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Agricultural plantations in Indonesia and Malaysia yield substantial waste, necessitating proper disposal to address environmental concerns. Yet, these wastes, rich in starch and lignocellulosic content, offer an opportunity for value-added product development, particularly amino acid production. Traditional methods often rely on costly commercial enzymes to convert biomass into fermentable sugars for amino acid production. An alternative, consolidated bioprocessing, enables the direct conversion of agricultural biomass into amino acids using selected microorganisms. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the potential of agricultural biomass in Indonesia and Malaysia for amino acid production through consolidated bioprocessing. It explores suitable microorganisms and presents a case study on using Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051 to produce 9.56 mg/mL of amino acids directly from pineapple plant stems. These findings contribute to the advancement of sustainable amino acid production methods using agricultural biomass especially in Indonesia and Malaysia through consolidated bioprocessing, reducing waste and enhancing environmental sustainability., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The paper reflects on the lessons from two case studies in order to discuss (1) how they address Ostrom's eight principles and (2) implications for social, economic and environmental challenges. The two case studies are of forest communities in Venda in South Africa and Ciptagelar, West Java, discussed in terms of their social, environmental and economic approaches. In both cases, the communities see themselves as related to nature; in the case of Venda, they express this as a totemic relationship and have been inspired to apply an ecological calendar that was taught to them during the time Mphatheleni Makaulule spent learning from Amazonian leaders. In the case of Ciptagelar, the nomadic way of life is based on a sense of being stewards who do not commodify rice, a sacred source of life, which is in turn dependent upon all the co‐existent creatures and ultimately the forest, which is their home. In both communities, the environment and people are priorities managed by observing the natural cycle. In both communities, an ecological calendar guides the planning and harvesting of crops. In Tshidzivhe Venda, a rigorous approach to crops, harvesting from the forest and re‐planting the forest, is observed, and the entire community act as caretakers and are required to ask permission before harvesting from the forest. In Ciptagelar, West Java, the chief reads the signs when it is time to move to another area and follows a careful approach to biodiversity ensuring that paddy is grown only for certain months so that other creatures can thrive in other months. The Balancing Individualism and Collectivism Special Integration Group has focused on learning by doing using an applied mixed methods approach. It is based on a community of practice spanning NGOs, community projects and university departments. It is supported by a small NRF fund, some funding from UNISA and in kind support from participants. We work together because of shared values and mutual respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between ICT, the financial sector, and output growth has been extensively studied, however, macro-economic studies with an emphasis on the role of rural ICT on agricultural performance are few and yield mixed findings. Additionally, past research has not given sufficient attention to how bank credit affects agricultural performance. This paper highlighted the dynamic effect of rural ICT penetration and bank credit on agricultural performance in Eastern Indonesia. We used secondary data taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Financial Services Authority. The panel data covered 16 provinces of eastern Indonesia from the first semester of 2010 to the second semester of 2022 (2010S1-2022S2). Using the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach, the results showed that in the long run, rural ICT penetration and bank credit played a significant role in boosting agricultural performance. However, in the short run, the impact of rural ICT penetration and bank credit on agricultural performance was statistically insignificant. Finally, we recommended several important policies that can practically impact and contribute to improving agricultural performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing recognition of the potential vulnerabilities of major crop systems has spurred a growing interest in the potential of alternative crops which may be resilient to climate change and also help mitigate its effects. In Indonesia, such issues are particularly pertinent given that country's particular vulnerability to climate change impacts high dependence on agricultural livelihoods and varied topographies and growing conditions. Cyrtosperma merkusii (giant swamp taro) is a wetland plant which has historically formed part of food systems in the eastern Pacific. The plant has the potential to be cultivated as a source of starch on marginal coastal land and on peatlands with high water tables. The aim of this paper was therefore to determine site conditions that promote growth of C. merkusii and the macro and micronutrient status of the corms. Naturally, the size of the plants varied substantially among sites, with a neutral pH, and low redox and conductivity being strong edaphic predictors of corm size. Despite substantial differences in the soil properties of the different study sites, there were no significant differences in the macro and micronutrient content of the corms. Field trials showed that although the plants grew under dry land conditions, the plants grew bigger and yielded corms with greater concentrations of Fe, Mn and K under waterlogged conditions, indicating that a high‐water table is the best cultivation environment for C. merkusii. The nutrient content of the corms suggests that, although primarily a starch crop, C. merkusii could also increase the intake of Fe in populations where Fe deficiency is pervasive. We conclude that the wetland plant C. merkusii has considerable potential as a paludiculture crop in low‐lying areas of SE Asia as it was tolerant of a wide range of soil conditions and performed well when cultivated under waterlogged conditions without additional fertilisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the role of technology‐based start‐ups in supporting the implementation of sustainable agriculture (SA) practices in Indonesia. Through a qualitative multiple‐case studies research strategy, this research identifies several roles of start‐ups in implementing SA. The start‐ups create sustainable archetypes mainly for the economic and social aspects, but not all of them penetrate the environmental side. Start‐ups can contribute to the agricultural system in three ways: (1) focus on solving fundamental problems, (2) focus on solving fundamental problems and providing strategic solutions, and; (3) focus on providing advanced solutions. In the implementation mechanism, the start‐ups experienced various risks from the natural environment, the internal environment, or other actors—especially producers—due to dependencies. The disappearance of start‐ups from the agriculture system or the inhibition of their business can reduce or hinder the implementation of SA practices. Regarding the debate concerning the necessity of government support for start‐ups to achieve sustainability, this paper argues that government support is still needed in a situational just‐in‐time manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many parts of the Global South, food systems are confronted with complex sustainability challenges including high levels of poverty, food insecurity, malnutrition, disempowerment, and