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Heavy metal ions in water can affect human health. Taking Pb2+ for an example, it can lead to kidney failure and tumor infection. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has been widely used as filter membranes in wastewater treatment. This paper uses citric acid (CA) as the connecting arm to graft carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) onto PVDF and prepare a novel granular molecular sieve‐supported PVDF derivative (s‐PVDF‐CA‐CMCS). The structure was characterized and the adsorption capacity for heavy metal ions was investigated. The results indicate that s‐PVDF‐CA‐CMCS has good adsorption performance for aqueous heavy metal ions, especially for Pb2+, with a removal rate of 99.39 % and an adsorption capacity of 198.41 μg/g. The adsorption data fits the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model (R2=0.9992), and the removal rate of Pb2+ was 78.48 % after 5 cycles of adsorptions, indicating that s‐PVDF‐CA‐CMCS may be potential applications for removing heavy metal ions in water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the water quality, a new type of grafted poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) particles was designed and synthesized to adsorb trace Pb2+ in water. Through the surface hydroxylation of PVDF particles, followed by the sequential coupling of gelatin, β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and acrylic acid (AA) provide grafted PVDF particles (PAGCA) with multi-functionalized groups. The newly prepared PAGCA particles were characterized by FT-IR, XPS, and SEM. The results show that the PAGCA particles have excellent adsorption performance for Pb(II) in water and can remove Pb(II) rapidly and thoroughly with a removal rate of 100%. The adsorption capacity of PAGCA particles increased with the increase of solid–liquid ratio or pH value. The good adsorption performance of PAGCA particles was also demonstrated by completely removing 2.37 μg/L of Pb(II) from a river water sample. XPS and SEM analysis further confirmed the formation and adsorption of Pb(II) on the surface of PAGCA particles. The synthesized PAGCA particles also show good adsorption ability to cadmium(II) with a removal rate of 93.6% in single ionic water and 87.9% in river water, respectively. It is concluded that the combination of hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, and amino group on the surface of the new grafted PVDF particles greatly improves the adsorption capacity of PVDF particles for Pb2+, and it has a good application prospect in the removal of trace Pb(II) in water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a magnetic h-Fe 3 O 4 @phos-PDA nanocomposite composed of ferroferric oxide hollow nanosphere and phosphate-modified polydopamine shell was successfully prepared by a facile one-step method. The h-Fe 3 O 4 @phos-PDA nanocomposite has excellent adsorption properties for U (VI) under the action of phosphate and amine functional groups. The maximum adsorption capacity of h-Fe 3 O 4 @phos-PDA for U(VI) in pH= 5 aqueous solution reached 526.35 mg/g at 298 K, and the adsorption process conformed to the Langmuir isotherm model. The analysis of kinetic adsorption data educed that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order model and reached equilibrium in just 16 min. XPS analysis indicated that phosphate and amine functional groups play a vital role in the complexation between the phos-PDA shell and U (VI). In addition, actual soil remediation experiments indicated that the h-Fe 3 O 4 @phos-PDA nanocomposite could reduce the radiation intensity of α-ray in uranium-contaminated soil by about 82.3%, demonstrating its great engineering application potential. [Display omitted] • The h-Fe 3 O 4 @phos-PDA has excellent adsorption performance for U(VI). • The maximum capacity of U(VI) adsorbed by h-Fe 3 O 4 @phos-PDA reached 526.35 mg/g. • The synthesis method of h-Fe 3 O 4 @phos-PDA is simple and easy to operate. • The h-Fe 3 O 4 @phos-PDA can reduce the radiation intensity of uranium-bearing soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel core-shell nanocomposite composed of magnetic h-Fe 3 O 4 (hollow Fe 3 O 4) core and phos-LDH (phosphate-modified layered double hydroxides) shell was synthesized, and it exhibited excellent adsorption capacity for U(VI) in water and soil. [Display omitted] • A magnetic h-Fe 3 O 4 @phos-LDH nanocomposite was prepared successfully. • Nanocomposite exhibited good adsorption performance for U(VI). • Electromagnetic separation system was used to separate magnetic adsorbents from soil. Herein, a novel nanosphere composed of a magnetic h-Fe 3 O 4 (hollow ferroferric oxide) core and a phos-LDH (phosphate-modified layered double hydroxide) shell was synthesized. The h-Fe 3 O 4 @phos-LDH nanocomposite with rich phosphate groups and large specific surface area (93.53 m2/g) can be exploited for uranium (VI) elimination. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the impacts of various conditions (pH, time, and temperatures) on U(VI) removal process. The maximum capacity of U(VI) adsorbed by h-Fe 3 O 4 @phos-LDH reached up to 542.6 mg/g at 298.15 K, and the adsorption isotherms were followed the Langmuir model. Thermodynamics analyses illustrated that the U(VI) adsorbed by h-Fe 3 O 4 @phos-LDH was a spontaneous and endothermic process. The characterization analysis manifested that the phosphate groups of the phos-LDH shell played a leading role in adsorption. More importantly, the removal of U(VI) from the soil by h-Fe 3 O 4 @phos-LDH with the assistance of an electromagnetic separation system was also investigated. The results indicated that h-Fe 3 O 4 @phos-LDH could remove more than 90% of U(VI) in soil. These findings demonstrated this work could be considered as a valuable research for the environment remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-yield selective adsorbents and suitable modification methods are both significant for the efficient treatment of U-contaminated wastewater. In this work, a rich-mesoporous aluminum phosphate adsorbent (APO-10) was synthesized by simply increasing the mass of reactants under a fixed solvent volume. After increasing the mass of reactants ten times, APO-10 has the added defect level, the increased specific surface area, and mesoporous structure, and the increased number and enhanced adsorption ability of adsorption active sites (phosphorus-oxygen groups) on the surface, resulting in an enhanced adsorption performance of U(VI) in various environmental conditions. Its ultrahigh adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir model can reach 826.44 mg g−1 at pH = 5.5 and T = 298 K. Its crystal structure did not change after adsorption and remained at 584.40 mg g−1 after 6 cycles. Additionally, APO-10 shows an excellent uranium-selectivity over 68% from a mixed aqueous solution and has excellent applicability in the acidic and alkaline environment based on dynamic adsorption and desorption column experiments. This study not only provides a high-yield efficient selective adsorbent (APO-10) with excellent anti-radiation structure stability for the treatment of radioactive contamination but also provides a feasible modification method by simply increasing the mass of reactants. [Display omitted] • A high-yield adsorbent (APO-10) was synthesized by increasing the raw materials. • The physicochemical properties of the adsorbent changed after added raw materials. • The increased adsorption capacity of APO-10 for U(VI) reaches 826.44 mg g−1. • APO-10 shows the enhanced uranium-selectivity from a mixed aqueous solution. • APO-10 has excellent structural stability and enhanced recycling performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although tremendous efforts have been paid on Ti 3 C 2 T x as a cathode for capacitive deionization (CDI), its structural instability and easy agglomeration have always limited such a promising application. In this study, a hybrid of hollow Ti 3 C 2 T x spheres and flakes was synchronously fabricated by a novel sacrificial-templated method for the first time, and then immobilized/bonded together by in-situ polymerization of polyaniline, which was labelled as S-Ti 3 C 2 T x /PANI/F-Ti 3 C 2 T x. The highest specific capacitance of S-Ti 3 C 2 T x /PANI/F-Ti 3 C 2 T x in 1 M NaCl solution was measured to be 102 F·g−1, and diffusion capacitance of the as-obtained S-Ti 3 C 2 T x /PANI/F-Ti 3 C 2 T x was calculated to be 63%. Thus, a high salt adsorption capacity of 76 mg·g−1 with a maximum salt adsorption rate of 11.45 mg·g−1·min−1 was obtained, which is much higher than that of Ti 3 C 2 T x -related materials in literature for asymmetric CDI system. Moreover, such a superior desalination performance was verified stable at almost 100% after 30 cycles. Besides the ion intercalation and fluoro/hydroxyl groups of Ti 3 C 2 T x , the high performance and stability of the as-obtained S-Ti 3 C 2 T x /PANI/F-Ti 3 C 2 T x should also be ascribed to the beneficial effects of immobilization/bonding role of conductive PANI between S-Ti 3 C 2 T x and F-Ti 3 C 2 T x. This study gives a new perspective to promote the real applications of CDI by designing highly capacitive and stable electrode materials. [Display omitted] • A kind of S-Ti 3 C 2 T x /PANI/F-Ti 3 C 2 T x as intercalation-type pseudo-capacitive cathode electrode was invented. • The S-Ti 3 C 2 T x /PANI/F-Ti 3 C 2 T x electrode has high salt adsorption capacity with 76 mg g-1. • The salt adsorption capacity of S-Ti 3 C 2 T x /PANI/F-Ti 3 C 2 T x electrode remained at almost 100% after 30 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Novel porous Mg-doped biochar/bentonite beads were synthesized for concurrent removal of phosphate and ammonium. • SA-Mg@BC/BT showed a high adsorption capacity and stability to phosphate and ammonium. • Fixed-bed column experiments also validated the high performance of SA-Mg@BC/BT treating actual wastewater. • High porosity, MgO active sites and functional groups contributed to the enhanced adsorption capacity. • Nutrient leaching and pot experiments verified the slow-release performance of NP loaded SA-Mg@BC/BT. This study reports a strategy for concurrent removal of phosphate and ammonium by a new adsorbent of Mg-doped biochar/bentonite composite