Search

Soil conservation is of global importance, as accelerated soil erosion by human activity is a primary threat to ecosystem viability. However, the significance and role of soil conservation in reshaping landscape carbon (C) accounting has not been comprehensively integrated in the terrestrial C sink. Here, we present the first integrated assessment of the modified terrestrial C sink and aquatic C transport due to soil conservation for the semiarid Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), the world's most vulnerable region to soil erosion. We show a surprisingly low terrestrial‐aquatic C transfer that offset the terrestrial net ecosystem productivity by only 7.5%, which we attribute to the effective implementation of soil conservation practices. Despite the highest soil erosion, the semiarid CLP acts as effective C sink at 43.2 ± 22.6 g C m−2 year−1, which is comparable to temperate forest in absorbing atmospheric CO2. Moreover, C burial in reservoirs has created an additional anthropogenic C sink of 2.9 ± 1.1 g C m−2 year−1. Our findings indicate that effective soil conservation can significantly increase landscape C sequestration capacity. The co‐benefits of soil conservation in erosion control and C sequestration have important implications for policy makers in other regions undergoing increasing erosion intensity to pursue environmental sustainability. Plain Language Summary: Aquatic export of terrestrial carbon (C) plays a significant role in modulating the magnitude of terrestrial C sink. Previous estimates of terrestrial C sink may be overestimated because not all C losses across heterogeneous landscapes are accurately determined and properly accounted for. This is particularly possible for catchments with high erosion and terrestrial‐aquatic C transfer potential. Meanwhile, soil conservation can greatly modify landscape C sequestration capacity. Thus, a more comprehensive assessment of net landscape C budget is needed that integrates aquatic export of terrestrial C while considering the role and significance of soil conservation. For the Chinese Loess Plateau in semiarid climates that once characterized the world's high soil erosion rate, we show a surprisingly low aquatic C transfer that offset the terrestrial C sink by only 7.5%, due largely to successful soil conservation in the past decades. Our findings suggest that effective implementation of soil conservation practices can substantially reduce terrestrial‐aquatic C transfer and enhance the landscape C sequestration capacity. Key Points: The magnitude of terrestrial‐aquatic C transfer in influencing landscape‐scale C balance on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) is assessedThe low reduction of terrestrial C sink by terrestrial‐aquatic C transfer on the CLP is largely due to soil conservationEffective implementation of soil conservation can substantially reduce terrestrial‐aquatic C transfer and enhance landscape C sink capacity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Accurate quantification of soil erosion sub-process by remote sensing and check dam. • Vegetation restoration significantly reduced soil erosion modulus. • Check dams effectively reduce sediment delivery on the watershed scale. • The variation of erosion and deposition changes the sediment delivery ratio. China has implemented a series of ambitious soil and water conservation (SWC) projects on the Chinese Loess Plateau, which have significantly changed the erosion, transport, and deposition of sediment. As a result, the sediment flux of the Yellow River, once the largest carrier of fluvial sediment worldwide, has been reduced by approximately 85 % in the past 60 years. However, the effects of SWC measures on erosion, transport, and deposition of sediment are still difficult to quantify, which greatly limits the further planning and adjustment of SWC measures. Here, we determined soil erosion, sediment deposition, and sediment yield at different historical stages in a 187 km2 hilly and gully watershed on the Chinese Loess Plateau using the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry technology combined with check dam surveying and hydrologic monitoring. The results show that the construction of check dams and vegetation restoration significantly reduced the soil erosion rate, from 21,144 t km−2 yr−1 at Stage-1 (1960–1969) to 13,819 ± 3,622 t km−2 yr−1 at Stage-2 (1970–1999) and further to 4,723 ± 1,278 t km−2 yr−1 at Stage-3 (2000–2018). The sediment deposition rate was estimated to be 5,989 and 2,582 ± 351 t km−2 yr−1 at Stage-2 and Stage-3, respectively. The variation in the erosion and deposition of sediment led to a significant change in the sediment delivery ratio, from 1 at Stage-1 to 0.57 at Stage-2 and 0.45 at Stage-3. Our research results provide an important reference for further SWC planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A UAV-based method estimating sediment deposited behind check dams was developed. • Errors of the optimal model for single and regional check dams are 12–13% and 2–3%. • This method avoids limitations of tedious field surveys and historical records. • This method can evaluate sediment retained by check dams in areas as large as 211,800 km2. The estimation of sediment deposited behind dams and reservoirs is of great significance for quantifying soil erosion rate and sediment flux. However, existing methods of sediment volume estimation often require detailed field measurements and historical topographic data, limiting the broader application of these methods. In this paper, focusing on the region that suffers the world's most severe soil erosion, we combine unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry and simulate submerging analysis to propose a novel method for estimating sediment silted by check dams under complex topography. We obtained 1339 groups of topographic factors and ascertained the corresponding volumes of sediment deposited behind check dams in the loess hilly region of China (LHRC), and established five different models combined with regression analysis. Two different sets of data were used for method validation and optimal model determination. The results showed that the error of the optimal model in the volume estimation of single check dam and regional check dams is 12–13% and 2–3%, respectively. Additionally, the area-volume model has the potential to evaluate the sediment retention capacity of check dams (in the order of billions of cubic meters) in the whole LHRC, because the variables are easy to obtain and the model accuracy is relatively high. The further application of this method will help to evaluate the watershed sediment yield and regional soil and water conservation benefits, and is of great significance for explaining the future changes in water and sediment in the Yellow River basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Seasonal and diel CO 2 emissions in a hard-water reservoir show temporal variability. • Inputs of dissolved inorganic carbon play a central role in sustaining the p CO 2. • Nocturnal fluxes are higher than daytime fluxes due largely to aquatic metabolism. • Episodic weather events reverse the diel pattern and cause higher daytime fluxes. • Using daytime measurements alone would underestimate the daily efflux by 9–25%. Reservoirs represent a key component of the global carbon cycle. However, estimates of carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions from reservoirs remain poorly constrained due to the absence of spatially and temporally resolved measurements. We performed high-resolution monitoring of CO 2 emissions (F CO2) in a semiarid hard-water reservoir to examine its seasonal and diel variability. Our results suggest that dissolved inorganic carbon input plays a central role in sustaining the surface water CO 2 partial pressure (p CO 2), which varies from 1076 to 4587 μatm. Although the reservoir is moderately to highly productive throughout the year, it is a net CO 2 source with F CO2 values in the range of 308–1753 mg C m−2 d–1. This high CO 2 efflux indicates that productive waters are not necessarily CO 2 sinks. Both p CO 2 and F CO2 exhibit clear seasonal and diel patterns. Surface water p CO 2 is highest in March and presents a consistent diurnal/nocturnal pattern with the daytime p CO 2 6–13% lower than the nighttime p CO 2. High CO 2 efflux is observed during the ice-thaw period, indicating the release of CO 2 that was accumulated during the winter. CO 2 effluxes are typically higher during the nighttime driven by aquatic metabolism, but episodic weather events (e.g., rainfall and strong winds) can significantly enhance CO 2 emissions and even reverse the diel pattern. Our study also shows that using only daytime measurements to estimate daily CO 2 emissions would underestimate it by 9–25%. Hence, future global assessments should incorporate CO 2 emissions from hard-water reservoirs and account for their seasonal and diel variability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]