degraded environments. Transformation is broadly discussed in research, policy, and planning as the systemic change required to address complex sustainability issues. Transformation of food systems has become a global priority for research and action. However, transformation processes are not neutral, but are associated with losses and gains that are unevenly distributed. Institutions play an important role in relation to how transformation of food systems occur and with what outcomes. Empirical understandings of how institutions can influence transformation processes in a way that avoids risks or the so-called dark side of transformation are needed. This article aims to contribute towards understanding the roles that institutions play in transformation processes in the context of Global South food systems through synthesising insights from transdisciplinary case studies. The three case studies include multi-purpose cooperative institutions in farming areas in southwest Ethiopia, fisherfolk organisations in aquatic food-producing areas in northern Philippines, and Gotong Royong for irrigation canal management for pond aquaculture in Indonesia. The article examines whether and how institutions advance inclusion and participation in food systems, and whether institutions enable or constrain food system actors in mitigating or avoiding transformation risks. The paper reflects on the role of community-level institutions and hybrid governance arrangements, and the interplay of structure and agency in transformation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research is the property of Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores the concept of community engagement, aligned with President Jokowi's mission to promote social enterprises, as a means to support the development of a re‐generative circular green economy in Tarumajaya, West Java. The primary focus is on enhancing farming, fishing, and forestry activities with villagers. The Covid‐19 pandemic presented significant challenges for the villagers, particularly in marketing their goods, resulting in financial hardships and an increased vulnerability to debt traps, particularly affecting women. Additionally, a major obstacle to achieving regenerative living is the limited access to land, with approximately 80% of the villagers either landless or owning small plots. Moreover, fishing restrictions imposed by the military to protect the Citarum River have further curtailed access to common grazing land for cattle. Preliminary analysis indicates that adopting intensive farming methods, such as rabbit breeding, mushroom cultivation, and fertiliser production, holds promise for reducing the community's carbon footprint. Overcoming these challenges and mapping pathways towards regenerative living are central objectives of this case study, providing insights and practical strategies to foster sustainable economic and environmental progress in Tarumajaya. Key components of the approach include finding markets for village products, extending access to common resources such as rivers, forests, and hillside terraces to villagers, and providing mentorship to women for supporting their small enterprises. The ongoing partnership with the village involves a community of practice consisting of universities and nongovernmental organisations, while private sector entities, including a gas company and tea and coffee plantations, are engaged in negotiations with the village head to secure additional land access. This study highlights the combination of challenges arising from the lack of access to common resources, limited market opportunities, and the influence of predatory financial institutions during the pandemic. By working closely with the villagers, the case study aims to identify opportunities and support the transition towards a green circular economy that moves away from business as usual and promotes regenerative living. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrialization and urbanization have affected Indonesia's rural communities and farming culture, which were once integral parts of its ecological system. This paper presents a participatory co-design approach based on the local and traditional learning philosophy of niteni to support sustainable development. The participatory co-design approach encouraged collaboration between marginalized communities, government bodies, and a multidisciplinary academic team. Through this lens, interviews, forums, and an ethnographic study were undertaken in order to acquire data and information for idea generation and planning. Firstly, eight niteni themes were identified, including the environment and ecosystems, traditional values and farming culture, crafting skills, manufacturing, and the local economy. Building on an understanding of the challenges associated with each of these themes, we identified future development priorities. A key action identified was the reintroduction of traditional farming, in particular the planting of local rice varieties and the local tradition of Pranatamangsa, which promote human–nature connections such as farming activities and rituals following natural seasonal cycles. Finally, design approaches were used to revive the local rice farming tradition (Rojolele Delanggu), including product branding and packaging designs to support regional identity. The paper concludes that the inclusion of design thinking in a sustainable development strategy based on cultural specificity can increase participation and support traditional indigenous practices and community resiliency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent global 'land grabbing' has evoked concerns about the dispossession of agricultural smallholders. This concern often assumes that the current smallholders are the continuation of the undifferentiated 'middle peasantry' ('peasant family'), only with a new crop. Drawing from Sumatran oil palm farming in Indonesia, this paper shows that the majority of smallholders are petty landowners who must sell their labour to survive and are thus part of the labouring classes. On the other hand, a few smallholders are among the capitalist farmers, those who extract their neighbour's labour for accumulation. Exposing capital-labour relations between smallholders implies that any resistance to dispossession can no longer take for granted that all smallholders are opponents of corporations and states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity in the characteristics of agricultural locations has the potential to develop. Unfortunately, the weak transfer of technology based on the characteristics of the location indicates that this potential cannot grow properly. This research aims to synthesise a technology transfer model for an agricultural technology park (ATP) by considering site-specific conditions. This cross-case study was conducted at selected ATP locations. Model synthesis uses the system development life cycle stages of initiation, analysis, and design. The resource-based view approach was broken down into several variables during the analysis stage. Three location-specific technology transfer models were successfully developed: a technology transfer model based on highland specificity, a unique technology transfer model for urban farming, and a tourism village-based model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guava fruit cultivation is crucial for Asian economic development, with Indonesia producing 449,970 metric tons between 2022 and 2023. However, technology-based approaches can detect disease symptoms, enhancing production and mitigating economic losses by enhancing quality. In this paper, we introduce an accurate guava fruit disease detection (GFDI) system. It contains the generation of appropriate diseased images and the development of a novel improved convolutional neural network (improved-CNN) that is built depending on the principles of