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In their paper: U–Pb geochronology of intrusive rocks of northwestern Mesa Central province and Sector Transversal of Sierra Madre Oriental, Mexico: Time and space distribution of inland Cretaceous-Paleogene magmatism during the Mexican orogeny, Díaz-Bravo et al. (2022) present a database of geochronological ages reported in literature and seven generated by themselves, with which they adapt a model of flat-slab subduction to explain the geographical distribution of the Cretaceous-Paleogene magmatism in north-central Mexico. In our opinion, the paper contains limited bibliographic documentation, since it omits previously published zircon U–Pb ages, whose relationship with the Mexican orogeny has been discussed in several previously published papers. Furthermore, an important approach on the distribution of plutons is that the effects of contractional deformation during pluton emplacement and younger extensional tectonics in the studied area were not evaluated. We propose that the syntectonic relationships with the Mexican Orogeny for some of the plutons imply that the magmas were emplaced in rocks undergoing shortening and eastward-NE translation during the development of the Mexican fold and thrust belt. Therefore, they are not in their original position and must be carefully studied to establish the magmatic model presented in this work. • The Cretaceous plutons in the Mesa Central and Sector Transversal of the Sierra Madre Oriental are syntectonic to the development of the Mexican Fold and Thrust Belt. • The Cretaceous syntectonic plutons are allochthonous, so they do not represent a fixed position to model the subduction angle of the Farallon plate. • Pico de Teyra and El Peñuelo plutons show evidence of mylonitic recrystallization, S-C structures, and cleavage, congruent with northeastward tectonic transport of the Mexican Fold and Thrust Belt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lake Pátzcuaro region has recently been a focus of attention of various scholars working in the field of cultural studies. These works have highlighted the role of Lake Pátzcuaro in creating a national culture and identity during the postrevolutionary period in México (1920–1940). However, the cultural production of nature has not been subject to the same attention. Taking a cultural and historical geography approach, the paper considers the production of Lake Pátzcuaro's 'naturecultures' during the postrevolutionary period in México. This is how discourses about culture and identity shaped nature and vice versa. The emphasis is on what I call scientific cultures of nature, referring to ideas and practices around nature that made use of scientific claims. The goal is to understand the role of these practices in shaping Lake Pátzcuaro as a meaningful discursive assemblage, and the relationship between this process and nation-state building. I do this by examining the discourses surrounding the establishment of environmental protection schemes in Lake Pátzcuaro, comprising the creation of a 'forest hydrological reserve' and fishing regulations, and the introduction of species to protect native fish and improve fisheries. I argue that these actions took part in broader efforts to create México and the Mexican, contributing to the naturalization of narratives about the nation. • Examines the mutual production of Lake Pátzcuaro naturecultures. • Explores the role of nature in the definition of national identity in México. • Examines the development of scientific research and conservation policies. • Considers narratives around the notions of the hybrid, the native and the exotic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of the psychological, social and emotional effects of social isolation. Its objective is to reflect on this measure taken during the pandemic, focusing on the psychological consequences. On the one hand, it is based on official speeches, critical views and mental health research. On the other hand, a study is made on the subject in Mexico, in which opinions, practices and the cognitive, emotional, behavioral and relational impacts are addressed. This is done through a bibliographic and documentary review, as well as surveys, questionnaires and interviews, for the country and for Mexico City. As a result, the consideration between benefits and risks in general is presented. In particular, a favorable assessment from the population, a relative follow-up, an accumulation of unpleasant feelings, psychological disorders, as well as changes in habits, activities and relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes Mexico's export activity from 1995 to 2020. It applies an augmented gravity model to test how economic size, the distance between countries, endowment factors differences, cultural closeness, and commercial rapprochement have affected Mexico's exports to other countries. The results suggest that Mexico's trading partners' economic size and distance largely explain Mexico's exports to the United States, Canada, China, Germany, Spain, Japan, and Brazil. However, differences in endowment factors, cultural closeness, and commercial rapprochement reasonably influenced Mexico's exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an ethnographic and artistic approach to research in an "addiction" treatment center on the periphery of Mexico City, this paper reflects on the following question: How is young women's subjectivity constructed as they move through different life spaces, such as addiction treatment centers, the street, detention centers, and homes? Through various mapping exercises with a gender lens, young women explored the articulation between their body, the street, and their memory. These revealed spatiotemporal conceptualizations that shed light on the disciplining of addicted bodies and their own spatial productions. As a result of this work, we present the idea of transgression path to understand howsubjectivities are constructed based on the experience of inhabiting different spaces that have been important for them throughout their lives: the street, homes and public institutions. On these paths, young women shape their subjectivities through circulation and intermittency, bodily experimentations and mental gaps, experience of the street, and bodily performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Walking for transportation is a common and accessible means of achieving recommended physical activity levels, while providing important social and environmental co-benefits. Even though walking in rapidly growing urban areas has become especially challenging given the increasing dependence on motorised transportation, walking remains a major mode of transportation in Latin American cities. In this paper we aimed to quantify self-reported walking for transportation in Mexico City, Bogota, Santiago de Chile, Sao Paulo, and Buenos Aires, by identifying both walking trips that are conducted entirely on foot and walking events involved in trips mainly conducted on other means of transportation (e.g. private vehicle, public transit) among individuals ≥5-years old. We show how walking-only trips account for approximately 30% trips in the analysed cities, and we evidence how the pedestrian dimension of mobility is largely underestimated if walking that is incidental to other transportation modes is not accounted for: when considering all walking events, we observed an increase between 73% and 217% in daily walking time. As a result, we estimated that between 19% and 25% of residents in these cities meet the WHO physical activity guidelines solely from walking for transportation. The results of the study also suggest that the promotion of public transportation in large Latin American cities can especially help certain population groups achieve the daily recommended levels of physical activity, while among low-income groups accessibility and safety seem to be the key challenges to be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main axes of the criminal process for adolescents is the application of alternative forms of justice, which are regulated in the National Law of the Comprehensive Criminal Justice System for Adolescents in two forms of alternative solutions: Reparatory Agreement and Conditional Suspension of the Process. In this paper, some reflections are presented as a result of the work carried out between 2021 and 2022 in the areas in charge of applying the Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanisms in criminal justice for adolescents in Mexico City, the State of Mexico and in Chiapas. Interviews were conducted with the facilitators (in the three entities) and with adolescents who participated in criminal mediation processes (State of Mexico). