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AI plays a pivotal role in predicting plant growth in agricultural contexts and in creating optimized environments for cultivation. However, unlike agriculture, the application of AI in aquaculture is predominantly focused on diagnosing animal conditions and monitoring them for users. This paper introduces an Automated Fish-feeding System (AFS) based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRUs), aiming to establish an automated system akin to smart farming in the aquaculture sector. The AFS operates by precisely calculating feed rations through two main modules. The Fish Growth Measurement Module (FGMM) utilizes fish data to assess the current growth status of the fish and transmits this information to the Feed Ration Prediction Module (FRPM). The FRPM integrates sensor data from the fish farm, fish growth data, and current feed ration status as time-series data, calculating the increase or decrease rate of ration based on the present fish conditions. This paper automates feed distribution within fish farms through these two modules and verifies the efficiency of automated feed distribution. Simulation results indicate that the FGMM neural network model effectively identifies fish body length with a minor deviation of less than 0.1%, while the FRPM neural network model demonstrates proficiency in predicting ration using a GRU cell with a structured layout of 64 × 48. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional aquaponics conserve water used in aquaponics whereas the literature suggests a certain level of freshwater replenishment or freshwater exchange for good water quality, fish and plant wellbeing, and the overall productivity of the system. This paper deals with the determination of an optimal freshwater replenishment rate for a standard aquaponics system. IoT devices and sensors were used for this project data collection. This paper used linear regressions and ensemble methods to determine the optimal rate of periodic water replenishment to maintain the water quality parameters that determine the yield and productivity of aquaponics systems. Cubic spline and Lagrange interpolation were applied to raw and simulated data. Results were evaluated and compared using statistical error estimation approaches. The bestmodel amongst the investigated machine learning models was gradient boost with an optimal replenishment rate of 19L per week and a water quality of 4.86 for an aquaponic tank of 100 L capacity. The error estimations were a Mean Squared Error of 0.0224, Mean Absolute Error of 0.1137, Root Mean Squared Error of 0.1499, and R2 of 0.7208. This was within 1% of the value obtained fromraw and interpolated data using a polynomial regression. These findings suggest that the water quality of an aquaponics system can be maintained at the desired optimal level with a weekly 19% water replenishment, thereby contributing to the improvement of productivity and resource efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: Aquaculture; biosecurity; fish health; non-native; Tilapia; value adding EN Aquaculture biosecurity fish health non-native Tilapia value adding 3 5 3 03/08/23 20230202 NES 230202 Species and farmed types of tilapia have become one of the world's most popular aquaculture products and provide nutrition and livelihood to rural and urban communities around the world.[1] This popularity has been due to technological advances in fish health, farming systems, breeding and genetics, engineering, marketing as well as wide consumer acceptance and the special biological characteristics of tilapia that enable them to survive and grow in a variety of environments and farming systems. Aquaculture, biosecurity, non-native, fish health, Tilapia, value adding The paper outlines the tilapia value chain as a starting point, then assesses the important infectious agents of tilapia that may affect different parts in the value chain. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the importance of the Lamiaceae family of plants, which includes species like thyme, mint, oregano, basil, and sage. These plants are known for their aromatic properties and are widely used in various industries such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. The article also highlights recent research on topics such as plant cultivation methods, extraction techniques for essential oils, and the preservation of fresh produce using natural compounds. The collection of scientific papers aims to explore the potential of these plants and their extracts in various applications while optimizing growth conditions and extraction methods. [Extracted from the article]

This Aquaculture (fish) and hydroponics (plants) are the two farming techniques used in aquaponics. Monitoring systems for aquaponics farming make sure the conditions for the plants and fish are optimal. This paper aims to model and simulate a monitoring system for an aquaponics farm. This paper uses Petri nets for modeling and the GPenSIM tool to implement the model for the simulation of the monitoring system. The simulations reveal parameters' values to be monitored and the number of actuators firing. Also, the Support vector regression (SVR) technique was used to predict the air and water temperature values against humidity. Hence, this paper proposes a methodology consisting of theory and practice that can be successfully used in aquaculture and hydroponics farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand on water resources, reduced land for agriculture, and concerns over food and nutrition security have prompted the evolution of innovative and complex food production systems. In this context, efficient and sustainable food production systems such as aquaponics are viewed as an important and environmentally friendly technology for adaptation under resource-limited environments. Producing food in soilless systems is a promising strategy, as this method utilizes significantly less water than traditional agriculture. However, optimizing growing conditions to enhance crop and fish yields in aquaponics is frequently ambiguous and is often not economically feasible. One of the strategies to improve plant yields and supply of nutrients in aquaponics is the application of probiotics. With this strategy, the crop yields in aquaponics are improved via a variety of mechanisms, including nitrogen fixation, solubilization of mineral nutrients, organic matter mineralization, plant hormone modulation, and biocontrol. As a result, incorporating probiotics in aquaponic systems is a strategy for mitigating environmental effects and advancing sustainable agriculture. This review paper provides the current knowledge of the use of probiotics in aquaponics. Suggestions for further studies on the effects of probiotics in aquaponic systems are proposed. Through literature review, integrating probiotics into aquaponic systems has the potential to improve nutrient supply, modulation of water quality parameters, and microbial communities, which are key processes in enhancing the productivity of aquaponic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environment changes, water scarcity, soil depletion, and urbanisation are making it harder to produce food using traditional methods in various regions and countries. Aquaponics is emerging as a sustainable food production system that produces fish and plants in a closed-loop system. Aquaponics is not dependent on soil or external environmental factors. It uses fish waste to fertilise plants and can save up to 90–95% water. Aquaponics is an innovative system for growing food and is expected to be very promising, but it has its challenges. It is a complex ecosystem that requires multidisciplinary knowledge, proper monitoring of all crucial parameters, and high maintenance and initial investment costs to build the system. Artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) are key technologies that can overcome these challenges. Numerous recent studies focus on the use of AI and the IoT to automate the process, improve efficiency and reliability, provide better management, and reduce operating costs. However, these studies often focus on limited aspects of the system, each considering different