 years, it first presented a steady growth, then fluctuating growth, and finally a rapid growth trend in the yearly number of publications in LUCES research. The USA (17.31%), China (14.96%), and the UK (7.37%) occupy a dominant position in this research field. (2) The related LUCES research is interdisciplinary, which mainly cover science and technology, meteorology and atmospheric sciences, geology, and environmental sciences and ecology disciplines. (3) The research hotspot analysis on LUCES shows that these articles mostly covered the follow three aspects: ecosystem services, climate change, and carbon neutrality. (4) A review of the past LUCES literature suggests that it is mainly focused on exploring the forefront issues in terms of the definition and boundaries, evaluation method and influencing factors, etc. This work suggests that further research could explore the main scientific problems on quantification of land-based carbon neutrality, quantitative analysis of the impact mechanisms, as well as interdisciplinary research and collaborative governance needed for carbon neutrality.

Negative emission technologies driven by nature with less energy input, lower costs, and long carbon storage capacities are essential for meeting ambitious global carbon mitigation goals. This paper evaluates the carbon sequestration potential of bivalve shellfish farming because its sequestration process is driven by nature, and it is cost-effective and energy efficient. The carbon in shells and the carbon that enters sediments via bio-deposition are long-lived forms of carbon. Using China as a case study, a preliminary estimation suggests that the carbon sequestration efficiency and intensity of cultivated shellfishes are much higher than those of artificial forests. In China, approximately 6.23 Mt CO 2 -eq a−1 was fixed via net carbon sequestration during shellfish growth from 2015 to 2019. In addition, the farmed shellfishes provided 0.37 Mt of harvested protein, and approximately 37.39 Mt CO2-eq a-1 were reduced compared to the same amount of protein provided by beef, and thus, shellfish farming has the win-win benefits of carbon sequestration and high-quality food provision. More importantly, a total of 5.64 Gt CO 2 -eq, accounting for 17.63% of the total emissions in 2020, can be potentially sequestrated at the global scale under the world's largest farming area scenario. • A Negative Emission Technology via shellfish farming was introduced. • Carbon sequestration function and efficiency of shellfish farming were investigated. • Carbon sequestration potential for bivalve shellfish farming was evaluated globally. • Life cycle GHG emissions of shellfish farming in China was assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is currently the biggest environmental challenge facing sustainable development in human society, and an inherent requirement for achieving sustainable development is actively addressing climate change. Under the increasingly strict constraints of climate governance, developed countries such as the United States, European Union countries, and Japan have responded and actively formulated low-carbon development goals and policy measures that are in line with their national conditions. These policies mainly involve various fields such as low-carbon technology, energy conservation and emission reduction, and circular development, with clear policy guidance. In this paper, the evolution of policies on marine carbon sink and carbon trading in developed countries such as the United States and Europe is summarized, providing support for a better understanding of the background of international and domestic policy formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Low-carbon and environmentally friendly development are becoming increasingly important in the metallurgical industry. In this study, the use of biomass as a source of both material and energy in metallurgical technologies is reviewed. The paper discusses the preparation of bio-based raw materials, their utilization in metallurgical processes, phytoremediation and metal extraction technology, and forestry as a carbon dioxide sequestration method. Bio-based raw materials, such as bio-based fuels, reductants, adhesives, and activated carbons, are found to provide energy, act as reductants and binders, dispose metallurgical flue gas, and adjust metal melt composition, thereby reducing energy consumption in metallurgical processes. Additionally, heavy metals can be enriched in plants through biomass-mediated soil remediation, and these metals can then be processed to obtain raw materials for metallurgical processes. Moreover, metallurgical waste heat can be used to prepare biomass as soil amendments, remediate deserts, and indirectly reduce metallurgical industry carbon dioxide emissions through forest carbon sinks. Based on these findings, the concept of biomass metallurgy is proposed, which promotes the use of biomass as energy or raw materials, ecological restoration and reforestation, and reduction of carbon dioxide and pollutant emissions in metallurgical processes. This study emphasizes the advantages of biomass metallurgy and encourages the development of low-carbon and green metallurgical processes. [Display omitted] • Development of metallurgical technologies using bio-based material and energy. • Bio-based materials including fuels, reductants, adhesives, and activated carbon. • Biomass used in metallurgy for combustion, reductants, pellets making, etc. • Heavy metals in hyperaccumulators extracted and recovered by biochemical methods. • Indirectly reducing CO 2 by transforming metallurgical waste heat into carbon sinks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aboveground biomass (AGB) serves as a crucial indicator of the carbon sequestration capacity of coastal wetland ecosystems. Conducting extensive field surveys in coastal wetlands is both time-consuming and labor-intensive. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and satellite remote sensing have been widely utilized to estimate regional AGB. However, the mixed pixel effects in satellite remote sensing hinder the precise estimation of AGB, while high-spatial resolution UAVs face challenges in estimating large-scale AGB. To fill this gap, this study proposed an integrated approach for estimating AGB using field sampling, a UAV, and Sentinel-2 satellite data. Firstly, based on multispectral data from the UAV, vegetation indices were computed and matched with field sampling data to develop the Field–UAV AGB estimation model, yielding AGB results at the UAV scale (1 m). Subsequently, these results were upscaled to the Sentinel-2 satellite scale (10 m). Vegetation indices from Sentinel-2 data were calculated and matched to establish the UAV–Satellite AGB model, enabling the estimation of AGB over large regional areas. Our findings revealed the AGB estimation model achieved an R2 value of 0.58 at the UAV scale and 0.74 at the satellite scale, significantly outperforming direct modeling from field data to satellite (R2 = −0.04). The AGB densities of the wetlands in Xieqian Bay, Meishan Bay, and Hangzhou Bay, Zhejiang Province, were 1440.27 g/m2, 1508.65 g/m2, and 1545.11 g/m2, respectively. The total AGB quantities were estimated to be 30,526.08 t, 34,219.97 t, and 296,382.91 t, respectively. This study underscores the potential of integrating UAV and satellite remote sensing for accurately assessing AGB in large coastal wetland regions, providing valuable support for the conservation and management of coastal wetland ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate measurement and estimation of forest carbon sinks and fluxes are essential for developing effective national and global climate strategies aimed at reducing atmospheric carbon concentrations and mitigating climate change. Various errors arise during forest monitoring, especially measurement instability due to seasonal variations, which require to be adequately addressed in forest ecosystem research and applications. Seasonal fluctuations in temperature, precipitation, aerosols, and solar radiation can significantly impact the physical observations of mapping equipment or platforms, thereby reducing the data's accuracy. Here, we review the technologies and equipment used for monitoring forest carbon sinks and carbon fluxes across different remote sensing platforms, including ground-based, airborne, and spaceborne remote sensing. We further investigate the uncertainties introduced by seasonal variations to the observing equipment, compare the strengths and weaknesses of various monitoring technologies, and propose the corresponding solutions and recommendations. We aim to gain a comprehensive understanding of the impact of seasonal variations on the accuracy of forest map data, thereby improving the accuracy of forest carbon sinks and fluxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a speech at the UN General Assembly on September 22, 2020, President Xi Jinping announced that China would peak carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality before 2060. China has issued a series of documents on the carbon peaking and neutrality goals, which have become hot issues in society. The concept of carbon peaking is relatively easy to understand, but for that of carbon neutrality, there are some misunderstandings, such as mixed use of different terms and ambiguous scope, classification, and relationships between related concepts, which not only directly affect the implementation of the 'dual carbon' goals in China, but also impede China􀆳s participation in global climate governance and international climate cooperation towards the goal of carbon neutrality. This paper attempts to trace the origin and evolution of the concept of carbon neutrality. It sorts out the different expressions of the carbon neutrality goal, compares the differences and correlations between related concepts, and discusses the key elements and implications of the concept of carbon neutrality. The discussion leads to the following conclusions: ① The concept of carbon neutrality was introduced to the field of global climate governance after carbon trading and carbon offsetting had been proposed in the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. ② The concept of carbon neutrality has both narrow and broad senses. Narrowly speaking, it refers to carbon dioxide neutrality, while in a broad sense, it is a collective term for related concepts such as carbon dioxide neutrality, greenhouse gas neutrality, climate neutrality, net zero carbon dioxide emissions, and net zero greenhouse gas emissions. In the international community, the expression 'net zero' is more widely used. ③ To understand the concept of carbon neutrality, four elements need to be grasped: the balance between the source and removal of anthropogenic emissions; multiple implementation entities and their carbon accounting boundaries; the scope of emissions (covering merely carbon dioxide or all greenhouse gases); and carbon neutralization paths including carbon emission reduction, carbon removal, carbon offsets, etc. ④ Clarifying the concept of carbon neutrality is the basis for efficiently implementing the 'dual carbon' goals and promoting international cooperation. The terms used in the legal documents and IPCC guidelines and reports approved in the UNFCCC negotiations are internationally accepted concepts