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an investigation on the work experience of Higher Technical University graduates of the Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City (Ibero). These experiences focus on the effects social confinement generated by the Covid-19 pandemic had on their employment and working conditions. It is an extract of a broader cross-sectional qualitative research that explains, through the evidence collected by interviews and using the Photovoice technique -from the Sociology of Work-, how their working conditions changed and how they have responded to these changes. The results reveal an increase in unemployment and underemployment and the need to establish working conditions that safeguard health and economy, not exclusive to workers with technical degrees. However, it identifies that they belong to the most affected population because of their job position and activities. Likewise, it foresees a future for graduates with different occupations that will require new skills, which will force Technical Education Institutions to anticipate and design training according to upcoming job needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID19 pandemic wreaked havoc on the arts, particularly the performing arts, where live audiences are an important part of the creative process. In spite of the immense roadblocks created by this crisis, artists around the world began to shift their craft online. No where do we see a more rapid shift than in Mexico City, propelled in part by the theater department at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. This paper will look at the ways in which small theater companies were able to move their current productions online in the weeks following the shutdown, and how they evolved over the course of 2020 and into 2021, innovating and creating new digital-theatrical spaces via platforms like Zoom, YouTube, and Facebook live. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to examine the seismic resilience of existing eccentrically braced frames (EBFs) in Mexico City under intraslab earthquake ground motions. For this purpose, detailed analytical models representative of EBF buildings designed under the 2004 edition of the Mexico City Code seismic criteria were developed as part of this investigation. These analytical models take into account the nonlinear behavior of the shear links including a failure criterion. Results of this investigation revealed that the archetype EBFs exhibit a nonuniform distribution of maximum interstorey drift, IDRmax, and link plastic rotation, γp, along height, which tend to concentrate at the bottom stories. Furthermore, it was found that γp demands computed from nonlinear dynamic time-history analyses are smaller than that estimated from the current code criterium in Mexico City. Relevant statistical results also include the relationship among IDRmax, permanent interstorey drift demand, RIDRmax, and γp. Suitable equations to predict γp and IDRmax demands are proposed based on the empirical trends of the pairs RIDRmax-γp, IDRmax-γp, and IDRmax-RIDRmax. An estimation of the state of damage of the shear links along-height was performed based on the plastic rotation-based damage states introduced in the literature, which allowed suggesting repair measures to build component-based recovery functions. It is shown that eccentric braced frames are a very resilient structural system to be used in a region of high seismicity such as Mexico City, particularly under strong intraslab earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal energy is one of the largest renewable energy sources available in Mexico and is the most important non-conventional renewable energy source utilised in this country. It is estimated that Mexico has geothermal reserves of approximately 8000 MWe, which can be implemented for the generation of green hydrogen. The paper focuses on the geothermal energy potential of high-enthalpy resources dominantly found South and Southeast Mexico, through investigations of 12 hot springs, with temperature depths as high as 400 °C in some areas. The utilization of suitable power production equations is further refined using the Monte Carlo Method to optimize the numerical findings of the power potential. Therefore, the Visual Basic Application (VBA) in Microsoft Excel is used through the Visual Basic Editor (VBE) function to code the Volumetric Method Equations. Furthermore, 20,000 iterations are then simulated to produce the minimum and maximum power potential/capacity (MWe), from which 10 % and 90 % confidence intervals are then determined. The study calculates that, considering a production lifetime range of 25 years, a total of 147.57 MWe of geothermal power capacity could be generated across all 12 hot springs in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we analyze a massive dataset with registers of the movement of vehicles in the bus rapid transit system Metrobús in Mexico City from February 2020 to April 2021. With these records and a division of the system into 214 geographical regions (segments), we characterize the vehicles' activity through the statistical analysis of speeds in each zone. We use the Kullback–Leibler distance to compare the movement of vehicles in each segment and its evolution. The results for the dynamics in different zones are represented as a network where nodes define segments of the system Metrobús and edges describe similarity in the activity of vehicles. Community detection algorithms in this network allow the identification of patterns considering different levels of similarity in the distribution of speeds providing a framework for unsupervised classification of the movement of vehicles. The methods developed in this research are general and can be implemented to describe the activity of different transportation systems with detailed records of the movement of users or vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heteromeyenia is an important genus of freshwater sponges characterized mainly by the presence of microscleres acanthoxeas. So far, two species are known from Mexico; H. baileyi and H. latitenta. In this paper, we redescribed H. latitenta and described the new species Heteromeyenia riojai sp. nov. from a morphological and molecular perspective. The main morphological characteristic of H. latitenta is the foraminal aperture of the gemmule, which is a prolonged tube, from which flattened cirrous appendages extend laterally; a characteristic absent in H. riojai sp. nov., which bears a short and slightly elevated foramen. The new species is distinguished by having acanthoxeas with fusiform to knobbed tips, gemmuloscleres in a single category, which are radially embedded in the theca of the gemmule. Due to the similarity in the form, size of the spicules, and geographic distribution of H. riojai sp. nov., and H. baileyi sensu Rioja, we considered that the Rioja's records must be assigned to the new species. We also aim to establish the phylogenetic relationships of the genus through nuclear-ribosomal molecular markers ITS2. Tree topology showed the Heteromeyenia species clustered together in a robust clade and closer to Corvomeyenia sp. (family Metaniidae) than to other Spongillidae genera. Our results support the previous molecular hypothesis, which strongly suggests the polyphyly of Spongillidae, even more in genera as Heteromeyenia and Trochospongilla, which displayed a large genetic distance with the other members of Spongillida. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seismic response of structures to strong ground motions is a complex problem that has been studied for decades. However, current seismic regulations do not assess the potential level of damage that a structure may undergo during a given seismic event. This will happen in spite that the design objectives for any structural system are formulated in terms of acceptable levels of damage. This paper develops simple expressions to estimate plastic energy demands for soft soil sites (particularly, those located in Mexico City) capable of generating long duration narrow-banded ground motions. To overcome the limited scope of previous studies, about 35,000 seismic simulations were performed using two scaling methodologies: linear and seismological. A new simplified relation between plastic hysteretic energy and maximum ductility demands is presented, and also, a discussion offered on how this relation can be used to allow for an energy-based design aimed at controlling structural damage under the explicit consideration of low cycle fatigue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New migration configurations, particularly regarding access to resources for arriving migrants in urban contexts, have emerged in Mexico. As a destination for newly arrived international immigrant populations, Mexico City has become especially important. Stranded migration situations have produced fragmented journeys for Latin American migrants who are on their way to the United States. With the strengthening of immigration containment policies and the insecurity in Mexico, the complexity of immigrant journeys has led to new ways of settling in the country, temporarily or permanently. This paper is based on empirical elements to analyze the experiences of migrants who have recently arrived in Mexico City using a perspective centred on their everyday practices in the urban space. It highlights the different tactics and strategies that migrants develop depending on the characteristics of their migration process and their need for access to resources, like housing, employment, health care, and education. We point out that, in a context of restricted access to resources or an immigration status, utilizing alternate and informal strategies in micro‐local spaces is common in the city and part of a negotiated urbanity in an unknown metropolitan environment. We argue that, despite the local intercultural policy implemented by the government of Mexico City, situations of legal precariousness and transitoriness that characterize the urban practices and patterns of incorporation into the city constrain international migrants' access to their rights. Key Messages: Under current immigration control, many migrants settle temporarily or permanently in Mexico City, challenging authorities' efforts to make local inclusive policy reforms truly effective.As settling in the city makes it necessary to activate specific strategies for accessing resources, migrants rely more on new local interactions than pre‐existing social networks or longstanding sociocultural resources.Transient situations lead to partial incorporation into the urban context and limited access to rights, so informality, marginality, and social insecurity remain salient features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The popular use of marijuana and its components (THC and CBD) for medicinal purposes is often regarded as irresponsible and ignorant. However, in this paper, it is conceptualized and studied as medical knowledge of self-care, in which it is linked to different therapeutic knowledge from conventional and alternative medicine to treat anxiety. Objective. This article reports on a qualitative research project designed to analyze the practices and risks of self-medication with CBD, and its links with medical treatments and self-care measures for dealing with anxiety in adult women in Mexico City. Method. Eleven adult women, mostly professionals, diagnosed with anxiety, participated in the study. In-depth interviews were conducted to learn how women use therapeutic resources to cope with anxiety in their everyday lives. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using ATLAS ti 7 software. Results. Self-medication is part of a self-care process with several facets: the experience of symptoms, self-diagnosis, the use of various remedies (dosage and administration), and their evaluation. During this process, women use a range of medication, psychological therapies, herbalism, acupuncture, yoga, and sleep hygiene measures, including CBD, either as an alternative or an adjunct to biomedical pharmacology, with or without medical supervision. Certain risks were identified, such as the use of CBD that may be incorrectly labeled or interact dangerously with other self-prescribed substances. Discussion and conclusion. These results coincide with those of various authors who equate self-care with a first level of care, which has risks that could be reduced by controlling misleading marketing and developing professional medical services, which are trained and accessible to users, who could inform them about the medicinal use, scope and risks of CBD or THC for health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since his arrival to the presidency of Mexico in 2018, López Obrador has established a communication strategy focused on his daily press conferences, called mañaneras, through which he tries to establish the informative agenda of the country. It is common for the president to use a discursive rhetoric tending to polarization, for which he makes use of cues or labels that offer a context to understand the issues on which he is pronounced. The paper seeks to analyze the use of labels or cues by the president in his discourse, for which a quantitative content analysis was carried out on a sample of his interventions (N = 867) during a year in the mañaneras. The findings made it possible to detect two discursive schemes from the convergence of different cues: one that tends to present an Us visualized in a new government scheme, linked to positive aspects such as engagement or the fight against corruption, compared to an Others that presents the previous government, linked to negative aspects such as corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This piece studies the decrees of the First Mexican Council, gathered in 1555 to establish legal norms for the newly founded Church province. Apart from some notes on the conciliar context, the article focuses entirely on the original manuscript (1555) and the first print edition (1556). It explains how the manuscript moved from the cathedral archives in Mexico City into the collections of Bancroft Library, where it is found today. The article also traces the provenance of all known copies of the first print edition. Many of them passed through the bookshelves of Mexican collectors, and today the majority are held by libraries outside Mexico. To understand this particular case, I identify members of the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century networks involved in book and manuscript trade. I also explain how dramatic events in Mexican history allowed them to acquire early colonial documents and imprints. Combining provenance research with an analysis of the broader historical and political context, I provide a case study of the close relationship between historical developments, book collecting, and book sales, which led to the veritable exodus of written material from Latin America to Europe and North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a turn-design strategy, repeating another has been described for English as a fairly restricted way of