domains and parameters of the aquaponics system. This paper aims to consolidate the existing work, identify the state-of-the-art use of the IoT and AI, explore the key parameters affecting growth, analyse the sensing and communication technologies employed, highlight the research gaps in this field, and suggest future research directions. Based on the reviewed research, energy efficiency and economic viability were found to be a major bottleneck of current systems. Moreover, inconsistencies in sensor selection, lack of publicly available data, and the reproducibility of existing work were common issues among the studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper responds to the research question, "can urban farming in Nepal help create sustainable cities?" Especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, urban residents have begun to realize that food transported from long distances is not always reliable. Urban farming can help produce fresh food locally and help urban residents become self-reliant by engaging in healthy eating habits and practicing sustainable agricultural techniques in food-desert areas, while creating a positive impact on the environment through regenerative agricultural methods. In doing so, urban farms can help the growers save on food expenditures and even earn some additional income, while also improving air quality and minimizing the effects of urban heat islands. This practice also helps reduce greenhouse gases through plant carbon use efficiency (CUE), as vegetation carbon dynamics (VCD) can be adjusted while supporting the circular economy. As urban lands command higher prices than agricultural land, urban farming usually happens on residential yards, roofs, balconies, community gardens, and dedicated areas in public parks. Rainwater harvesting and redirecting can help irrigate urban farms, which can be part of rain gardens. The national census of 2021 identified that 66% of Nepal's population lives in urban areas. However, the World Bank (2018) showed that only 21 of Nepal's population was projected to live in urban areas in 2021. It is not debatable that the urbanization process in Nepal is on the rise. Thus, urban agriculture can play an important role in supplementing residents' food needs. Many cities in Nepal have already successfully adapted to urban farming wherein residents grow food on their building sites, balconies, and rooftop, often growing plants in pots, vases, and other types of containers. The UN-Habitat, with the support of the European Union and local agencies, published a rooftop farming training manual (2014), showing the feasibility of urban farming in Nepal. This paper discusses how public-private partnership (PPP) can promote urban agriculture and make the process more effective and attractive to urban-farming households. It also analyzes how a PPP approach also facilitates the use of better technology, advisory support, and use of research extension activities. This paper draws on a literature review, uses remote-sensing imagery data and data from National Census Nepal 2021, and the authors' professional experiences related to best practices in the areas to analyze the benefits and challenges related to urban farming both in Nepal and Arizona, USA. The paper provides recommendations for Nepali cities to maximize the benefit provided by urban farming. It is expected to be useful to Nepali policymakers, government agencies, and nonprofit organizations which promote sustainability, and organic farming with a sustainable supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meeting the demand for food through sustainable agro-industrial systems has become a concern due to the current state of the planet's natural resources, population growth, and climate change. To address this, the 2030 Agenda has laid out several strategies to enhance human well-being and protect the planet. This paper focuses on Goal 2, which aims to end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. The first three targets of this goal are as follows: 2.1, ending hunger and ensuring access to nutritious food; 2.2, ending all forms of malnutrition; and 2.3, doubling the agricultural productivity of small-scale food producers. The purpose of this manuscript is to demonstrate how aquaponics can positively impact these three targets by guaranteeing food security through the production of high-quality protein. Aquaponic crops are enriched with organic nutrients from the water they grow in. This not only increases their nutrient content but also their bioactive molecule content, making them excellent for fighting hunger and malnutrition. Moreover, these practices can be adjusted to different scales, making them a viable option for small farmers, women, and rural communities to produce their own food. Consequently, aquaponics can play a crucial role in achieving Zero Hunger locally, with appropriate support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food production system 'aquaponics' has moved a long way from its inceptions in the 1970s and 1980s. This paper suggests that it is the principle of aquaponics that should define what aquaponics is and then the rest follows according to systems and technologies. This paper supports the Palm et al. (Aquac Int. 2018;26(3):813–42) position of having a nutrient supply threshold (>50%) from the feed via the aquatic organisms to the plants. We test the most recent alternative definitions (e.g. Baganz et al. Rev Aquac. 2021;14:252–64) that overcomplicate existing definitions and nomenclature. Any new definition needs to be referential to existing terms and properly tested. This paper does exactly that, concluding that several recent changes by Baganz et al. (Rev Aquac. 2021;14:252–64) are not needed. We also debate that the key principle behind aquaponics is 'all about coupling'. Whilst coupling is an important aspect, existing technologies and those that will emerge are far more complex. Finally, this paper highlights the idiosyncrasies in the term aquaponics and we suggest an alternative term 'aquaorganoponics', which in essence better describes the principles of aquaponics (s.s.) which transfers natural organic compounds combined with microbes in water from the aquaculture unit to the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the current prognoses of aquaculture development worldwide putting an emphasis on its effect on the environment and the issue of the protection of water reservoirs in different countries. Water consumption in diversified aquaculture systems is presented herein as well as the characteristics of the mechanical and biological water treatment methods in fish farms, with particular attention paid to the recirculating water systems. New aquaculture technologies using post-production waters are presented. The paper provides a discussion on the contribution of aquaculture to the global greenhouse gas emissions and the means of limiting this emission. The effect of climate change on aquatic ecosystems is presented in the context of the changes of the aquaculture production profile. The paper includes a brief presentation of the methods of mitigating the changes with respect to contamination of aquatic ecosystems as well as climate change. Reducing the water footprint can be achieved through selective breeding, species diversification and implementation of more technologically advanced aquaculture systems such as: integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, aquaponics and recirculation systems in aquaculture. The need for certification of fish farms with water recirculation systems is justified in the paper. The issues addressed herein are summarised and the main areas for extending the research promoting preservation of aquatic ecosystems in aquaculture are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaponics is a green and efficient agricultural production model that combines aquaculture and vegetable cultivation. It is worth looking into optimizing the proportion of fish and plants to improve the quality and yield. However, there is little non-destructive monitoring of plant growth in aquaponics monitoring systems currently. In this paper, based on the Internet of Things technologies, a monitoring system is designed