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Understanding the logic behind farmers' choice of adaptive water management practice is important to appreciate the opportunities and challenges they face and to scale targeted solutions effectively. This paper aims to understand the main drivers of change that induce adaptation in water management. The Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) framework that juxtaposed the within and across micro-, meso-, and macro-level drivers was applied to a case study of the Nile Delta to identify key drivers of change and farmers' adaptive responses. The framework helped in contextualizing key gender, temporal, and spatial dimensions of the drivers, and to identify their individual and interactive effects on farmers' adaptation decisions. We find that farmers' gender-differential water management choices are influenced not only by the individual changes in the three spheres of influence but also their interactions. The study highlights the benefits of using MLP to identify challenges that should often be tackled simultaneously to improve agricultural water delivery and use. We demonstrated that adaptation choices in water management are more sustainable when farmers' decisions are supported by enabling environments, including local regulations, norms, national institutional frameworks, and policies. They are also informed by and responsive to global trends such as climate change and markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on climate change mitigation and adaptation is pressing in order to understand its implications and risks in different urban areas. It is especially critical for those who face high degrees of urban inequality in the context of an uneven state presence. This paper is an explorative and investigative study which uses Cairo as a case. The focus of the study is on mapping state and private sector efforts in mitigating climate change issues, specifically for vulnerable groups who have limited access to public services. The study adopted an investigative approach where a literature search and bibliometric mapping were used to identify the gap in knowledge in the field of architecture and urban climate change mitigation and adaptation, followed by a field survey which included conducting interviews and questionnaires with different stakeholders from the public and private sector to investigate the link between the efforts for climate change mitigation. The explorative part of the study concluded that there is a huge knowledge gap in the Middle East and in Egypt when it comes to research efforts related to climate change with a focus on the built environment. The results of the investigative part of this study revealed that—apart from already limited efforts on ground—there is no synchronization in efforts between the public and private sector. Climate change issues are still not a priority when poverty, economy, and health are still a prime concern and take precedence over climate change. There is uneven presence of public efforts for climate change adaptation and mitigation. The efforts that do exist in the public sphere are self-help unorganized work (efforts) conducted by the civil society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper introduces a new concept for water security, the Irrigation Water Security Quality-based Index. Through this concept, the irrigation water security is presented based on quantity and quality. The effect of water quality parameters on agriculture productivity, soil deterioration, and public health was evaluated. The probability of harm was used in the risk analysis and assessment. The developed index was applied to evaluate the Egyptian irrigation system, 10% reduction in the Nile's supply, and four adaptation scenarios as an illustrative example. Drainage water reuse is adopted in Egypt to provide a sufficient supply and improve the water security. However, this improved water security doesn't consider the water's quality. The current Egyptian condition and 10% Nile reduction showed water insecurity. Expanding drainage and sewage water treatment improved the developed index to high security levels. This highlights the importance of drainage water treatment in attaining a sustainable high water security level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal zones are recognized as priority areas for climate change adaptation. Without robust and effective adaptation, numerous coastal zones will be drastically affected. There is an ongoing need for coastal adaptation particularly, for the low-lying deltas, which are highly vulnerable to the coastal hazards-based Sea Level Rise (SLR). Worldwide, the national coastal strategies mainly focusing on the three coastal adaptation approaches issued by the International Panel of Climate Change (retreat, accommodation, and protection). The developed and developing countries are being made serious efforts to adapt to the SLR. This paper investigates the Egyptian efforts, best practices, and experiences in dealing with coastal erosion, flooding, and inundation-based SLR. The Egyptian national strategy for coastal adaptation mainly adopted the protection approach. Along the Nile Delta coast of Egypt, various national projects contain coastal adaptation measures were detected, such as seawalls, revetments, sand dunes, nourishment, and artificial sand dunes based on a geotextile sand-tube core using natural reed mats for sand trapping. In addition, different actions such as constructing modern fish farming, regular dredging for coastal lakes and lagoons, and enforcing the coastal road were observed. All provide defense systems. Most of these promising adaptation technologies, efforts, and actions show favorable responses to guarantee adequate protection against SLR hazards. [Display omitted] • Nile Delta coastal zones are recognized as priority areas for climate change adaptation. • The Egyptian experiences and practices in dealing with SLR hazards were presented. • The protection approach is the primary strategy in Egypt for coastal adaptation. • Two experimental projects (artificial dunes) were presented as new protection technologies. • The implemented adaptation measures show positive responses and protection against SLR hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The north-western Mediterranean coast of Egypt, including the study area from El Hammam to EL Alamein, is a hub for economic and coastal tourism development. Coastal tourism is recognized as a driving force for the economic development and sustainability in Egypt, however, it is an environment and climate-dependent industry. This study explores the potential impacts of climate change (CC) and the sea-level rise (SLR) on coastal tourism in El Hammam—EL Alamein area. The adopted methodological framework for this study comprises the assessment of the vulnerability of the area and the coastal tourism to climate change and sea-level rise via the development of a digital elevation model (DEM) and inundation models, besides the assessment of the temperature change employing the tourism climate index (TCI). The (DEM) and inundation models demonstrate the vulnerability of the eastern sector of the study area to the projected (SLR) following the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP 2.6 & 8.5) scenarios. Consequently, 34 to 36 coastal resorts will be inundated (about 46.5% and 49.3%) from the existing 74 resorts; and most likely the area will experience the following: (a) regression of the shoreline and beach erosion, (b) damage of the coastal infrastructure, (c) devalue of the coastal tourism destination, and (d) decline of revenues. The tourism climate index revealed that the area at present ranges from very good to ideal, in terms of tourism climatic suitability, however, it will experience in the future a shift in the peak seasons from the summer months to the autumn and spring seasons. Assessment of the existing adaptive measures in the area indicates their inadequacy to face the future (CC) and (SLR) and other natural risks such as storms and tsunamis. Actions for adaptation and protection measures to minimize the projected adverse impact of (CC) are proposed to ensure the coastal development and tourism sustainability of the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]