constructing a response, which, through re-saying what another speaker just said, is exploitable for claiming epistemic primacy, and thus avoided when a second speaker has no direct experience. Conversations in Mesoamerican languages present a challenge to the generality of this claim. This paper examines the epistemics of dialogic repetition in video-recordings of conversations in three Indigenous languages of Mexico: Tzeltal and Yucatec Maya, both spoken in southeastern Mexico, and Lachixío Zapotec, spoken in Oaxaca. We develop a typology of repetition in different sequential environments. We show that while the functions of repeats in Mesoamerica overlap with the range of repeat functions described for English, there is an additional epistemic environment in the Mesoamerican routine of repeating for affirmation: a responding speaker can repeat to affirm something introduced by another speaker of which s/he has no prior knowledge. We argue that, while dialogic repetition is a universally available turn-design strategy that makes epistemics potentially relevant, cross-cultural comparison reveals that cultural preferences intervene such that, in Mesoamerican conversations, repetition co-constructs knowledge as collective process over which no individual participant has final authority or ownership. • As a turn-design strategy, repeating another makes relevant epistemic primacy. • English-language data shows repetition mediated when lacking direct experience. • Cross-cultural study of dialogic repetition in Mayan and Zapotec languages. • Responding speaker can repeat to affirm something she has no prior knowledge of. • Repetition co-constructs knowledge as collective process not owned territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the effects of currency depreciations on output for the main Latin American countries that have been using Inflation Targeting for almost two decades. We construct VAR models for Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru for the last two decades and we find that depreciations have short-run contractionary effects in Brazil and Mexico. We illustrate some of the policy implications of that finding by building a simple model, and we show that contractionary effects of depreciations may have destabilizing effects when monetary policy is conducted using a standard Taylor Rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I study the graphic series entitled Negro Woman (1946) by the American-Mexican artist Elizabeth Catlett. I rely on the concept of "postmemory" in relation to the slavery suffered by the artist's grandparents, as the base to interpret her desire to create consciousness on the double oppression experienced by black women, both in the past and in the present moment. Working in the artistic context of the Taller de Gráfica Popular, Catlett introduced in mid-century México the intersectionality of gender and race in a very explicit and forceful way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A slit damper for precast beam-column connections is proposed. • Quasi-static incremental and constant-amplitude cyclic tests were conducted. • The damper showed stable hysteretic behavior and adequate seismic performance. • Non-uniform struts increased the damper's cyclic performance in general. • Numerical modeling techniques were validated with finite element analyses. Since the 2017 Puebla-Morelos Earthquake, interest in limiting damage to structural components has exponentially increased in Mexico. Consequently, the use of energy dissipation devices has received renewed attention. Following that line, this paper studies an attractive solution, which is a slit damper proposed as a passive energy dissipation device for, but not limited to, precast beam-column connections. Slit dampers have been studied for their cost-effectiveness and ease of application. They present stable hysteretic behavior and dissipate substantial amounts of energy under cyclic loading while maintaining less ductile elements essentially elastic. The structural behavior of the proposed device was evaluated theoretically, followed by experimental verification. Quasi-static incremental and constant-amplitude cyclic tests were conducted on eight specimens, with two of them having non-uniform struts. Test results are presented and discussed, emphasizing ductility and energy dissipation capacity. The proposed damper showed stable hysteretic behavior and adequate seismic performance. Using non-uniform struts significantly increased the damper's deformation capacity and fatigue performance, which is desirable for seismic zones where long-duration earthquakes are expected, such as in Mexico City. Numerical modeling techniques were also validated with finite element analyses. It was shown that the proposed damper's hysteretic response could be accurately predicted using the combined non-linear isotropic and kinematic hardening model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the effects of extending the school day during elementary school on students' educational outcomes later in life. The analysis takes place in the context of a large-scale program introduced in 2007 that extended the school day from 4.5 to 8 h in Mexico City's metropolitan area. The identification strategy leverages cohort-by-cohort variation in full-time enrollment in elementary schools. The results indicate that full-time elementary schools have positive and long-lasting effects on students' performance, increasing high-stakes high school admission test scores by 4.8 percent of a standard deviation. The effects are larger for females than for males. The difference in the effects between males and females of 2.1 percent of a standard deviation represents 16% of the gender gap in the high school admission exam. Moreover, full-time schooling decreases the probability of delays in schooling completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the available knowledge in the literature on Mexican fishes and their parasites refers to information within political divisions and/or hydrological basins in the country. Indeed, only a few studies have analyzed the helminth fauna of these vertebrates as a biological group distributed nation‐wide. This lack of available knowledge prevents the study of several basic and applied aspects involving fish–parasite interactions at different spatial and temporal scales. In this dataset, we compiled all the available geographic information on fish–helminth parasite interactions involving native and exotic fish species recorded in continental waters throughout the Mexican territory. After an exhaustive filtering and the curation of information, our data set contains 5999 records of 361 freshwater fish species (roughly 70% of known freshwater fish species occurring in Mexico) and 483 endo‐ and ectoparasitic helminths collected over an 85‐year period (from 1936–2021) in 1070 localities distributed throughout Mexico. These records are mainly concentrated in only a few states located to the south and east of the country; although all states have been sampled and all major basins in Mexico are represented. The fish order with the highest number of records was Perciformes (n = 2325, 38.75%) while the fish family with the highest number of records was Cichlidae (n = 1741, 29.02%). Native species of fishes corresponded to 92.14% of the records (n = 5528) and fish‐associated parasites were found in 41 habitat types in/on their host bodies. Regarding fish parasites, we found that most of the records are from the phylum Platyhelminthes (n = 4495, 74.92%). At the class level, we observed that Trematoda reached the highest number of records (n = 2965, 49.42%). Moreover, we found that Diplostomidae (n = 917, 15.25%) were the family of trematodes with the highest number of records. Most parasites were registered in their adult stage (n = 3730, 62.17%), followed by larval stages (n = 2267, 37.78%). We hope that the fish–parasite interactions data set will encourage researchers worldwide to explore different ecological and coevolutionary aspects of fishes and their helminth parasites, as well as provide useful information for the better implementation of conservation initiatives. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this data paper when using its data in publications or teaching events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The High-Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) observatory is a second-generation continuously operated, wide field-of-view, TeV gamma-ray observatory. The HAWC observatory and its analysis techniques build on experience of the Milagro experiment in using ground-based water Cherenkov detectors for gamma-ray astronomy. HAWC is located on the Sierra Negra volcano in México at an elevation of 4100 meters above sea level. The completed HAWC observatory principal detector (HAWC) consists of 300 closely spaced water Cherenkov detectors, each equipped with four photomultiplier tubes to provide timing and charge information to reconstruct the extensive air shower energy and arrival direction. The HAWC observatory has been optimized to observe transient and steady emission from sources of gamma rays within an energy range from several hundred GeV to several hundred TeV. However, most of the air showers detected are initiated by cosmic rays, allowing studies of cosmic rays also to be performed. This paper describes the characteristics of the HAWC main array and its hardware. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to carry out a study on the measurement of justice in transportation through the introduction of original metrics of justice that consider different currencies (travel time, energy consumption, PM emissions and NOₓ emissions) and principles of justice (Equality, Priority and Sufficiency), relying on available data from five metropolitan regions in Latin America. Based on available data from five metropolitan regions in Latin America (Brasília, Ciudad de México, Montevideo, Santiago, and São Paulo), this manuscript seeks to reduce the theoretical gap in the transport literature through the development of metrics of distributive justice based on existing Origin-Destination transport surveys, which is expected to identify the characteristics that seem to govern a fairer transport system, as well as to inform practitioners and policy makers about the conditions driving fairer urban environments. In addition to contributions to the evaluation of transport policies with data from developing countries, the discussions presented in this paper intend to provide insights into the major role of selecting the principles of justice and the distributed resources to evaluate the degrees of fairness in transportation systems. • Gap between theoretical contributions on transport justice and empirical applications • Theoretical reflections provide an adequate framework for evaluating transportation • Different principles of justice yield different outputs in fairness assessment • Relevance of justifying the selection of relevant resources to be distributed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the thermal performance of a window system with a shading cover made out of a phase change material (window-PCM shutter). The analysis was the numerical study where conjugated heat transfer was considered on the whole system window-PCM shutter. The modeling was conducted under warm (Merida) and cold weather (Toluca) conditions in México for the warmest and coldest day. Two different phase change materials (PCMs) were selected for the study: Paraffin wax - MG29 and n -octadecane. The results show that the n -octadecane and the MG29 were capable of keeping the inside comfort temperature for 14:35 and 16:23 h, respectively. The n -octadecane and MG29 reduced the energy of the window-PCM shutter inside surface by 67.3 and 71.6%, respectively, compared to a conventional window. Under cold weather conditions also occurred reductions of heat fluxes by 87.2 (n -octadecane) and 83% (MG29) with the window-PCM shutter system compared to a conventional window, causing non-comfort temperatures. The use of a window-PCM shutter is highly recommended under warm weather conditions, given that it showed to be a viable option for energy savings in buildings; however, for its implementation under cold weather conditions of México, it becomes necessary further investigations with other PCMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors propose and validate a code-oriented, resilient design methodology for reinforced concrete buildings with intermediate moment frames (RC-IMFs) and hysteretic energy dissipation devices (HEDDs) mounted in chevron steel bracing design as structural fuses, considering soil-structure effects. The design methodology is based on global lateral stiffness balances among different structural components (frames, bracings and HEDDs). Global seismic design parameters were specifically assessed for such stiffness ratios through extensive parametric studies for the subject structural system under study. In order to achieve an immediate occupancy seismic performance, the design sequence using capacity-design principles is clearly established and emphasized for the design of main structural elements. Soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects are included in the formal design process following the recommendations available in the seismic code for Mexico City. In order to fully test the efficacy of the proposed design methodology under a demanding seismic scenario, three buildings of 8, 15 and 24 stories were designed in soft soil sites of Mexico City close to resonant responses. Different types or HEDDs were considered and evaluated. Pushover analyses were performed in order to verify that subject buildings may achieve the objective resilient deformation mechanism (immediate occupancy) at the maximum useful ductility capacity assumed for the HEDDs. Nonlinear dynamic analyses were performed for the complete 3D designs according to the code under the action of eight pairs of acceleration records, representative of the site where the buildings were located. This was done in order to assess maximum inelastic demands, residual drifts, and fully verify and validate the proposed resilient, structural fuse code-oriented design. From the obtained results, it is confirmed that a resilient structural performance is feasible for RC-IMFs with HEDDs under the proposed code-oriented design methodology. • A code-oriented, resilient seismic design procedure for RC-IMRFs with HEEDs is presented. • An immediate occupancy category is achieved for RC-IMRFs with HEEDs for the MCE scenario. • SSI effects were included in the design procedure and evaluated with real soft soil properties of Mexico City. • Peak displacements and base shears of buildings were amplified (up to 21%) when considering SSI effects. • Practical values for assessed global design parameters are proposed for their insertion in Mexican and international codes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper adds to the aging mobilities literature by addressing the need for more empirical studies in the Global South and utilizing the 2017 Household Origin-Destination Survey (HODS 2017) to broadly understand the mobility of older adults in Mexico City. We use descriptive statistics to reveal travel behavior patterns and construct a multinomial logit model to understand variations in mode choice of older adults in Mexico City. Our analysis does provide an emphasis on differences by income class, gender, and neighborhood level access to public transportation. Results uncovered transport-related inequalities as poorer older adults travel for longer periods of time compared to their wealthier peers. In terms of travel behaviors, we found that 40.5% of older adults reported using public and paid transit, 32% walked, 26.5% drove, and only 1.2% biked. Also, we learned that when older adults have access to good public transit infrastructure, they use it, regardless of