with miniaturization, modularization, and low-cost features for cultivation-breeding ratio research. The system can realize remote monitoring and intelligent control of parameters needed to keep fish and plants under optimal conditions. First, a 32-bit chip is used as the Microcontroller Unit to develop the intelligent sensing unit, which can realize 16 different data acquisitions as stand-alone extensible modules. Second, to achieve plant data acquisition and upload, the Raspberry Pi embedded with image processing algorithms is introduced to realize edge-computing. Finally, all the collected data is stored in the Ali-cloud through Wi-Fi and a WeChat Mini Program is designed to display data and control devices. The results show that there is no packet loss within 90 m for wireless transmission, and the error rate of environment parameters is limited to 5%. It was proven that the system is intelligent, flexible, low-cost, and stable which is suitable for small-scale aquaponics well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the application of the Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry-Response Surface Methodology (AdSV-RSM) in the simultaneous determination of copper ions in an aquaponics system has been studied. The effects of several parameters studied include variations in Calcein concentration, pH, accumulation potential, and accumulation time. The study design used was Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with 4 factors/variables, 3 levels and 31 treatment combinations. The results of the study, analysis of variance was carried out, and it was decided to accept the second-order model, which means that the independent variable has a significant effect on the response variable (peak current). Based on data analysis with the RSM, the determination of Cu(II) obtained the optimum conditions including peak current 349.196 (Ip); calcein concentration 0.616339 µg/L; pH 6.06208; potential accumulation −0.721104 V and time accumulation of 69.3744 s. The response surface method has been applied successfully for Cu(II) analysis in water, fish, and hydroponic plant aquaponics system, which is an integration between fish farming and hydroponic plant cultivation, with the relative standard deviation value was 1.12%, recovery of 99.23% and the detection limit of 0.75 μg/L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaponics is an innovative compound production system composed of recirculating aquaculture and hydroponic cultivation, which has the characteristics of high resource utilization rate, no chemical fertilizers and antibiotics, low consumption, high efficiency and sustainability. It is considered as a modern agricultural farming system of ecological protection. Although aquaponics system has developed rapidly in recent years and has been widely promoted and applied, it still lacks systematic cognition and holistic analysis. This paper summarized the technological development of aquaponics system, the main research contents, research progress and development trend at home and abroad. Combined with the development status of aquaponics system, it was predicted that the future aquaponics system construction would tend to be decoupled and ecological, the layout would move toward urbanization and three- dimensional, the large-scale intelligent and commercial implementation would be carried out, and the trend would be diversified and integrated innovation. Meanwhile, relevant improvement suggestions were put forward, which aimed to provide scientific ideas for the efficient construction and sustainable development of aquaponics complex system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world's population is increasing exponentially, human diets have changed to less healthy foods resulting in detrimental health complications. Increasing vegetable intake by both rural and urban dwellers can help address this issue. However, these communities often face the challenge of limited vegetable supply and accessibility. More so, open field vegetable production cannot supply all the vegetable needs because biotic and abiotic stress factors often hinder production. Alternative approaches such as vegetable production in greenhouses, indoor farms, high tunnels, and screenhouses can help fill the gap in the supply chain. These alternative production methods provide opportunities to use less resources such as land space, pesticide, and water. They also make possible the control of production factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and carbon dioxide, as well as extension of the growing season. Some of these production systems also make the supply and distribution of nutrients to crops easier and more uniform to enhance crop growth and yield. This paper reviews these alternative vegetable production approaches which include hydroponics, aeroponics, aquaponics and soilless mixes to reveal the need for exploring them further to increase crop production. The paper also discusses facilities used, plant growth factors, current challenges including energy costs and prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaponics is rapidly emerging as a sustainable aquatic food production system that addresses the many concerns associated with aquaculture, especially those related to environmental footprint. Depending on certain factors aquaponics can be graded as low-carbon, carbon neutral or carbon negative method. In aquaponics, water discharged from the fish production chamber feeds the plants and plants absorb the waste and filter the water which returns to the fish tank. This characterizes the circular bioeconomy of the system. Nitrifying bacteria play a vital role in biological filtration by way of transforming toxic waste into a form usable by plants. Grow-bed media filters are central in the nitrogen cycle in a closed-loop system. That is highly biodynamic, with the variables that tend to change the balance among the various components of the whole system. Optimization of biological processes allows the system-level changes within a specified range but because of self-renewal inherent in the operations, the system shows no overall change. Modulating the grow-bed media is the essential feature of this balancing mechanism. It includes selection of media filters according to their physical attributes. This paper seeks to advance the current understanding of the most critical aspects of aquaponics that could help in developing system designs for a truly aquatic carbon farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FLOCponics is an alternative type of aquaponics that integrates biofloc technology (BFT) with soilless plant production. The aims of this paper are to present a detailed overview of the FLOCponics system's designs and performance, discuss their sustainability, highlight the current challenges, and give directions for future research. Data sources include papers containing the keywords bioflocs and hydroponics, aquaponics and/or plant production. In view of the small number of publications and the lack of standardization in experimental design and system setup, it was concluded that FLOCponics is still in its initial research stage. With respect to the animal and plant yields in FLOCponics, inconsistent results were found. Some investigations presented better or similar yield results in this system compared to traditional cultures, while others found the opposite. One of the key challenges of using FLOCponics is the effective control of solids. Refining the system's design was the main recommended improvement. Moreover, this paper highlights that the commercial application of FLOCponics will require extensive research that clarifies its technical and economic aspects, originating from experimental or pilot‐scale setups with characteristics similar to commercial production. This review provides and discusses information that can be useful for the effective development of FLOCponics, guiding further research to make FLOCponics commercially feasible and thus contributing to sustainable aquaculture production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaponics, which combines hydroponics and aquaculture, is attracting attention as an eco-friendly and value-added farming method because it can grow