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In 1968 and again in 1969, practitioners and scholars of the ombuds concept in higher education gathered to discuss this new idea. From these gatherings, a conference proceeding was published called The Ombudsman in Higher Education: Advocate or Subversive Bureaucrat. These meetings were the first dedicated to the topic of ombuds in higher education, and the resulting conference proceedings provided the first comprehensive document dedicated to the role. This paper seeks to analyze these proceedings in order to better understand the theoretical foundations of contemporary ombuds practice and research. Additionally, this paper also examines early definitions and considerations of the ombuds role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the development of electrochemistry at research institutions in Croatia. The foundation of electrochemistry in Croatia has been laid throughout the work of professors of Technical Faculty at the University of Zagreb M. Karšulin, B. Lovreček, and I. Filipović starting from 1930's. Their work was related to corrosion processes, photoelectrochemistry, organic electrochemistry, and complex stability. M. Branica and V. Pravdić initiated electroanalytical activities at Ruđer Bošković Institute by using polarography, voltammetry, and chronopotentiometry. All these activities helped spreading of electrochemistry at higher education and research institutions in Zagreb, Split, and Osijek. Today, the new generation of scientists is continuing research in this field. The electrochemical community in Croatia is small but very active, which is visible by Regional Symposium on Electrochemistry of South-East Europe initiation and organization, by activities in the Association of South-East European Electrochemists, by activities in the International Society of Electrochemistry, as well as by encouraging doctoral students to organize ISE Satellite Student Regional Symposium on Electrochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the transformation of Robert College, the first American college founded abroad, from 1923 to 1970. Based on a careful investigation of Robert College archives and personal accounts of the College staff, it contends that the school's missionary character acquired a new identity after the foundation of Republican Turkey. Robert College gradually abandoned its missionary tradition to become an institution of liberal learning in the service of westernizing Turkey. The College presidency and trustees have long elaborated on the new context and trends in liberal education in the United States. At the same time, the Turkish officers and graduates quickly adjusted to this new character immersed in secular values. The College's transition involved a shared commitment going beyond political partnership, reflecting an intellectual vision that came out of long years of negotiations within the College establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]