car ownership status. Also, mobilities resulting from gender differences among older adults showed that older females are less likely to use structured public transit, walking, and biking in comparison to older males. Lastly we outline research limitations and recommendations for future transport policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the authors discuss the extensive structural pounding observed in Mexico City during the September 19, 2017 earthquake. A critical review of the recommendations available for required separations between adjacent buildings in the seismic codes of Mexico City since 1966 is offered. The reasons why these recommendations have not been effectively enforced since then are also addressed. A parametric study was conducted to understand better the structural pounding phenomena for strong ground motions which have been recorded in soft soils in Mexico City during the 1985 and 2017 earthquakes. For this purpose, equivalent frame models for existing reinforced concrete and structural steel flatslab buildings with nonlinear pounding contacts were used. Some well-known proposed equations for building separations were evaluated based upon the results of these parametric studies for pounding. The evaluated equations were the ABS, SRSS and DDC rules, as well as the absolute difference combination (ADC) rule proposed by the authors. From the obtained results, it was found that the minimum building separation between adjacent buildings established in the seismic code of Mexico City should be raised to avoid strong pounding on soft soils. Also, it was found that both the DDC and ADC rules are promising in defining building separations closer to the one obtained from dynamic simulations. These equations are less conservative than the version of the absolute sum rule currently established in Mexican seismic codes. • 98.9% of the observed pounding in Mexico City occurred in the soft soils gained to the former lakes. • The height difference between adjacent structures where more pounding was observed was ±4 stories. • Gap distances required to avoid pounding in the soft soils of Mexico City could be as large as 170 cm. • The minimum distance between adjacent structures to enforce for the soft soils of Mexico City should be raised to 15 cm. • The DDC and the ADC rules could be used with confidence to assess gap distances to avoid pounding in soft soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The planetary boundary layer (PBL) height plays a major role in air quality and weather forecast studies. However, it cannot be directly measured as it can only be determined from the measured profiles of atmospheric parameters such as., temperature, moisture, and aerosol backscatter based on different retrieval mechanisms. This paper presents the PBL features such as., stable boundary layer (SBL), convective boundary layer (CBL), and residual layer (RL) detected from the microwave radiometer (MWR), mini Micro Pulse Lidar (MPL), and radiosondes (RS) and an intercomparison was done between the instruments during the period of 16 February – 31 May 2019 in Mexico City. RS were launched thrice a day during this period at 06 LST, 12 LST, and 18 LST respectively. The PBL heights comparison was classified into 3 categories: MWR-RS, mini MPL-RS, and mini MPL-MWR. The daytime CBL heights for the MWR-RS comparison correlate well (r = 0.96 at 12 LST, r = 0.88 at 18 LST) as well as RL height (r = 0.94 at 06 LST). The CBL and RL heights for the mini MPL-RS and mini MPL-MWR comparison also agree very well (0.89 < r < 0.99). Overall, the corresponding SBL height comparisons at 06 LST yielded lower agreements (r < 0.66) with the lowest correlation values for the mini MPL-MWR comparison (r = 0.39), which is likely due to the inability of the mini MPL to detect aerosol backscatter below ~120 m above ground level (agl) as well as the stability of the atmosphere, which prevents uniform mixing of the aerosol particles. [Display omitted] • Intercomparison of microwave radiometer, micro-pulse lidar and radiosondes during 3 months. • Overall good agreement in the detection of the convective and residual boundary layer heights. • Lower agreement for the stable boundary layer height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mistletoe Phoradendron velutinum (P. velutinum) is a pest that spreads rapidly and uncontrollably in Mexican forests, becoming a serious problem since it is a cause of the decline of 23.3 million hectares of conifers and broadleaves in the country. The lack of adequate phytosanitary control has negative social, economic, and environmental impacts. However, pest management is a challenging task due to the difficulty of early detection for proper control of mistletoe infestations. Automating the detection of this pest is important due to its rapid spread and the high costs of field identification tasks. This paper presents a Genetic Programming (GP) approach for the automatic design of an algorithm to detect mistletoe using multispectral aerial images. Our study area is located in a conservation area of Mexico City, in the San Bartolo Ameyalco community. Images of 148 hectares were acquired by means of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) carrying a sensor sensitive to the R, G, B, red edge, and near-infrared bands, and with an average spatial resolution of less than 10 cm per pixel. As a result, it was possible to obtain an algorithm capable of classifying mistletoe P. velutinum at its flowering stage for the specific case of the study area in conservation area with an Overall Accuracy (OA) of 96% and a value of fitness function based on weighted Cohen's Kappa ( k w ) equal to 0.45 in the test data set. Additionally, our method's performance was compared with two traditional image classification methods; in the first, a classical spectral index, named Intensive Pigment Index of Structure 2 (SIPI2), was considered for the detection of P. velutinum. The second method considers the well-known Support Vector Machine classification algorithm (SVM). We also compare the accuracy of the best GP individual with two additional indices obtained during the solution analysis. According to our experimental results, our GP-based algorithm outperforms the results obtained by the aforementioned methods for the identification of P. velutinum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We assess willingness to pay for healthy processed foods in peri -urban Mexico City. • Some low-income consumers are willing to pay market prices for healthy foods. • Higher-income consumers in low-income areas have a higher demand for healthy foods. • Nutrition information increases willingness to pay in specific market segments. Diets in Mexico, like many countries, have changed dramatically in recent decades, with increased consumption of processed foods being a major factor. Research suggests that unhealthy diets in low-income communities reflect limited access to healthy foods, combined with high costs and limited knowledge. Weak demand signals from these communities likely disincentivise the food industry from delivering healthier, often costlier, options. This paper explores the potential to market healthy processed foods to these areas. We elicited willingness to pay (WTP) for healthier but relatively more expensive processed foods in low-income communities of Mexico City. We implemented a BDM mechanism to elicit WTP, with half of the participants randomly receiving information regarding nutritional content and health benefits. Results suggested that WTP was considerable among low-income groups but higher among higher-income groups within these communities. While, in general, providing nutrition and health information did not influence WTP, it was effective for those with strong preferences for the processed food category used in the study. WTP was highest among females and younger consumers, those who had a small family and children below 12 years in the household. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Model emulation has become an integral tool in scenario analysis, risk assessment, and calibration of environmental models. Of particular interest is dynamic emulation – the approximation of model outputs from inputs or processes that vary in time. This paper presents a method for data-driven dynamic emulation of high-dimensional model outputs that overcomes the logistical challenges from assumptions in traditional multivariate statistics concerning output covariance. In this method, outputs are subjected to principal component analysis, and Gaussian random fields are fit along new orthogonal axes to accommodate spatial heterogeneity and serial correlation. The technique is demonstrated on a regional groundwater model of metropolitan Mexico City, where it successfully emulates spatial and temporal dynamics of land subsidence and aquifer level fluctuation resulting from two management scenarios. In doing so, we introduce methodological advances to emulation techniques, which facilitate the use of models with high-dimensional outputs in computationally expensive planning and optimization applications. • Novel emulation of model outputs overcomes assumptions in traditional multivariate statistics concerning output covariance. • Maintains the same spatiotemporal detail of original model. • Case study of groundwater management and land subsidence in Mexico City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weak first-story buildings are susceptible to experience severe structural damage, and even collapse, during strong earthquakes as was evidenced during the September 19, 2017 (M w = 7.1) intraslab earthquake that hit Mexico City. Such type of buildings are prone to exhibit a negative slope in their capacity curve due to weak first-story mechanism that might lead to dynamic instability during earthquake excitation. Therefore, this paper presents the main results of an investigation focused on evaluating the collapse strength ratios, R c (i.e., the normalized lateral strength ratio in the onset of dynamic instability) of single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems whose force-displacement nonlinear envelope (backbone) behavior is representative of that observed in existing multistory weak first-story buildings. Particularly, their envelope exhibit several levels of negative slope after a post-yield displacement ductility capacity. Median and dispersion of R c ratios were obtained for degrading SDOF systems subjected to a set of 136 earthquake ground motions recorded in soft soil sites of Mexico City from instraslab earthquakes. Results of this investigation showed that R c ratios depend on the normalized period of vibration with respect to the predominant period of the ground motion, T/T g , the displacement ductility capacity, μ c , and the negative slope after peak strength, α c. Additionally, the spectral trend of R c ratios at soft soil sites is different to that reported for firm soil sites. A continuous functional form is introduced to obtain estimates of median R c ratios for the preliminary seismic assessment of weak first-story buildings in this seismic environment. • Dynamic instability in buildings can be evaluated through collapse strength ratios Rc. • Rc ratios follows a different spectral trend for soft soil sites than for firm sites. • Displacement ductility capacity of structures is beneficial to increase Rc. • Robust equation to estimate median Rc is proposed based on statistical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable building design, such as the Passivhaus standard, seeks to minimise energy consumption, while improving indoor environmental comfort. Very few studies have studied the indoor air quality (IAQ) in Passivhaus homes outside of Europe. This paper presents the indoor particulate matter (PM2.5), carbon dioxide (CO2), and total volatile organic compounds (tVOC) measurements of the first residential Passivhaus in Latin America. It compares them to a standard home in Mexico City. Low-cost monitors were installed in the bedroom, living room, and kitchen spaces of both homes, to collect data at five-minute intervals for one year. The physical measurements from each home were also compared to the occupants' IAQ perceptions. The measurements demonstrated that the Passivhaus CO2 and tVOC annual average levels were 143.8 ppm and 81.47 μg/m3 lower than the standard home. The PM2.5 in the Passivhaus was 11.13 μg/m3 lower than the standard home and 5.75 μg/m3 lower than outdoors. While the results presented here cannot be generalised, the results suggest that Passivhaus dwellings can provide better and healthier indoor air quality in Latin America. Further, large-scale studies should look at the indoor environmental conditions, energy performance, and dwelling design of Passivhaus dwellings in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When conducting an analysis of nature's time series, such as meteorological ones, an important matter is a long-range dependence to quantify the global behavior of the series and connect it with other physical characteristics of the region of study. In this paper, we applied the Higuchi fractal dimension and the Hurst exponent (rescaled range) to quantify the relative trend underlying the time series of historical data from 17 of the 34 weather stations located in the Río Bravo-San Juan Basin, Mexico; these data were provided by the National Water Commission CONAGUA) in Mexico. In this way, this work aims to perform a comparative study about the level of persistency obtained by using the Higuchi fractal dimension and Hurst exponent for each station of the basin. The comparison is supported by a climate clustering of the stations, according to the Köppen classification. Results showed a better fitting between the climate of each station and its Higuchi fractal dimension obtained than when using the Hurst exponent. In fact, we found that the more the aridity of the zone the more the persistency of rainfall, according to Higuchi's values. In turn, we found more relation between the Hurst exponent and the accumulated amount of rainfall. These are relations between the climate and the long-term persistency of rainfall in the basin that could help to better understand and complete the climatological models of the study region. Trends between the fractal exponents used and the accumulated annual rainfall were also analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automobile security became an essential theme over the last years, and some automakers invested much money for collision avoidance systems, but personalization of their driving systems based on the user's behavior was not explored in detail. Furthermore, efficiency gains could be had with tailored systems. In Mexico, 80% of automobile accidents are caused by human beings; the remaining 20% are related to other issues such as mechanical problems. Thus, 80% represents a significant opportunity to improve safety and explore driving efficiency gains. Moreover, when driving aggressively, it could be connected with mental health as a post-traumatic stress disorder. This paper proposes a Tailored Collision Mitigation Braking System, which evaluates the driver's personality driving treats through signal detection theory to create a cognitive map that understands the driving personality of the driver. In this way, aggressive driving can be detected; the system is then trained to recognize the personality trait of the driver and select the appropriate stimuli to achieve the optimal driving output. As a result, when aggressive driving is detected continuously, an automatic alert could be sent to the health specialists regarding particular risky behavior linked with mental problems or drug consumption. Thus, the driving profile test could also be used as a detector for health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to design an approach to evaluate the expected efficiency and performance of future airport infrastructure. First, an