many plants in a small space, minimize the use of chemical fertilizers, and reduce water consumption. In this paper, we propose a method for determining the degree of plant growth through multi-level image segmentation as a method of automatically monitoring the plant growth and notifying the harvest time in an aquaponics environment. Since plants change irregularly in shape and color as they grow, these factors that change over time were considered together to extract plant areas and the degree of plant growth was quantified based on the extracted areas. When the proposed method was applied to actual plant images, it was found that not only the growth trend of plants can be grasped, but also the prediction of harvest time is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the major challenges that global society is facing nowadays is finding sustainable and safe methods for crop growth and development. Besides the traditional crops cultivated worldwide (tomatoes, potatoes, lettuce, strawberries, etc.), there is a general trend in the exploitation of polyvalent plants. Mulberry (Morus spp.) faced no exception; with its undeniable proprieties, it became suitable not only to be used in the sericulture industry, but in the food chain, the pharma industry, and environmental safety. Spare parts of the plants can be used in a very wide range, starting from introducing mulberry leaves in supplements to increase the protein content of a meal to extracting biologically active compounds from fruits and roots to be used in phytotherapy. However, the outstanding proprieties of this plant come with some requirements related to space availability and watering; requirements that can be easily surpassed by using vertical farming methods, such as hydroponic, aeroponic, or aquaponic systems. The present paper aims to evaluate vertical farming techniques' applicability to mulberry propagation in a controlled environment and their prospects for a more sustainable and safer agricultural practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaponics is an integrated fish and crop production system that includes aquaculture and hydroponics. The purpose of this study was to assess aquaponic research and social media attention in light of the exponential growth of aquaponics systems. This article condenses numerous studies into a single paper, which provides insights into the worldwide growth and advancement of the study field and establishes a future research agenda. A thorough scientometric study of the worldwide scientific output on aquaponics from 2004 to 2021 was conducted using the Scopus database. Altmetric data for individual articles were collected from Altmetric.com. The analysis tools, MS Excel, Tableau, Biblioshiny, and VOSviewer, were used in this study. The results show that aquaponics research has been growing significantly over the years. In recent years, aquaponics research primarily focused on the optimization of system performance (component ratio, hydraulic loading rate, hydroponic component, etc.), wastewater treatment, nutrient management, system production, technology adoption, and varieties of plants and fishes. The study identified the most prolific authors, journals, and affiliations in the field of aquaponics. The USA, Europe, and some Asian countries, especially China and India, are the most innovative regions with significant research in this area. Altmetric analysis found that aquaponics research has not received impressive online social attention and needs further social media promotion. However, publications have a considerable readership on Mendeley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaculture is currently a successful but criticized activity worldwide due to the negative impacts it can produce, particularly when based solely on intensive monoculture systems; therefore, one of the main issues of today's aquaculture is the commitment to advance toward sustainability. This paper describes the significant advances aquaculture has achieved in chronological order, which applies to commercial and artisanal activities. The main aspects of the advancement are related to integrating two or more species to optimize land, water, and energy use. The main characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and successful examples of polyculture, aquaponics, bioflocs, and flocponics systems are addressed. These types of integrated systems focus on maximizing the efficiency of the use of resources, complying with several criteria that bring them closer to sustainability. However, each one has its challenges, one of the most important being the biological compatibility between the different cultivated organisms. Finally, the evidence suggests that integrated multitrophic systems could be a viable strategy to replace traditional monoculture systems that are polluting and inefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demands for eco-friendly food materials are increasing rapidly because of increased interest in well-being and health care, deterioration of air quality due to fine dust, and various soil and water pollution. Aquaponics is a system that can solve various problems such as economic activities, environmental problems, and safe food provision of the elderly population. However, techniques for deriving the optimal growth environment should be preceded. In this paper, we intend to design an intelligent plant growth measurement system that considers the characteristics of existing aquaponics. In particular, we would like to propose a module configuration plan for learning data and judgment systems when providing a uniform growth environment, focusing on designing systems suitable for production sites that do not have high-performance processing resources among intelligent aquaponics production management modules. It is believed that the proposed system can effectively perform deep learning with small analysis resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaponics is considered a new industrialized food production approach to meet the increasing needs of expanding urbanization. In this system, nutrient recovery from aquaculture sludge can achieve zero solid waste discharge and supplement nutrients to hydroponics system, which yield environmental and economic benefits. Anaerobic and aerobic mineralization are common approaches for the nutrient conversion of aquaculture sludge, but they are challenged by low-value products, nutrient loss, and large amounts of biomass by-products produced during the process. In this review paper, phototrophic bioconversion of aquaculture sludge by anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (APB) is proposed to minimize carbon and nutrient dissipation, through which the resulting mineral nutrients can be taken up by plants and the assimilated protein-rich biomass can be utilized by aquaculture animals as food. Pre-treatment to solubilize aquaculture sludge is essential to obtain bioavailable substrates, because aquaculture sludge cannot be utilized by APB in the organic solid form. The characteristics of anaerobic and aerobic solubilization processes are discussed, and the performance of phototrophic bioconversion by APB under anaerobic and aerobic conditions is compared. A multi-loop aquaponic system with four ecological coupling models was developed for the recovery of APB-based nutrients. The symbiotic mechanism between the solubilization and phototrophic bioconversion process should be focused in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides a summary of various research contributions related to viral infections in Norway. The research covers a wide range of topics, including the impact of B cell depletion therapy on SARS-CoV-2 infection, the success and extinction of a specific variant of the Delta variant, the viral load and shedding of the Omicron variant compared to the Delta variant, the incidence of COVID-19 among healthcare workers, the performance of different serological assays for SARS-CoV-2, the immune response to different COVID-19 vaccine regimens, and the use of bovine enteroids as a model for bovine coronavirus. These findings are important for understanding and addressing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and other viral diseases. The document also includes research on other viruses that infect humans, animals, fish, arthropods, plants, and bacteria. [Extracted from the article]