AlexNet. Also, several preprocessing techniques have been used, including data augmentation, contrast enhancement, image resizing, and dataset splitting. The proposed improved-CNN model is trained to identify three common guava fruit diseases using a dataset of 612 images. The experimental findings indicate that the proposed improved-CNN model achieve accuracy 98% for trains and 93% for tests using 0.001 learning rate, the model parameters are decreased by 50,106,831 compared with traditional AlexNet model. The findings of the investigation indicate that the deep learning model improves the accuracy and convergence rate for guava fruit disease prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, deep learning has enjoyed its spotlight as the game-changing addition to smart farming and precision agriculture. Such development has been predominantly observed in developed countries, while on the other hand, in developing countries most farmers especially ones with smallholder farms have not enjoyed such wide and deep adoption of this new technologies. In this paper we attempt to improve the image classification part of smart farming and precision agriculture. Agricultural commodities tend to possess certain textural details on their surfaces which we attempt to exploit. In this work, we propose a deep learning based approach called Selective Context Adaptation Network (SCANet). SCANet performs feature enhancement strategy by leveraging level-wise information and employing context selection mechanism. In exploiting contextual correlation feature of the crop images our proposed approach demonstrates the effectiveness of the context selection mechanism. Our proposed scheme achieves 88.72 % accuracy and outperforms the existing approaches. Our model is evaluated on the cocoa bean dataset constructed from the real cocoa bean industry scene in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) outbreak was first reported in Java Island, Indonesia, in 1926, which was then reported further in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England. Nevertheless, the NDV is still endemic in Indonesia, with outbreaks occurring in free-range and commercial chicken farms. The dynamic evolution of the NDV has led to the further development of vaccines and diagnostic tools for more effective control of this virus. This paper discusses the history of the NDV occurrence, vaccines, the development of diagnostic tools, and the epidemiological condition of the NDV in Indonesia. Indonesia, which has the largest poultry population in the world after China, has challenges in preventing and controlling this virus that causes economic losses to the farmers and has an impact on the welfare of the poultry farming community in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buffaloes are integral to the Asiatic market as they are crucial for agricultural work and transportation and provide a significant source of dairy and meat, contributing to various industries, local economies, and cultural practices across the region. Indonesia is a mega biodiversity country abundant in livestock genetic resources, including indigenous, local, and introduced breeds that play a crucial role in agriculture and the livestock industry. These genetic resources offer the potential for selective breeding and improving the quality of livestock populations through well-designed breeding programs, ensuring sustainable livestock production for the future. The current study was performed using the "Publish or Perish" software, and the data obtained was analyzed using the CADIMA web tool. The Toraya buffalo population is the largest in the Tana Toraja and North Toraja regencies and is widely distributed within South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The population of Toraya buffalo in this region reached 43674 heads. Toraya buffaloes exhibit diverse body color characteristics, such as black, gray, white, and mixed. Moreover, Toraya buffaloes possess distinct quantitative traits that set them apart from other swamp buffalo breeds. Although there are limited studies on Toraya buffaloes, the potential for broader and more comprehensive studies offers opportunities to uncover new information on the characteristics, genetics, reproduction, health, and management of Toraya buffaloes. The development of Toraya buffalo farms also holds significant economic promise, as it can lead to increased agricultural productivity and improved livelihoods for local communities by enhancing the quality by implementing well-planned breeding programs and leveraging reproductive technology, and genetics-based selection, growth, and productivity can be produced. To increase the population and productivity of Toraya buffaloes, a well-structured breeding program integrating reproductive technology and selection based on quantitative and molecular genetics is essential. The development potential of Toraya buffalo is vast, not only due to its high cultural value but also its superior quantitative traits compared to common swamp buffalo, positioning it as a potential national meat provider. The present review article aimed to discuss the characteristics and development potential of Toraya buffaloes, along with the implementation of reproductive biotechnology and molecular genetics to enhance the population, productivity, and quality of Toraya buffaloes in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing women's participation in intrahousehold decision-making has been linked with increased agricultural productivity and economic development. Existing studies focus on identifying the decision-maker and exploring factors affecting women's participation, yet the context in which households make decisions is generally ignored. This paper narrows this gap by investigating perceptions of women's participation and the roles of social norms in agricultural decision-making. It specifically applies a fine-scale quantitative responses tool and constructs a women's participation index (WPI) to measure men's and women's perceptions regarding women's participation in decisions about 21 agricultural activities. The study further examines the correlation between social norms in these perceptions as measured by the WPI for 439 couples in West Java, Indonesia. We find that first, men and women have different perceptions about women's decision-making in agricultural activities, but the same perceptions of the types of activities in which women have the most and the least participation. Second, joint decisions come in various combinations but overall, the women's role is smaller. Third, social norms influence spouses' perceptions of decision-making participation, which explains most of the variation of the WPI. These results suggest that rigorous consideration of social norms is required to understand intrahousehold decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco use is associated with an annual global economic cost of two trillion dollars and mortality of half of its regular users. Tobacco leaf cultivation is the starting point of the tobacco cycle. Tobacco farming employs millions of small-scale tobacco farmers around the globe, most of whom are out growers who rely on the tobacco industry. This paper aims to map the regions of greatest tobacco production globally (i.e., the US, Brazil, China, Indonesia, India, and Zambia) and tobacco use rates in these locations. Smoking rates were higher in those areas, except for India, where important population subgroups reported an upward trend for tobacco smoking. In general, there was a relationship between tobacco farming and tobacco smoking. Tobacco farming may lead to a higher risk of tobacco use and lower adherence to tobacco control policies. Therefore, promoting viable alternative livelihoods for tobacco farmers must have dual benefits. Additionally, specific health prevention policies might be necessary for those populations reporting