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Analysis of rainfall distribution and its changing pattern plays a vital role in managing water resources in a region. This work examined the spatio-temporal variability and trend of rainfall on yearly and season-wise scales during 1971–2013 in the Wainganga river basin situated in middle India. The Mann–Kendall (MK) test was implemented for identifying the temporal variation in rainfall trends. The magnitude of this changing trend was estimated by applying Sen's slope (SS) method. A paired sample t-test was also employed to appraise the statistical significance of changes in rainfall data. The results of MK and SS tests show both upward and downward trends. The results show positive and negative trends in the south-eastern and northwestern parts of the study area for annual rainfall. The monsoon rainfall also shows very close proximity with annual rainfall data trends. The t-test states that the observed changes in precipitation are statistically significant. After trend and pattern analysis, state-space models (SSMs) were used to predict rainfall for future scenarios. Four SSMs (single, double, and triple exponential, autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA)) were employed for rainfall prediction. The analysis shows that the ARIMA is best for rainfall prediction with architecture of (0,0,0) (2,1,0) and can be used in Wainganga River basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, diatom studies have been consisting of different approach i.e., taxonomic study, contamination history, paleoclimate etc. The significant study has been reported from the different part of the Indian Especially in India, from the last several decades the study on diatom shifted from taxonomical classification to palaeothermometry study using isotopic analysis. To know the present status and get the future direction it is very important to review the past studies which not only gives the ample information about the records available but also benefitting to get future direction. In the present review we present the comprehensive review on records available from three different geopolitical regions. The review on these three regions shows that most of the work Indian parts in past decades diatom is mostly used for taxonomical and pollution study. diatom diversity has not been examined in many Indian regions. direction towards palaeothermometry reconstruction using advance analytical techniques such as stable isotope and others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is the main source of drinking in coastal areas and the gradually decline in its quality is a most important issues. The aim of present study is to assess the groundwater quality and its deterioration in coastal aquifer in Guhagar area of Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra (India) by examining the hydrogeochemical characteristics. A total 25 water samples were collected from three different zones from the study area viz. seawater, backwater and groundwater, apart from this one surface water sample during the winter season. Samples were analyzed for its physicochemical parameters (i.e., pH, EC, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl, SO42, CO32 and HCO3) and selective trace elements such as Cd and Pb. The majority of the observed chemical parameters of all groundwater samples are within the permissible limit of the BIS water quality standards except pH, potassium and lead while WQI values indicate that the water quality is very poor to unsuitable category. The Cd and Pb concentrations in seawater and backwater are observed beyond the permissible limits. Generally established plots such as USSL plots, Gibbs plot, Bivariate plots and molar ratios such as sodium/chloride and chloride/bicarbonate were used to identify the seawater intrusion into the coastal aquifers. The suitability of groundwater for irrigation was evaluated based on sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Permeability index (PI), Corrosivity ratio, sodium percentage (Na %) suggests that the most of the groundwater is suitable for irrigat ion purposes. Seawater ingression, ionic ratios and difference in groundwater geochemistry during the high and low tides indicate that the moderate effect of seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]