The use of automation, Internet-of-Things (IoT), and smart technologies is being rapidly introduced into the development of agriculture. Technologies such as sensing, remote monitoring, and predictive tools have been used with the purpose of enhancing agriculture processes, aquaponics among them, and improving the quality of the products. Digital twinning enables the testing and implementing of improvements in the physical component through the implementation of computational tools in a 'twin' virtual environment. This paper presents a framework for the development of a digital twin for an aquaponic system. This framework is validated by developing a digital twin for the grow beds of an aquaponics system for real-time monitoring parameters, namely pH, electroconductivity, water temperature, relative humidity, air temperature, and light intensity, and supports the use of artificial intelligent techniques to, for example, predict the growth rate and fresh weight of the growing crops. The digital twin presented is based on IoT technology, databases, a centralized control of the system, and a virtual interface that allows users to have feedback control of the system while visualizing the state of the aquaponic system in real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The necessity for vertical farming is highlighted by new issues such as food security, urbanisation, farmland shortages and growing greenhouse gas emissions. A rising worldwide population will be able to feed itself in the future with the help of vertical farming, an eco-friendly, energy-saving and a promising alternative to conventional farming. Because it effectively manages resources and produces high-quality food, vertical farming is currently gaining popularity all over the world. Vertical farming could indeed be an important factor in the production of crops and vegetables in regions with little soil and water resources. To avoid pollution and increasing food prices, urban cities with limited and expensive land will need to produce enough food to feed their own people. With modern technology like hydroponics, aeroponics and aquaponics, the idea of a vertical farm appears to have a promising future. This paper generalises about the outcomes, advantages and disadvantages of putting a vertical farm into practise. Vertical farming has become a feasible option for producing a wide range of food crops to meet the nutritional needs of the expanding global population during pandemics like COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saltwater aquaponics is a sustainable alternative system for food production. The success of this system largely depends on the selection of both fish and plant species, for which several features and criteria must be considered. This paper aims to identify the most suitable plant species for saltwater aquaponics by using a multi-criteria decision-making method also based on current literature. One simple model that contained one root criterion, four aggregated criteria, and four sub-criteria was created using DEXi software. The same model was evaluated considering two different salinity levels in the recirculating water: 10 (brackish water) and 35 (sea water) g L−1. The relevance of the model structure was evaluated by the sensitivity analysis, through the 'plus/minus-1′ analysis. Our results suggest that Salicornia europaea L. and Portulaca oleracea L. were suitable species for saltwater aquaponics at 35 g L−1. Moreover, at 10 g L−1, the suitable candidates were: Salicornia bigelovii Torr, S. europaea L., Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima (L.) Arcang, Atriplex hortensis L., and P. oleracea L. The DEXi analysis resulted in being an easy and effective tool to select proper species in similar contexts. DEXi can help to identify the hotspots of production processes, according to our results. Since the selected species are wild edible species or minor crops, the availability of their seeds is one of the main constraints of their cultivation in saltwater aquaponics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimizing production in aquaponics requires in‐depth knowledge of the plant, fish and microbial compartments. This opinion paper is focused on root‐released organic compounds and their implication in aquaponics, an area that has received little to no direct research to date. Key scientific literature from two distinct fields of study—phytochemicals in aquaculture science and root exudates in plant science—reveals possible pathways and effects. Root exudates, passively or actively released by plants as a stress response, protection or signalling, have the potential to influence the systems microbiome and the cultured fish, as similar phytochemicals have been found to affect bacterial abundance and diversity and fish health and behaviour. These are key aspects to run aquaponics successfully, which shows the need for further investigation to better understand sources and mechanisms of such molecules and possible ways to harness beneficial effects that can guide new research directions as the role of aquaponics grows in recirculating aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to increased demand for high-yielding agricultural methodologies – which are both sustainable and economically viable for the local market – research on new, alternative methods has become imperative. In this paper, crops grown within an aquaponics system are compared to soil-grown counterparts to observe the changes that occur in the key structural components and energy-producing components. The growth of the plants was monitored in both systems by consistently testing photosynthetic yield, chlorophyll content, the height of the plant, and the surface area of the leaves. After the growth period was completed, the plants were harvested and tested for changes in the fine structure of the plant. The water in the aquaponics system was monitored through the growing process and remained a stable environment for both the plants and the tilapia. The soil used to grow the traditionally grown counterparts was also tested for the same components as the water in the aquaponics system. The results from these procedures were indicative of increased growth rates, biomass production in stem and roots, incorporation of nitrogen, photosynthetic output, and cell respiration, as well as changes to the fine structure of the plant cell wall. It is the hope of this initial investigation to open up further detailed investigations concerning the effect on crops grown using aquaponic-based agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the current prognoses of aquaculture development worldwide putting an emphasis on its effect on the environment and the issue of the protection of water reservoirs in different countries. Water consumption in diversified aquaculture systems is presented herein as well as the characteristics of the mechanical and biological water treatment methods in fish farms, with particular attention paid to the recirculating water systems. New aquaculture technologies using post-production waters are presented. The paper provides a discussion on the contribution of aquaculture to the global greenhouse gas emissions and the means of limiting this emission. The effect of climate change on aquatic ecosystems is presented in the context of the changes of the aquaculture production profile. The paper includes a brief presentation of the methods of mitigating the changes with respect to contamination of aquatic ecosystems as well as climate change. Reducing the water footprint can be achieved through selective breeding, species diversification and implementation of more technologically advanced aquaculture systems such as: integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, aquaponics and recirculation systems in aquaculture. The need for certification of fish farms with water recirculation systems is justified in the paper. The issues addressed herein are summarised and the main areas for extending the research promoting preservation of aquatic ecosystems in aquaculture are presented.