and norms. They are recognized by various governments and serve as an important foundation for scientific research as well as the cognitive basis for international negotiations and actions. The definition and interpretation of the concept of carbon neutrality should be consistent with the international community as much as possible to form a unified understanding that is not only conducive to promoting international cooperation towards carbon neutrality, but also to China' s implementation of the Paris Agreement and advancement of work towards the 'dual carbon' goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among different possibilities to mitigate climate change, the utilisation of carbon sinks has rendered increased interest with the emergence of net-zero targets. In Sweden, despite large forest resources, the product category wood-based panels has turned from being a carbon sink to an emission source. Production data and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) accounting approach has been used in this paper to construct the pool of biogenic carbon sequestered in wood-based panels. We used indices to compare this development and found that it is unparalleled in other countries. We show that it is possible to achieve an increased carbon sink in harvested wood products in Sweden and argue that all options producing real and quantifiable carbon sinks should be given opportunities in the regulatory frameworks for climate change mitigation. We conclude that the increased importance of carbon sinks to mitigate climate change justifies a critical discussion of bioenergy policy in Sweden and the rest of Europe. Additionally, we suggest a policy direction that will promote the cascading use of by-products for wood-based panels without proposing a mandated hierarchy of biomass use. • We provide a method for comparing carbon sinks in different countries. • Relatively easy to achieve an increased carbon sink in harvested wood products. • Wood products are real and quantifiable carbon sinks. • A policy direction that will promote the cascading use of wood is suggested. • Energy policy needs to consider carbon sinks in wood products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon sequestration capacity of plants has been used as a nature-based solution to reduce carbon emissions. Perennial herbs potentially contribute to carbon sequestration by allocating carbon to belowground parts as well as trees. As individual-level estimations have mainly been carried out for tree species, individual-level carbon sequestration for understory perennial herb species is poorly understood. To estimate the below- and aboveground carbon sequestration capacity, ten perennial herb species were planted for field experiment. Individual carbon sequestration by biomass was calculated by measuring the aboveground- and estimating belowground biomass gain at harvest. We further measured non-destructive aboveground parameters, such as photosynthesis and leaf area, to estimate the belowground biomass. Four species (Aconitum jaluense Kom., Aquilegea oxysepala Trautv. & C.A.Mey., Disporum smilacinum A.Gray, and Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum (Miq.) Ohwi) showed the positive belowground carbon sequestration level during the experimental period. Correlation analyses indicated that the aboveground biomass and leaf area at senescence stage could be used as non-destructive estimates of belowground carbon sequestration. The perennial herb species habitat suitability for use as additional carbon sinks in urban forests and for forest restoration should be assessed based on the increase in belowground biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forests and grasslands play an important role in carbon cycling. They not only absorb CO2 from the air through vegetation biomass and soil carbon sinks, but also reduce and control the horizontal transport of soil carbon (i.e., reinforcing soil carbon storage via soil conservation), thus avoiding erosion-induced CO2 emissions. In this study, vegetation biomass and soil carbon sinks, soil carbon reinforcement and reduced carbon emissions via soil conservation by forests and grasslands were quantified on the scale of the whole of China. The analysis was based on the distribution of biomass and the soil carbon pool and soil erosion rates derived from national surveys, as well as carbon density values from field surveys and literature. In 2021, forests and grasslands in China generated 394.18 Mt C/year (y) of steady-state carbon sinks through vertical biomass and soil absorption. The biomass carbon sinks of grasslands, and those of leaves, twigs, flowers and fruits of the forests, were not taken into account when quantifying the stable biomass sink, because they can become net producers of CO2 due to seasonal withering and carryover, or they can form soil organic carbon as potential soil carbon sinks. The amount of horizontal soil carbon reinforcement in China's forests and grasslands in 2021 was 20.31 Mt C/y, which was positively correlated with the reduction in the water erosion area; consequently, vertical emissions of approximately 14.89–29.78 Mt of CO2 into the atmosphere were avoided. Overall, in 2021, China's forests and grasslands absorbed atmospheric CO2 and reduced emissions by 1.46–1.47 Gt CO2/y, equivalent to approximately 13% of China's annual fossil CO2 emissions. This study demonstrates the fact that the adoption of forest and grassland measures sequesters carbon in soil and biota and reduces the risks of CO2 emissions by both vertical and horizontal paths, which is important for achieving carbon neutrality and mitigating climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]