bead (SA-Mg@BC/BT), with a high specific surface area and abundant functional groups to facilitate the adsorption process. The maximum phosphate and ammonium adsorption capacities of SA-Mg@BC/BT reached 132.2 mg/g and 39.5 mg/g respectively, apparently surpassing those of SA-BC/BT in this study and other relevant adsorbents in literatures. The removal ability for phosphate kept stable with coexisting monovalent anions (NaCl, MgCl 2 , KNO 3 and KF), while decreased slightly in the presence of divalent anions (MgSO 4 , CaSO 4 and K 2 SO 4). Interestingly, the adsorption capacity for the ammonium removal was even found enhanced by divalent salts (12.0%, 23.9% and 15.0 for MgCl 2 , MgSO 4 and CaSO 4 respectively) and K 2 SO 4 (17.9%). For the actual wastewater, the excellent concurrent removal ability of 98.3% for phosphate and 35.6% for ammonium was validated, and adsorption capacity in actual wastewater was almost the same as that in simulated wastewater. Such an excellent concurrent removal ability for phosphate and ammonium by SA-Mg@BC/BT can be ascribed to the struvite crystallization, ion exchange and Mg-P complexation formation. Finally, the leaching and pot experiments indicated the slow-release ability of the adsorption saturated SA-Mg@BC/BT as a fertilizer, providing a new possibility of nutrient recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel 'butter-sandwich' electrode was invented for capacitive deionization. • The salt adsorption capacity achieved to 39.62 mg g−1. • After 30 times cycles, the salt adsorption capacity remained at almost 100%. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an environmentally-friendly-water-treatment technology, whereas its wide application has been limited by the low salt adsorption capacity and poor recyclability of electrode materials. In this study, a novel Ti 3 C 2 T x /PANI/PPY electrode is invented with a "butter-sandwich" microstructure, where bread-like Ti 3 C 2 T x slices are intercalated by polypyrrole (PPY) spheres, and then glued by butter-like polyaniline (PANI). Thus, the negatively charged PPY is fastened inside Ti 3 C 2 T x slices by positively charged PANI for a superhigh structural stability and elevated specific surface area. When Ti 3 C 2 T x /PANI/PPY is used as the electrode for CDI, a high salt adsorption capacity (39.62 mg g−1), a fast salt adsorption rate (2.64 mg g−1 min−1) and a high cycling stability of almost 100% for 30 times are obtained, surpassing those of the Ti 3 C 2 T x electrodes and many other related materials in literature. Such an outstanding CDI performance can be ascribed to the intercalation of PPY, which enlarges the layer spacing of Ti 3 C 2 T x as well as the ion storage space, and the binding of them by PANI, which provides more paths for electron transport and improves the ion adsorption rate. This work provides a new direction to enhance the performance of capacitive deionization by an attentive "butter-sandwich" new microstructural design strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective removal of phosphorus (P) has been a recent hot topic due to water eutrophication hazards and zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) regulations. In this study, MgO-loaded bentonite (Bt) was immobilized by sodium alginate (SA), and then freeze-dried to form beads (SA-MgO@Bt). For comparison, SA-immobilized pure Bt was freeze-dried to form another kind of bead (SA-Bt), and SA-immobilized Bt with MgO loading was oven-dried to form a third type of bead (OSA-MgO@Bt). The specific surface area (SSA) of SA-MgO@Bt was measured to be 59.5 m2/g, 2.2 and 1.4 times that of SA-Bt and OSA-MgO@Bt. The total pore volume of SA-MgO@Bt was also verified to be much higher than that of the other two beads. Overall, SA-MgO@Bt exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 70.5 mg/g, a high removal efficiency above 91% in a wide pH range from 3 to 10, and a high selectivity for phosphate from high-salinity water, surpassing those of SA-Bt and OSA-MgO@Bt, and related adsorbents reported in literature. For the fixed-bed column experiments with a water flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, the phosphate concentration could still be reduced from 50 mg/L to 0.5 mg/L even after 8 h. Based on the dynamics, isotherms, and microstructural analysis, the ligand exchange and Mg–P complexation formation, in addition to the electrostatic attraction mode, were also proposed to contribute to the adsorption performance of SA-MgO@Bt. Finally, the pot experiments also validated the feasibility of the as-obtained phosphate-adsorbed SA-MgO@Bt beads as a slow-release-fertilizer for the growth of mint, providing new possibilities of P resource utilization. [Display omitted] •Novel porous MgO-loaded bentonite beads were synthesized for phosphate removal. •SA-MgO@Bt showed a high adsorption selectivity to phosphate in aqueous solution. •Fixed-bed column experiments also validated the high performance of SA-MgO@Bt. •High porosity and MgO active sites contributed to the enhanced adsorption capacity. •Pot experiments showed that P loaded SA-MgO@Bt can be used as fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]