Aquaponics is a specific ecosystem that combines aquaculture, hydroponics and beneficial bacteria in a symbiotic relationship. This integrated approach is emerging as a sustainable method of organic food production. This review analyzes the biological and technological parameters of aquaponic systems based on a survey of over 200 scientific papers from 1974 to 2021. The biological parameters include the characteristics of the species in the aquaponic system, their relationship with nutrition and environmental conditions, the content of nutrients and their impact on productivity. The technological parameters focus on the structural and functional components of the aquaponic system, environmental management techniques and economic feasibility. The advances in aquaponics technology contribute to more sustainable food systems. This calls for further research on the biological and technological characteristics of aquaponic systems, as well as on the environmental, operational and socio-economic aspects and their interrelationship, of interest to both researchers and stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional farming necessitates a large number of resources and infrastructure such as land, irrigation, manpower to manage farms, etc. Modern initiatives are required to automate conventional farms. Smart indoor farms offer the potential to remedy the shortfalls of conventional farms by providing a controlled, intelligent, and smart environment. This paper presents a threedimensional perspective consisting of soilless farming, energy harvesting, and smart technologies, which could be considered as the three important characteristics of smart indoor farms. A six-layer smart indoor farms architecture has also been proposed, which explains how data are collected using various sensors and devices and then transmitted onto the cloud infrastructure for further analysis and control through various layers. Artificial lighting, smart nutrition management, and artificial climate control, to name a few, are some of the important requirements for smart indoor farms while considering control and service management factors. The major bottleneck in installing such systems is both the economical and the technical constraints. However, with the evolution of technology (and when they become widely available in the near future), a more favourable farming scenario may emerge. Furthermore, smart indoor farms could be viewed as a potential answer for meeting the demands of a sustainable agricultural revolution as we move closer to Agriculture 4.0. Finally, in order to adapt smart indoor farms and their study scope, our work has presented various research areas to potential researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquaponics technology has recently been offered as a good option for sustainable food systems among small-scale farmers, particularly those seeking an organic production or dealing with land quality constraints, such as urban farmers. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence for the capacity of small farmers to adopt the technology. The unique requirements of aquaponics may create technical, economic and even cultural constraints and opportunities. This paper uses empirical evidence gathered with small-scale farmers in São Carlos, State of São Paulo, Brazil, to present the capacity of adoption for the technology, including possible limiting factors and incentives for farmers. The study conducted interviews with owners of 'agriculturas familiares' (Portuguese for small family owned farms) within 30 km of São Carlos. The interviews revealed that there is widespread interest in the potential profitability of aquaponics systems, significant interest in environmentally friendly practices, familiarity with organic production and hydroponics and a large base of agricultural knowledge in the community that can drive adoption. However, lack of initial financing, limited human power and concerns about product placement were significant barriers to adoption. For settlement farmers (those working on land formerly abandoned) poor soil quality and water scarcity are key issues that could be alleviated by the technology. The city of Sao Carlos present program for purchasing specific types of products from these farms could be used as a model for increasing aquaponics adoption and relieving success concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FLOCponics is an integrated agri-aquaculture system, in which water and nutrients from a biofloc-based fish culture are reused to fertilise soilless plants. This paper is the first modelling study that focuses on decoupled FLOCponics with the aim of investigating and discussing whether the integration of biofloc-based culture with soilless plant production increases the efficiency of food production in terms of resource use and by how much. For this purpose, a biofloc-based monoculture system with a total volume of the fish tanks of 15.2 m3, and a FLOCponics system with similar biofloc system and a planting area of 33.6 m2 was modelled. The simulation models of these reference systems were run for a period of five years, and water, nitrogen and total suspended solid balances in both systems were compared. In addition to this, various planting areas of the FLOCponics system were changed step-wise until the most suitable size was found. The results indicate that FLOCponics is 10% and 27% more efficient in using water and nitrogen, respectively, than the stand-alone biofloc system. Also, the integrated system results in a reduction of 10% in the amount of solids discharged. Optimisation of the planting area with respect to key model outputs led to an improved FLOCponics system, where the planting area of the system is expanded by a factor of 3.2. The findings presented in this study support the hypothesis that integrating a biofloc system with hydroponics makes biofloc-based fish culture more efficient in terms of resource use and wastes avoidance. • The resource use efficiency of a biofloc and a FLOCponics system is compared. • The FLOCponics system is more efficient in using water than the biofloc system. • Nitrogen use efficiency is higher in the FLOCponics than in the biofloc system. • The FLOCponics system discharges 10% less solid waste than the biofloc system. • FLOCponics can possibly be made more efficient by expanding the planting area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global environmental, social, and economic challenges call for innovative solutions to food production. Current food production systems require advances beyond traditional paradigms, acknowledging the complexity arising from sustainability and a present lack of awareness about technologies that may help limit, for example, loss of nutrients from soil. Aquaponics, a closed-loop system that combines aquaculture with hydroponics, is a step towards the more efficient management of scarce water, land, and nutrient resources. However, its large-scale use is currently limited by several significant challenges of maintaining desirable water chemistry and pH, managing infections in fish and plants, and increasing productivity efficiently, economically, and sustainably. This paper investigates the opportunities presented by plasma technologies in meeting these challenges, potentially opening new pathways for sustainability in food production. Population growth increases the pressure on agricultural systems, depleting resources and causing pollution. Aquaponics systems combine aquaculture with hydroponics in a single closed-loop system, where plant waste sustains the growth of fish food (e.g., larvae and worms), and fish waste provides nutrients to plants, thus reducing their physical, environmental, and economic footprint. Scale-up of aquaponics systems is hindered by the need to maintain a fine balance between conditions that sustain optimal productivity in intensive fish, plant, and nitrifying bacteria populations while mitigating pathogenic infections. The use of plasmas in aquaponic systems may help to resolve several key challenges such as disease and water-quality management, including removal of pathogens and pollutants, enhancement of plant growth, and extension of the freshness and safety of perishable plant and fish products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review focuses on increasing economical efficiency and sustainability of indoor fish farming. Aspects like sustainability and economical efficiency were reviewed. In order to improve man`s health we must reconsider the agricultural sciences, by this we understand that we must develop technologies friendly for the environment. Sustainable indoor fish farming is the farming of the new millennium. Combining aquaculture with hydroponics we obtain a new innovation named aquaponics which respects principles of sustainable agriculture (wastewater biofiltration by plants) and gives us the possibility to increase economical efficiency with an additional production (organic vegetables).