higher tobacco use and lower perception of tobacco-related health risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to do a quantitative analysis of open access journals in the field of agriculture and allied sciences indexed by the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) which indexes over 17,200 peer-reviewed open access journals covering all branches of knowledge published by 130 countries in 80 languages. The study revealed that out of 17,282 open access journals indexed by the DOAJ (as on 31.12.2021), 458 journals (2.65%) are publishing articles related to agriculture and allied sciences. Brazil and Indonesia are the top countries publishing higher number of OA journals in agriculture and allied sciences with 74 titles each (16.16%) followed United Kingdom with 26 titles (5.68%), Out of 458 journals, 179 journals (39.08%) are published in English language. About 62.28% (285 journals) are published in monolingual followed by bilingual (124 journals; 7.07%), trilingual (44 journals; 9.61%), quadrilingual (3 journals; 0.65%) and each journal in pentalingual and multilingual. Creative Common licensing is followed by 447 (97.60%) journals. While 230 journals (50.22%) permit the authors to hold complete copyright 228 journals (49.78%) restrict the same. Double blind peer review is followed by 243 journals (53.06%) and 'Blind peer review' by 115 journals (25.11%). While 272 journals (59.39%) don't collect article processing charges (APC) from the authors, 186 journals (40.61%) collect APC. Most of the journal publishers i.e. 119 (25.98%) take 9-12 weeks for publication and 3 journals take more than 52 weeks for the same. The study revealed that 164 OA journals (35.81%) provide access to below 100 articles and only one journal provide access to more than 5000 articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recommendation systems serve as pivotal components in the agricultural domain, significantly contributing to global economic growth. One particular application, the recommendation of region-specific plant types, can mitigate losses in unfavorable conditions and optimize yields when growth conditions are ideal. However, accurately identifying the specific parameters of a field location and the diverse characteristics of plant types can pose a challenge. Deep learning has demonstrated efficacy as a predictive model within recommender systems, including those for plant type matching. However, building such models necessitates the identification of optimal solutions, taking into account the complexities of the problem scope and the unique characteristics of the domain. This paper introduces the development of a deep learning model architecture designed to recommend plant types best suited to specific regions. The model was constructed based on an extension of the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), a deep learning model recognized for its robust pattern recognition capabilities, making it suitable for classification tasks. It has the ability to discern patterns from datasets with a limited number of input features, thus making it an ideal choice for a plant type recommendation system. The Adagrad optimizer was employed for its advantage of partitioning the learning rate into smaller units, which significantly impacts the speed of the training process. Evaluation of this model was undertaken in a two-step process. First, the learning model's performance was assessed using a confusion matrix. Subsequently, the model's functionality was evaluated using real data from a city in Indonesia, investigating its ability to provide relevant recommendations based on the city's unique contextual characteristics. The results demonstrated a substantial accuracy level of 90%, underscoring the model's potential to effectively recommend suitable plant types for specific regional contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classification of Indonesian crops is a critical task in developing farming and getting more understanding of agriculture. However, there is no clear task in classifying types of crops in Indonesia. Transfer learning has been used successfully in a variety of image classification applications. Thus, in this paper, we collected images of Indonesian crops from the internet randomly and proposed a classification by using transfer learning of deep learning with four pre-trained models: EffficientNet- B0, ResNet18, VGG19, and AlexNet. In the experiment, augmentation techniques such as random horizontal flip, random vertical flip, and random affine were utilized to prevent the network from overfitting. The result found that EfficientNet-B0 outperformed other models with an accuracy of 82.55. Then, the model struggled to distinguish between crops in the same family. According to the results, although transfer learning can work well to classify images of Indonesian agricultural crops, some improvements are still required to address existing issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze the labor market effects of oil palm cultivation among smallholder farmers in Indonesia. Oil palm requires less labor per unit of land than alternative crops, especially less female labor. Microlevel data and nationally representative regency-level data show that oil palm adoption, on average, led to an expansion of total cropland at the expense of forestland, resulting in higher agricultural labor demand for men. At the same time, women's employment rates declined due to a substantial decrease in agricultural family labor, which was most evident in regions with high initial land scarcity and thus limited options for cropland expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil palm cultivation thrives as a prominent agricultural endeavor within the southern region of Thailand, where the country ranks third globally in production, following Malaysia and Indonesia. The assessment of oil palm bunch ripeness serves various purposes, notably in determining purchasing prices, pre-harvest evaluations, and evaluating the impacts of disasters or low market prices. Presently, two predominant methods are employed for this assessment, namely human evaluation, and machine learning for ripeness classification. Human assessment, while boasting high accuracy, necessitates the involvement of farmers or experts, resulting in prolonged processing times, especially when dealing with extensive datasets or dispersed fields. Conversely, machine learning, although capable of accurately classifying harvested oil palm bunches, faces limitations concerning its inability to process images of oil palm bunches on trees and the absence of a platform for on-tree ripeness classification. Considering these challenges, this study introduces the development of a classification platform leveraging machine learning (deep learning) in conjunction with geospatial analysis and visualization to ascertain the ripeness of oil palm bunches while they are still on the tree. The research outcomes demonstrate that oil palm bunch ripeness can be accurately and efficiently classified using a mobile device, achieving an impressive accuracy rate of 99.89% with a training dataset comprising 8779 images and a validation accuracy of 96.12% with 1160 images. Furthermore, the proposed platform facilitates the management and processing of spatial data by comparing coordinates derived from images with oil palm plantation data obtained through crowdsourcing and the analysis of cloud or satellite images of oil palm plantations. This comprehensive platform not only provides a robust model for ripeness assessment but also offers potential applications in government management contexts, particularly in scenarios necessitating real-time information on harvesting status and oil palm plantation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil palm is the prima donna commodity of plantation crops in this area. Based on data from the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, in 2023, Riau Province was recorded as having an oil palm plantation area of 2.87 million hectares or 20.68 per cent of the total area of oil palm plantations spread across 26 provinces in Indonesia. Riau Province occupies the first position as the province in Indonesia which has the largest area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia. In the 11 year period (2011-2021), the area of oil palm plantations in Riau Province increased by 49.07%. This research discusses the impact of fluctuations in the selling price of palm fruit on the socio-economic conditions of palm oil farming communities in Rokan Hilir Regency, Riau Province. The research was conducted using primary data and secondary data, as well as descriptive analysis methods. The research results show that fluctuations in the selling price of palm fruit have a significant impact on income, employment and social conditions of the community. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the Government can provide offers and encourage the development of derivative products from palm oil to maintain the stability of farmers' selling prices for palm oil. This research provides important insights for government policy in improving the welfare of oil palm farming communities in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There is valuable information that can be obtained beyond using a fixed crop calendar with coarse spatial resolution. Knowing the dynamics of the timing and location in which a particular crop is planted and harvested, with an annual temporal resolution and a fine spatial resolution, is crucial not only for monitoring crop conditions and production but also for understanding crop management under changing climates. In this study, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was utilized to develop a historical crop calendar for paddy in Indonesia with a 1 km resolution from 2001 to 2021. The result of this study is the first dynamic crop calendar that includes information about the planting, peak, and harvesting dates, as crop growth indicators, derived from the analysis of NDVI value fluctuations. Additionally, this dataset also includes the total number of cropping seasons each year. In Indonesia, there are intensive agricultural activities, including two dry cropping seasons that occur after the wet cropping season. However, this dataset is limited only to crops grown during the dry seasons, which typically begin in February and June. This dataset offers significant information at a finer spatiotemporal resolution to enable studies on agricultural fields undergoing climate change, although it is more country–specific than the other established dataset. The annual crop calendar dataset from 2001 to 2021 underscores the significance of examining the variability in cropping seasons over the years. This exploration aims to deepen our comprehension of the interplay between cropping seasons, climatic indicators, and even the social factors influencing farmers' decisions. Furthermore, presented at a 1 km resolution, this dynamic crop calendar underscores the need for a more precise representation of diverse cropping intensities and seasons, particularly within small and fragmented agricultural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development encompasses three fundamental dimensions, including the sociocultural, economic, and ecological. Agroforestry seeks to achieve multifunctional, efficient, and environmentally sustainable production by replicating forest-like circumstances and employing management strategies that align with the cultural values of local people. The successful execution of this strategy is facilitated by the improvement of soil and microclimate conditions, which positively impact agricultural results. The Lore Lindu National Park (TNLL) is an officially declared national park in the Central Sulawesi province of Indonesia. The location plays a crucial role in conserving Sulawesi Island's rich array of biological diversity. The research findings indicate that the flora variety within the TNLL region encompasses a wide range of botanical species, including diverse trees, resin-producing plants, rattan, orchids, and medicinal plants. The agroforestry patterns seen in the buffer region of the TNLL can be categorized as the agrisilviculture model. This model represents an agroforestry system that integrates plant and agricultural components, specifically nonwood species. The pattern under consideration encompasses several components, including tree plants such as cocoa, durian, cloves, and candlenuts, alongside agricultural components like corn, vegetables, and tubers. The historical trajectory of land utilization commenced with the indigenous communities who exercised stewardship over the vicinity surrounding TNLL, employing their indigenous knowledge and practices as a consequence of their successful adaptation to the prevailing natural circumstances. The utilization of natural resources by indigenous groups within national park regions for their daily necessities is frequently perceived as exerting strain on the protected landscape's ecological integrity and long-term viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In late December 2019, the global population was shocked by the discovery of the coronavirus originating in Wuhan Province, China. On February 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the virus highly deadly and named it coronavirus 2019. The virus rapidly spreads to various parts of the world. It is almost certain that the outbreak has affected every country, including Indonesia. The Indonesian government subsequently declared the COVID-19 outbreak a national disaster. To ensure life safety and curb the spread of COVID-19, a policy was implemented, limiting the movement and activities of people outside their homes. This decision was based on considerations from various parties, particularly health experts and scholars. This policy certainly has an impact on the economic activities of the community, including those in rural areas. Research conducted in Pakkabba Village revealed that restrictions on activities outside the home led to decreased incomes and economic challenges. However, the community’s strong optimism to make a living can overcome these difficulties. Facing COVID-19 involves adhering to health protocols and strengthening solidarity through mutual assistance to alleviate the economic burden. In addition, a religious approach (religious coping) was also carried out in fostering work spirit despite being in a COVID-19 situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia and Malaysia produce the most palm oil in the world. The world's palm oil industry doubled in 1960–1990 and then increased steadily until 2020. However, the industry faces problems and challenges as a cause of environmental damage. Fertilizers and pesticides used in oil palm plantations and their processing waste are suspected of contaminating the environment with heavy metals. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have become more widely used for environmental monitoring, particularly as a technology for tracking heavy metals on agricultural land in recent years. Previous studies claim several advantages of using this technology, such as fast operation and low cost. This study presents the state-of-the-art available UAV platforms for heavy metal tracking in the agricultural industry. Recent applications focus primarily on hyperspectral sensing and photogrammetric technique. In addition, the prospects for UAV technology to track heavy metal pollution in the palm oil industry are also analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of plans to relocate the Indonesian capital city to East Kalimantan province, Kalimantan is expected to develop rapidly and the surrounding regencies and provinces will become food support areas for the new capital. However, the vulnerability of food farming in Kalimantan is a concern that must be addressed to ensure food security. This study aims to assess the vulnerability of food farming at the regency level of the island of Kalimantan, to assess the determinant factors of the food farming vulnerability and to compose adaptation measures that can reduce vulnerability. Socio economic, climate, water and land data are sorted and analyzed to represent the level of sensitivity and exposure index (SEI) and adaptive capacity index (ACI). Locations with 'High' and 'Very High' levels of farming vulnerability become interview sites with a total of 150 respondents. The results of the interviews strengthen the results of the vulnerability analysis which helps to determine the condition of farmers and food farming in vulnerable locations. The results indicated 'Very High' and 'High' level of vulnerability in 14 regencies/cities. Floods are climate-related disasters that most often affect farmers surveyed (46%), followed by droughts (30%) and pest attacks (24%) with significant impacts (49%). The identification of the determinant factors becomes the basis for adaptive measures to support decision-makers, local practitioners, and farmers by highlighting local challenges and proposing local-specific adaptation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jabodetabek has been termed Indonesia's most populous urban area, and it is predicted to generate around 9.069 million tons/year by 2023. On the other hand, this area has promising agricultural prospects and requires a great deal of energy. Tractors, generators, and other agricultural equipment are necessary to increase productivity. Therefore, it can potentially convert waste into energy as an effective alternative fuel for agriculture. This study looked at ways to recover the waste to energy (WtE) with various technologies (incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, landfilling, and anaerobic digestion). The assessment indicators focus on the type of waste, energy production efficiency, energy produced, technological readiness, capacity, byproducts, costs, air pollution, water pollution, and soil pollution. Each WtE technology is assessed using a scale between 1 (worst) and 5 (best) on each performance indicator concerning related references. Based on the analysis, the anaerobic digester is the most attractive WtE technology to generate an alternative fuel for agriculture in the Jabodetabek area. This is an environmentally friendly and economical technology because the technology readiness level is relatively mature. Thus, this review will assist policymakers and implementing authorities in determining the potential of the right WtE technologies for effective alternative fuel generation for agriculture, particularly in the metropolitan region of Jabodetabek. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The true seed of shallot (TSS) is an alternative technology to boost high-quality seeds, farming cost efficiency, and shallot productivity in Indonesia. Despite the advantages of TSS, including extended shelf life and lower seed requirements, farmer and consumer acceptance remains limited due to the genetic and physiological constraints leading to single and large-sized bulbs, as an effect of low aggregation ability. This caused shallot bulbs from TSS to have a low price and were not suitable for use as seed bulbs. This research addresses challenges in shallot (Allium cepa L. Aggregatum group) production from TSS by investigating the impact of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) treatments and different soaking time on shallot growth and aggregation ability of 'Tuk Tuk' planting from TSS. The study in Yogyakarta employed a split-plot randomized block design from July to November 2018. The main plot varied the PGRs combination (9 treatment), while the subplot used the soaking time of 4 hours and 12 hours. The results indicated that a GA3 concentration of 100 ppm, in synergy with NAA at 50 ppm for 12 hours, effectively enhanced aggregation compared to another treatment. Notably, the 'Tuk Tuk' shallot, characterized by low aggregation ability, demonstrated improved potential through seed treatment by PGRs, which could raise the number of bulbs from one to an average of two bulbs per plant. This study enhanced shallot aggregation ability, providing valuable insights for research and developing shallot production from true seeds in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the link between risk preferences of agricultural students and their willingness to become a farmer. We conducted an incentivized experiment with 577 students of an agricultural university in Indonesia. Discriminating between alternative theories of decision‐making under risk, we find that students' risk preferences behave in accordance with cumulative prospect theory, but risk preferences are not predictive of students' willingness to become a farmer. Framing the experimental lottery task in either an agricultural or a general entrepreneurship context does not alter the predictive power for the willingness to become a farmer. Our results contribute to the debates on risk and farm generational renewal, as well as the (lack of) parallelism in behavioral field experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of organochlorine pesticides has been banned because of their persistent nature. In response to this ban, the agricultural sector replaces organochlorine pesticides with organophosphate pesticides that are more easily degraded but are generally more toxic. Cikeruh River is part of the Upper Citarum Watershed. This research was aimed to determine the effects of using organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in the water and sediment of the Cikeruh River. The water and sediment samples were taken from ten points along the river and then analyzed using a gas chromatography method to determine the pesticide concentration. The results of organochlorine pesticides were not detected in all water samples, while in the sediment were found 4-point samples, namely lindane and endrine. Organophosphate pesticides detected in all water samples were diazinon, chlorpyrifos, malathion, fenitrothion, parathion, methidathion and profenofos. Meanwhile, organophosphate pesticides detected in sediment samples were diazinon, chlorpyrifos, malathion, fenitrothion, parathion, methidathion and profenofos. The highest organochlorine was found in the sediments (7.376 ppb), and the highest organophosphate was found in the water (223.61 ppb). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice farming plays a crucial role in maintaining national resilience and stability. However, its sustainability is faced with complex and multidimensional challenges. One of the challenges agricultural sustainability faces is the reduction of farmland due to the construction of toll roads. The development of the Solo-Mantingan-Ngawi toll road has significantly impacted the reduction of agricultural land in Sragen Regency, the second-largest rice-producing area in Central Java after Grobogan. This issue will threaten national food security if left unaddressed without further intervention. The development of sustainable agriculture is expected to be a solution to promoting food resilience. However, stakeholder involvement is necessary for successful development. This research aims to identify the stakeholders involved in developing sustainable agriculture to promote food resilience in Sragen Regency. This study adopts a mixed-method approach with data collection through in-depth interviews. The analytical tool used in this research is MACTOR (Matrix of Alliance and Conflict: Tactic, Objectives, and Recommendation). The study identified the stakeholders influencing the development of sustainable agriculture in Sragen Regency as Farmer Groups, Farmers, Village