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Simple Summary: Prostate cancer is one of topmost health concerns, and metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is the fatal form. Two taxanes, docetaxel and cabazitaxel, are the only two FDA-approved chemotherapeutics that can provide survival benefits to patients with the lethal version of prostate cancer. Taxanes, alongside numerous other naturally occurring products, can promote the assembly and stability of microtubules to halt cell division and promote various cancer cell deaths. Additionally, this group of compounds, named microtubule stabilizing agents, can impede the androgen–androgen receptor complex from moving into the cell nucleus, conquering androgen receptor-containing prostate cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. This review aims to overview the preclinical and clinical studies, clinical uses, and the mechanisms of action of microtubule-stabilizing agents as anti-prostate cancer agents. A variety of microtubule-stabilizing cytotoxic agents (MSA) with diverse chemical scaffolds have been discovered from marine sponges, microorganisms, and plants. Two MSAs, docetaxel and cabazitaxel, are the exclusive chemotherapeutics that convey a survival benefit in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Additional MSAs have been investigated for their potential in treating prostate cancer in both clinical and preclinical settings. Independent of promoting mitotic arrest, MSAs can suppress the nuclear accumulation of androgen receptor (AR), which is the driving force for prostate cancer cell growth and progression. The alternative mechanism not only helps to better understand the clinical efficacy of docetaxel and cabazitaxel for AR-driven CRPC but also provides an avenue to seek better treatments for various forms of prostate cancer. The dual mechanisms of action enable MSAs to suppress AR-null prostate cancer cell proliferation by cell mitosis pathway and to interfere with the AR signaling pathway in AR positive cells. MSA chemotherapeutics, being administered alone or in combination with other therapeutics, may serve as the optimal therapeutic option for patients with either castration-sensitive or castration-resistant prostate cancer. This review provides an overview of the anti-prostate cancer profiles (including preclinical and clinical studies, and clinical use) of diverse MSAs, as well as the mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]