Aquaponics are modern production systems, which integrate the aquaculture technology with hydroponic systems (vegetable production without soil) with a goal of fructification of residual nutrients resulted from metabolic activity of fish biomass as high quality vegetable biomass sealable as ecological products. In the present study, as a first step in aquaponic recirculating systems evaluation, the authors aim to compare two types of recirculating systems: classical (hereby noted with RAS) and integrated/aquaponic (RAS_A) regarding water quality parameters generally, and TAN (total ammonia nitrogen) production and transformation, particularly.

Aquaponics is one of the agricultural production technological advancements that should be publicized. Climate change, population expansion, water scarcity, soil degradation, and food security are just a few of the world's most pressing issues. Aquaponics, which is a closed-loop system that combines hydroponics and aquaculture, may be able to deal with issues like climate change, population expansion, water scarcity, soil degradation, and food security. Thus, this paper aims to design and construct an aquaponics system that combines fish farming with plant growth. The system used a variety of sensors, including temperature and humidity sensors, ultrasonic sensors, and pH sensors, as well as microcontrollers like Arduino, to monitor and manage the water quality, plant humidity, and other variables. When the sensor identifies any abnormal circumstance, early warnings in the form of SMS and push notifications are immediately given to the user to ensure a healthy growing environment for fish and plants. The Arduino Development Environment (IDE) software is used to write a programme that connects the microcontroller to various sensors and other devices. pH sensors, temperature and humidity sensors, ultrasonic sensors, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), and GSM circuits are all built and connected to the system. A GSM notification message is sent to a mobile phone when the pH, temperature, and ultrasonic sensor findings are out of range. The data from this system's monitoring reveals the values that have been taken on a daily basis. The graph demonstrated that the plant's growth is increasing every day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Aquaponics provide multiple benefits due to the simultaneous yield of vegetables and fish, however they are characterized by increased greenhouse gas emissions owing to intensive production system. The most appropriate method for quantifying the environmental effects of these systems is Life Cycle Assessment with which the identification of hotspots and the suggestion of improved production plans can be achieved. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the environmental impact of a pilot high-tech aquaponic system utilized for the simultaneous production of baby lettuce and rocket as well as rainbow trout, in indicators such as Global Warming Potential. Materials and methods: To achieve this goal, data on inputs and outputs were collected from 12 case studies that were implemented, combining different fertilizer treatments, substrate choices, plant species cultivated and water source provision. Life Cycle Assessment was performed using SimaPro v.9.4.0.2 software. Results: The results showcase that the optimal case studies include the cultivation of baby lettuce and rocket in perlite substrate using wastewater from fish and partial use of synthetic fertilizers. Indicatively, Global Warming Potential of these cases was calculated at 21.18 and 40.59 kg CO2-eq/kg of vegetable respectively. The parameter with the greatest impact on most of the environmental indicators was electricity consumption for the operation of the oxygen supply pump for the fish tanks, while greenhouse infrastructure had the greatest impact in Abiotic Depletion and Human Toxicity impact categories. In an alternative production scenario tested where renewable energy sources were used, system impacts were reduced by up to 50% for Global Warming Potential and 86% for Eutrophication impact. The results of this study aspire to constitute a significant milestone in environmental impact assessments of aquaponic production systems and the adoption of more sustainable farming practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor farming technologies, such as aquaponics and hydroponics, are crucial for advancing sustainable agriculture, especially in urban areas with limited land for conventional agriculture. As studies comparing these two systems are limited, this study explored the cultivation of five leafy vegetables--white leaf beets (Beta vulgaris var. cicla), hooker chives (Allium hookeri), basil (Ocimum basilicum), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), and spearmint (Mentha spicata)--in an indoor greenhouse facility using two different food production platforms: an aquaponic system (AS) with catfish (Silurus asotus) and a conventional hydroponic system (HS). The results showed that the plant growth in AS outperformed that in HS, while the general growth patterns in AS were significantly affected by the different light sources. In addition, the leaf yield of the herbal plants (basil and lemon balm) in AS was 60%-70% more than that in HS. The leaf growth of hooker chives in AS also showed significant improvement (200%) compared with that in HS. It appears that the nutrient sources provided by fish were remarkable, as the average concentration of NO3-N (64 mg/L) was easily achieved in AS. The proposed AS, therefore, would be a promising alternative to the production and supply of supplement organic food, ultimately contributing to promoting sustainable agriculture in a changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality in land-based fish production can be controlled through either instantaneous water exchange or costly wastewater treatment followed by recirculation. Agricultural-aquaculture integration is an excellent alternative technique for reducing nutrient discharge levels, boosting profitability, and converting fish culture wastewater into valuable products. The current study employed a solar energy system to power two separate IMTA-aquaponics systems (Nutrient Film