Heads, Agriculture Extenders, and the Department of Agriculture and Food Security. These findings serve as a basis for developing collaborative patterns among all stakeholders required to develop sustainable agriculture to achieve food resilience in the Sragen Regency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous use of chemical fertilizers and farming practices in rice fields would reduce nutrient availability and biota population in the soil. Because soil biological linkages are sensitive to changes in soil function, changes in fauna and microbial populations can affect soil fertility. This study aimed to identify the condition of soil fertility and soil biota under various farming systems, namely organic, semi-organic, and conventional, and find the indicators that determine soil fertility index (SFI) in the research area. This research is a survey with the sampling method was purposive on the Land Mapping Unit (LMU) overlaid with thematic maps (land use, soil type, slope, and rainfall). The method analysis of SFI using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and scoring methods were used for the effect of farming systems using One-way, continued by DMRT, and determinant factor using Pearson's. Correlation. The results illustrated that soil fertility was a moderate category. The highest SFI was in organic rice fields (0.69), then in semi-organic (0.62), and the lowest fertility was in conventional (0.59). Organic farming also showed the best soil biota conditions (0.27 individuals/liter of earthworms and 0.755 μ/g of microbial C biomass) compared to semi-organic (0.15 individuals/liter, 0.508 μ/g microbial C biomass) and conventional farming (0.11 individuals/liter, microbial biomass C 0.325 μ/g). Soil fertility and soil biota are positively correlated, meaning that the higher the soil fertility, the higher the density of soil biota. The soil indicators most determining fertility are total N, P-available, K-available, CEC, and organic C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato commodity ranks fifth regarding vegetable export volume and value in Indonesia. The main issues with tomato production in Indonesia are seemingly its lack of variations, quantity, quality, and supply continuity. This study aimed to analyze the comparative and the competitive advantages of tomato farming, evaluate the government policy on inputs, outputs, and input-output sectors, and formulate strategic for transforming the comparative advantage into a competitive advantage. Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) and sensitivity analysis were employed as the method with the 75 farmers as the respondents and their Focus Group Discussion (FGD) involving farmer groups, agricultural extension workers, traders, and the Agricultural Service Offices in the respective regencies. The results showed that tomato farming has both its comparative and competitive advantages. Its comparative advantage was higher than its competitive advantage in both dry and wet seasons. In general, tomato farming's comparative and competitive advantages outside Java were higher than those in Java. Meanwhile, the divergence effects of tomato agribusiness were more beneficial to consumers than producers. It indicates that improving domestic tomato production was more profitable for Indonesia than importing this commodity in terms of domestic resource use. The sensitivity analysis shows that tomato farming was relatively stable regarding productivity and price changes. The suggested strategic policies to apply are transforming tomato farming's comparative advantage into competitive advantage through productivity enhancement, improvement of distribution efficiency, less market distortion, and government incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify an investment promotion strategy for the agriculture and tourism sector with the case study of Sumedang Regency in West Java Province, Indonesia. A literature review and a focus group discussion with the stakeholders were used to identify the promotion had been conducted and to formulate investment promotion strategies. The result from Vosviewer shows that studies in investment promotion strategy in agriculture and tourism were relatively low. Promotion in the agricultural sector is less than in the tourism sector, and the current promotion in agriculture is tied to tourism, such as agrotourism. The formulated investment promotion strategy for agriculture and tourism was brand activation, consisting of experiential and digital marketing and personal selling. Success in executing this investment promotion plan must consider a favorable investment environment, such as the facilities and incentives, to encourage regional competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The West Nusa Tenggara (WNT) province is one of the regions that contribute the most to the production of rice, corn, and cacao. The residues of these crops increase as production increases. The potential availability of the residue was calculated on the basis of the amount of agricultural product and the availability of unutilized residues. The estimated potential energy and collected data were processed and combined with converted factors, such as the yield per hectare and the calorific value, taking into account another purpose, the use of domestic residues for animal feed. Paddy straw, corn straw, and corn cobs had the highest percentage of residue availabilities, 85.91%, 82.26%, and 88.25%, respectively. In addition, the WNT regency has a rich diversity of agricultural residues from superior commodities such as rice, corn, coffee, coconut and cacao. The calculation of the total heating value (THV) of the agricultural residue available reached up to 42.4 PJ. Furthermore, the use of biomass for bioenergy resources is promising, particularly for the WNT region, with the potential for unused agricultural residues. The dependence on unsustainable energy, such as coal and fossil fuel, can be reduced by deploying and developing energy production from biomass use. Therefore, the potential for bioenergy generation and the availability of biomass can be developed for sustainable agriculture and energy management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water yam (Dioscorea alata L.) is an underutilized crop but plays a crucial role in food security of small and marginal rural families. For centuries, local farmers have planned agricultural production while conserving natural resources by adopting traditional knowledge (TK). This study aims to documents the importance of TK on water yam diversity, conservation and farming practices from the East Javanese community, a case study in Tuban Regency, Indonesia. The data collection was using a purposive sampling through interviews and direct participatory activities. Results showed that at least seven water yam local varieties were recognized with high tuber morphological variations, namely Uwi Bangkulit, Uwi Putih, Uwi Legi, Uwi Ungu, Uwi Sego, Uwi Klelet, and Uwi Randu. The variety naming mostly reflects distinct morphology and perceptual characteristics. The farmer's reasons to cultivate variety are related to the economic value and consumable preference. Three farming systems were identified including home garden, dry land agriculture and agroforestry. The cultivation patterns are adjusted to the climatic and seasonal changes for many years, with good management practices from seed and soil preparation, planting and crop maintenance, to tuber harvest, storage and marketing. Miscellaneous uses of water yam are also documented for their sustainable livelihoods. This study can serve as a framework for decision-making at local and national level for conservation efforts and further development in cultivation management and utilization of water yam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The partnership system is standard broiler cooperation in