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Identifying the stability and phytotoxicity of liquid digestate (LD) is necessary for safe agricultural utilization. Storage temperature, method, and time are critical factors that affect the stability and phytotoxicity of LD. This study therefore aimed to explore the dynamics of stability, phytotoxicity, and microbial community of LD in cattle farms under different storage conditions. The results showed that the contents of solids, organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorous decreased during storage and exhibited temperature dependency. Conversely, the seed germination index increased, which was negatively correlated with dissolved organic carbon and ammonium nitrogen and positively correlated with certain bacteria (Thermovirga and Fastidiosipila). Open storage and/or higher temperature were found to contribute to the stabilization efficiency and phytotoxicity disappearance of LD. Open storage of LD at 30 °C for 60 days and 20 °C for 90 days was safe for its agricultural utilization, while hermetic storage of LD at 30 °C for 120 days and 20 °C for 150 days was safe. However, for storage at 10 °C for 180 days, additional post-treatment is required., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The utilization of biomass for the production of agricultural green inputs is regarded as a crucial strategy for achieving low-carbon development in agriculture, while also fully harnessing the potential of renewable resources. Pesticides, as a vital agricultural input, often encounter issues pertaining to inefficient usage, resulting in significant environmental pollution and economic losses. As a main component of lignocellulosic biomass, lignin has become one of the most appealing biopolymers for the construction of advanced pesticide delivery systems. This review aims to provide a thorough summary of the advancements in lignin-based controlled release formulations (LCRFs) for the precise delivery of pesticides. The research in this field has experienced rapid growth in the past five years, making it an important area of study. Common LCRFs are introduced, and the factors influencing the release of active ingredients (AIs) within different LCRFs are analyzed. Special emphasis is placed on intelligent-responsive LCRFs, encompassing an overview of the existing formulations and an exploration of their potential application scenarios and development strategies. It is crucial to promote innovation in pesticide formulations based on the actual demands of agricultural production. We hope this review will stimulate the high-value utilization of lignin and the green development of plant protection technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]