Technique, NFT, and Floating Raft Systems, FRS) for the cultivation of Nile tilapia, African catfish, thin-lipped grey mullet, freshwater crayfish, freshwater mussels, and a variety of vegetables. Tilapia and catfish were fed exclusively on diets under the IMTA system. All wastewater from tilapia and catfish ponds, both dissolved and solid, flows sequentially to ponds containing other cultivated species. The water then flows through the IMTA system's terminal point to the NFT and FRS systems before returning to the tilapia and catfish ponds, allowing complete control of the nutrient flow throughout this entire circular system. Two 147-day production cycles were concluded. The results from the second production cycle are reported. Total biomass gain for aquatic species in the IMTA system was 736.46 kg, compared to 145.49 kg in the tilapia and 271.01 kg in the catfish monoculture systems. The current IMTA system had a cumulative feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 0.90, while the FCRs for tilapia and catfish were 1.28 and 1.42, respectively. Nile tilapia and catfish consumed 571.90 kg of feed containing 25.70 kg of nitrogen (N) and 9.70 kg of phosphorus (P), reflecting, and gaining 11.41 and 3.93 kg of dietary N and P, representing 44.40 and 40.46% dietary N and P retention, respectively. In the IMTA system, the addition of mullet and prawn as detrivores aquatic animals improves dietary N and P utilization efficiency to 59.06 and 51.19%, respectively, while the addition of mussels as herbivore animals improves dietary N and P utilization efficiency to 65.61 and 54.67%, respectively. Finally, using FRS and NFT as hydroponic systems increased dietary N and P efficiency to 83.51% N and 96.82% P, respectively. This study shows that the IMTA-Aquaponic system, as a bio-integrated food production system, can convert the majority of fish-fed residues into valuable products suitable for desert, rural, and urban areas in impoverished and developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seasonal factors such as temperature, solar UV-light intensity, and daylight length can induce changes in the water quality properties and, hence, the nutritional compositions of plants. This comparative study was carried out for the consecutive four (4) seasons (winter, spring, summer, and autumn) to determine the influence of seasonal variations on the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total phenolics content (TPC), and total flavonoids content (TPC) of the red chili fruit (RCF), red tomato fruit (RTF), green leafy spinach (GLS), and green leafy lettuce (GLL) collected from a coupled commercial aquaponics system. The IC50, TAC, TPC, and TFC concentration levels indicated a significant (P<0.05) difference in the summer compared with the winter, spring, and autumn. The RCF extract indicated the lowest IC50, thus greater scavenging power in comparison to RTF, GLS, and GLL extracts. Similarly, the RCF showed the highest TAC and TPC, while the GLL showed the highest TFC. In this study, variations in seasons have induced changes in the IC50, TAC, TPC, and TFC concentration levels of the RCF, RTF, GLS, and GLL extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper responds to the research question, “can urban farming in Nepal help create sustainable cities?” Especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, urban residents have begun to realize that food transported from long distances is not always reliable. Urban farming can help produce fresh food locally and help urban residents become self-reliant by engaging in healthy eating habits and practicing sustainable agricultural techniques in food-desert areas, while creating a positive impact on the environment through regenerative agricultural methods. In doing so, urban farms can help the growers save on food expenditures and even earn some additional income, while also improving air quality and minimizing the effects of urban heat islands. This practice also helps reduce greenhouse gases through plant carbon use efficiency (CUE), as vegetation carbon dynamics (VCD) can be adjusted while supporting the circular economy. As urban lands command higher prices than agricultural land, urban farming usually happens on residential yards, roofs, balconies, community gardens, and dedicated areas in public parks. Rainwater harvesting and redirecting can help irrigate urban farms, which can be part of rain gardens. The national census of 2021 identified that 66% of Nepal’s population lives in urban areas. However, the World Bank (2018) showed that only 21 of Nepal’s population was projected to live in urban areas in 2021. It is not debatable that the urbanization process in Nepal is on the rise. Thus, urban agriculture can play an important role in supplementing residents’ food needs. Many cities in Nepal have already successfully adapted to urban farming wherein residents grow food on their building sites, balconies, and rooftop, often growing plants in pots, vases, and other types of containers. The UN-Habitat, with the support of the European Union and local agencies, published a rooftop farming training manual (2014), showing the feasibility of urban farming in Nepal. This paper discusses how public-private partnership (PPP) can promote urban agriculture and make the process more effective and attractive to urban-farming households. It also analyzes how a PPP approach also facilitates the use of better technology, advisory support, and use of research extension activities. This paper draws on a literature review, uses remote-sensing imagery data and data from National Census Nepal 2021, and the authors’ professional experiences related to best practices in the areas to analyze the benefits and challenges related to urban farming both in Nepal and Arizona, USA. The paper provides recommendations for Nepali cities to maximize the benefit provided by urban farming. It is expected to be useful to Nepali policymakers, government agencies, and nonprofit organizations which promote sustainability, and organic farming with a sustainable supply chain.

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural & Marine Sciences (JAMS) is the property of Sultan Qaboos University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)