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A current study assessed the leaf anatomical and molecular characteristics of eight species of the genus Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae), i.e., E. craspedia Boiss, E. denticulate Lam., E. falcate L., E. hirta L., E. helioscopia L., E. peplus L., E. kansuensis L., and E. macroclada Boiss, collected from several districts of the Middle and Northern Iraq. The anatomical result refers to a uniseriate epidermis (single layer), except for the species E. kansuensis and E. peplus, wherein the upper epidermis recorded a variable thickness among the species. The highest epidermis thickness (28 µm) was visible in the species E. falcata, while the mean decreased to 17 µm in the species E. helioscopia. Based on the anatomical attributes, further species groupings resulted in two. In the first group, the leaf's crosssection was unifacial, with the palisade tissues on both sides of the blade. This group included E. hirta, E. peplus, E. macroclada?, and E. denticulata. Contrastingly, the second group has a bifacial leaf, with the mesophyll distinguished as palisade and spongy. The said group comprised the E. craspedia and E. helioscopia species. In the genus Euphorbia species, the study of the genetic relationship continued according to the sequencing method of rbcl and matk genes. The results revealed that most species samples showed light bands, characterized by their intensity ranging from 800 to 1000 bp. The highest recorded genetic affinity through the rbcl gene emerged in E. denticulata and E. kansuensis, whereas the lowest was in E. macroclada and E. hirta. Based on matk gene results, the highest genetic affinity observed resulted in the species E. kansuensis and E. denticulata with an average value of 0.0160, with the lowest recorded in the species E. helioscopia and E. peplus with a value of 0.1307. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The Asian House Gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus), one of the most ubiquitous lizards in the world, is characterized by its pantropical distribution and is heavily populated in Iraqi homes. The present study was conducted with the aim of histomorphological examination of the dorsal skin of Hemidactylus farnatus in Iraq. Materials and Methods: Ten Hemidactylus frenatus were examined, which were gathered from various parts of the Najaf Province, Iraq. They were fixed by adhesive and were killed by chloroform. The skin was investigated by histological technique and light microscopy. Findings: The epidermis and dermis were examined in vertical sections of the skin. In comparison to the ventral region, the dorsal region's skin was more keratinized and rougher. Conclusion: In Hemidactylus frenatus, the epidermis is covered in overlapping, flattened scales all over the body. The epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer make up the majority of the dorsal skin's three layers. In the basal layer of the epidermis, massive, dendritic black melanophores are observed. The horizontally arranged brownish granule-containing iridophores are adjacent to the basement membrane of the epidermis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bovine papillomatosis (BP) is considered the most common health problem in large cattle farms. Aim: This study attempts to confirm clinically suspected BP in cattle by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and genotyping analysis of local isolates. Methods: According to morphological appearance and lesion features, a cross sectional study of 54 clinically diagnosed BP cattle was assigned to this current investigation from May to August (2021) in Al-Kut district (Wasit Province, Iraq) private veterinary clinics using purposive sampling technique based on set criteria. The cattle were diagnosed clinically, and the tissues were collected and some fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and other stored frozen and examined by histopathological technique, IHC, and PCR assays. Results: Using PCR assay, all cattle were positive for the BPV L1 gene. According to detect the L1 gene, analysis of the phylogenetic tree showed that local BPV cattle isolates were closely related to the NCBI-BLAST BPV type-1 and type-2 of the Polish equine isolate (KF284133.1) and BPV Brazilian Bostaurus isolate (MH187961.1), respectively. Histological detection showed there were acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, epidermal thickening, severe infiltration of mononuclear cells, massive hemorrhage, dermal fibroplasias, multifocal spongiosis, moderate neovascularization, moderate to severe elongation of the retention ridge towards the dermis, parakeratosis, rings of calcification, and necrosis with nuclear pyknosis of some spinosum cells. Immunohistochemical findings of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, epidermal growth factor receptor and Fascin showed a significant variation in values of immunoreaction in the dermis and epidermis. These results ranged from negative (0) to mild positive (+1) to moderate positive (+2) reactions. Conclusion: The study provided essential molecular and genotyping data to improve our knowledge by emphasizing the crucial of IHC as an elegant diagnostic method to detect cellular alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed for the molecular diagnosis and assessment of histopathological changes of ORF infection in sheep and goats in Basra governorate in Iraq. The virus was detected by using -polymerase chain reaction. The samples were taken from the skin of the lips of animals infected with contiguous ecthema. Hundred samples taken from the sheep and 100 samples from goats of suspected animals, the results of the molecular diagnosis showed that 76 (76%) of sheep were infected and 71 (71%) of goats were infected by diagnosing the partial of ORFV037 gene (173bp), and ORFV039 (703bp), the sequences were determined and recorded in the NCBI and drawn the phylogenetic tree. The results of histopathological study showed presented various changes in cutaneous tissues in sheep include hyperplasia of hair follicles, sebaceous gland and sweet gland, parakeratosis, hyalinization of keratin Also to a picture of tumores, inflammation appear clearly in dermis also to hyperplasia of epidermis towered dermis. In goat showed prolifration of epidermis layer and papillae projection, Highly proliferation structures spinosum, sebaceous gland, sweet gland, and proliferation hair follicles with thickening it wall, hyperkeratosis of epidermis, infiltration of inflammatory cells and ulceration with necrotizing of epidermis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]