airport sampling method to select similar airports is developed based on socioeconomic and operational airport variables that are summarized in a proxy variable; second, the ARIMA-GARCH-Bootstrap method is applied to forecast the selected outputs (PAX and ATMS) whilst the selected inputs (Cities, Gates, Runaways, Airport Size, Pax carriers, and Num. of employees) remain constant; and third, the VRS-OO and the CRS-OO DEA models are implemented to evaluate the efficiency and performance of the airports in the current and future years. The proposed approach is used to evaluate the future airport infrastructure of the new Mexico City Airport against 19 representative worldwide airport hubs. The proposed approach is applied to analyze the Mexico City Airport multi-airport system infrastructure as a case study. The results show that this multi-airport system requires more airside infrastructure that must be added by the new Mexico City Airport, airlines should operate aircrafts with more capacity to serve more PAX per ATM, and airlines must open new connections at the new Mexico City Airport to increase the expected efficiency and performance of this multi-airport system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents bioenergy value chain modelling to estimate the biomass and bioenergy cost of production and biomass netback in combined heat and power (CHP) systems. Modelling compares biomass cost and netback to analyse the feasibility of CHP systems, as well as the internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period (PBP). Models are implemented into the IMP Bio2Energy® software (Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Mexico City, Mexico) for practical application and demonstrated for bioenergy generation in the agroindustrial processes of tequila production, coffee and orange processing using as biomass the agave bagasse, coffee pulp and orange peels coproducts, respectively. Results show that the CHP systems are economically feasible, i.e., biomass cost of production is lower than netback, PBP between 3 and 4 years and IRR > 20%. The cost of bioenergy is lower than the cost of fuel oil and grid electricity being replaced. The sensitivity analysis for boiler steam pressure showed that there is an optimal pressure for coffee pulp (40 bar), a threshold pressure for orange (60 bar) and agave bagasse (70 bar). Sensitivity to biomass input indicated a maximum capacity where economy of scale does not produce any improvement in the indicators. Results demonstrate the usefulness of the modelling approach and IMP Bio2Energy® in analysing biomass CHP systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large cities have a significant area of buildings with roofs that are not used most of the time. Vertical-axis wind turbines are suitable for this kind of on-site renewable energy generation. Since wind speeds are not high in these cities, a suitable solution to improve energy generation is to add a Wind Booster. This paper presents a methodology useful for selecting and optimizing the main components of a Wind Booster. As a case of study, we present this methodology in a Wind Booster for a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) that considers the wind flow's specific behavior in a particular city. The final Wind Booster design is state of the art and makes use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Design of Experiments (DOE) techniques. We experimented with the conditions of Mexico City, obtaining a 35.23% increase in torque with the optimized Wind Booster configuration. The results obtained show the potential of this methodology to improve the performance of this kind of system. Moreover, since wind behavior is very different in each city, our proposal could be beneficial for researchers looking to implement the best possible wind turbine in their locality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Would 4 km spatial resolution be sufficient for aerosol characterization using MAP observations?. • Aerosol temporal (h−1) and spatial (km−1) variability were derived over 30 typical AERONET sites. • Aerosol mean variability differences between 2 and 4 km spatial scales were very small differences. • The maximum AOD variability at 4 km can be up to ∼0.2, but this is for regions with very high aerosol loading. • The maximum variability for aerosol type at 4 km is insignificant (<0.2 for AE; <0.03 for SSA). The high variability of atmospheric aerosol in space and time poses significant challenges for aerosol observation and simulation, as well as for the design of aerosol monitoring systems. Multi-Angular Polarimeters (MAP) have been identified to provide highly accurate data for characterizing in detail columnar properties of atmospheric aerosol. Obtaining such multi-angular observations at high spatial resolution is very challenging, and even more so from satellite observations. At present, the most advanced MAP instruments are intended to provide observations at the spatial resolution of about 2 km to 4 km. The practical understanding of aerosol loading and type variability at fine to moderate spatial scales is still limited. In this paper, we provide insight on the spatial variability of ambient aerosol by combining the full archive of AERONET observations with ancillary wind speeds from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research Application, version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis dataset. First, the temporal variability of aerosol observations at the smallest AERONET time scale of 15-30 minutes was used to estimate maximum temporal variability of the aerosol loading (aerosol optical depth - AOD), size (Ångström exponent - AE) and absorption (single scattering albedo - SSA) over a selection of 30 typical AERONET sites. In the subsequent step, the derived aerosol temporal variability for AOD, AE and SSA are converted to maximum spatial variability using the mean wind speed from MERRA-2. In the final step, the mean aerosol variability difference was analyzed at spatial scales of 2 km and 4 km, which are the spatial scales considered for the MAP instrument to be deployed as part of the Copernicus Anthropogenic CO 2 Monitoring (CO2M) mission. The mean aerosol parameters obtained at these spatial scales showed very small differences: only 0.004 for AOD (440 nm), 0.004 for AE (440/870), and 0.0005 for SSA (440 nm). The analysis of maximum spatial variation of aerosol concentrations showed some non-negligible spikes, up to ∼0.2 for AOD (440 nm) at spatial scales of 4 km. However, those high fluctuations correspond to highly polluted urban sites (i.e. Beijing and Mexico City), and the maximum AOD changes per km remain at ∼6% with respect to the total AOD. The maximum spatial variability for AE and SSA also showed no significant deviations at 4 km (<0.2 for AE; <0.03 for SSA). Therefore, we conclude that using a 4 km spatial resolution for MAP sensors is sufficient for capturing the main features of aerosol variability that is required for the CO2M mission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the association between the frequency of use of urban green spaces (UGS) and the subjective well-being (SWB) of Mexico City's residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conducted an online survey (N = 1954) regarding individuals' perceptions and use of UGS and their SWB, evaluated through the short version of the Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale. Multilevel mixed-effects regression analyses were performed to investigate the association between the frequency of UGS use and SWB, including individual and municipal level characteristics as covariates. Our results suggest that respondents who used UGS once or more per week during the pandemic reported higher SWB scores (8.7%) than those with zero visits. These findings have public policy implications that could enhance the role of UGS in urban environments during times of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]