Indonesia. This system influenced agribusiness performance. Hence, the current study aimed to analyze the broiler agribusiness system in Kediri Regency, Indonesia, addressing three main areas, including partnership patterns, production performance, and financial performance. In this study, data was gathered from participants using a cross-sectional survey approach, capturing information from individuals at a specific moment in time. The research was performed from July to September 2022, utilizing both primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained through direct observations and interviews with relevant stakeholders, while secondary data was sourced from various databases, such as the Indonesian Statistical Bureau and the Agriculture Ministry of Indonesia. Both types of data were subjected to quantitative descriptive analysis. The results indicated that the broiler partnership pattern consisted of three subsystems, including the chicken production facility providers (day-old chicks, feed, and medicines), the farming unit responsible for production process management (housing, feeding, drinking, and biosecurity), and the marketing subsystem focusing on chicken prices). The farmers in the farming unit showed effective production performance with a feed conversion ratio of 1.69, an index performance of 307, and an average body weight of 2.03 kg/head. Moreover, the farmers demonstrated a profitable financial performance with the revenue-cost ratio exceeding 1, reaching 1.07. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several actors with their powers and interests play important roles in national and regional planning in the agricultural sector. This study aims at analyzing the dynamism of the actor relationship and the interaction of their interests in connection to the national and regional planning of the agriculture sector. The study method applied is descriptive qualitative with the analysis of the stakeholders. The results, each actor with his relations and power plays a strong role in the planning process. In the case of aspiration funds, par-liament members are very dominant in allocating aid. In the case of co-administration funds: district heads and heads of services, and from central funds: technical director generals. No matter how democratic the concept of planning is made, there is always a distortion in making planning and policy formulations, which in the end the results of the planning that are born are the political preferences of the contesting elites. It is necessary for the Ministry of Agriculture, House Commission IV of Parliament, Provincial Office of the Agriculture Affairs and Regency to formulate a more comprehensive planning system to improve the management of the disbursement of the national fund. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture is still in early development in Madagascar and Tanzania, while in Indonesia, aquaculture has a long history. In Madagascar, villagers are farming seaweed and sea cucumbers, as part of small-scale community-based aquaculture (CBA). They followed a contractual model between a private farming company and farmers. Local non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and public institutions in Madagascar jointly strive to reverse the trend of ongoing anthropogenic coastal degradation. In Tanzania, the cultivation of red seaweeds has been established for over 30 years, with declining production attributed to climate change. While shrimp farming still involves, to some extent, clearing of mangroves in Tanzania, seaweed culture has only mild impact on coastal ecosystems. Farming areas provide shelter and habitat for juvenile fish, crabs and other organisms. Therefore, NGOs ask for support to improve culture methods. Various problems and shortcomings in Indonesia have been clearly identified, including issues related to new aquaculture areas, pollutants, emerging diseases, insufficient broodstock and fry supply, as well as a lack of technology and manpower. To address these challenges and ensure the growth of aquaculture production, the government has implemented national policies and established training and broodstock centers throughout the country. In Madagascar, the CBA programme stands out as a success story and can serve as a template for other coastal regions and countries. In Tanzania, the adoption of CBA model for co-culture could be the future. In Indonesia, due to a very long coastlines and complicated legislation, IMTA seems to be particularly suitable, as successfully tested in model regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetative based soil and water conservation is most commonly done by the community to contribute to income improvement at the volcanic slopes in Java Island, Indonesia. Coconut and Mahogany plants have been cultivated as intercrops in most dry-land agricultural fields by many people for different purposes of income generation. The differences in canopy characteristics between the two plants significantly affect the production of runoff. Field evidence is needed to support it as a suitable plant for soil and water conservation efforts. The study was conducted using a field survey method equipped with soil characteristic measurements in the laboratory. The data collection process began with a study of the landscape of the research area which was divided into three zones, namely residual, erosion, and deposition. In each zone, coconut and Mahogany plants were selected with the ideal morphology for measurement of interception, throughfall, and stemflow during rain events. Soil sampling under the plant canopy was used to measure texture, bulk density, particle density, porosity, macro pores, initial soil moisture, and organic matter. Coconut plants are considered better for the purpose of vegetative soil and water conservation than Mahogany. However, Mahogany must be arranged at the upper plot and Coconut at the lower plot to enhance runoff reduction. Coconut can reduce the volume of surface runoff significantly so that the erosion rate becomes smaller. Coconut roots function to stabilize the physical properties of soil which can ensure continuous infiltration and percolation processes during rain events so that the amount of water stored in the soil increases. Those two trees may be planted along the natural drainage canal that is usually located at the edge of dry-land agricultural fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological developments, especially in the financial sector, are slowly changing the financial industry through digitalization towards fintech. The application of fintech has been introduced to Indonesia in the last few years; however, the existence and development of fintech in Indonesia still needs to be studied further. This review provided a comprehensive overview of farmer technology accessibility, fintech preferences, fintech application impacts, fintech application problems, and challenges in the future. The review data are taken from the primary and secondary data related to fintech from numerous publications in Google Scholar, the interview of Indonesian farmers, and Indonesian Government data, including the Central Statistics Agency. This study confirmed that a fintech provider has been developed in Indonesia. The farmers' accessibility to fintech was different between urban and rural areas due to the farmers' education levels and the availability of the infrastructure. Fintech can provide practicality, ease of access, comfort, and cost-effectiveness, and can solve existing problems in Indonesian society. However, several problems arise, including infrastructure and internet access that is less supportive, as well as a lack of education, competent workers, and regulation. Agricultural fintech is a promising business in the future, despite the many challenges that need to be overcome for a stronger agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]