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Identity is a complex concept that can be informed by various factors, involving biological, psychological, experiential, and social influences. Specifically, one's social identity refers to the ways in which individuals can adopt attributes from established collective categories, like cultural identities, ethnic identities, gender identities, and class identities, amongst others. Social identity can encompass unique and diverse interactions at an individual level, known as micro-identities, that may be selectively expressed, hidden, or downplayed, contingent on distinct sociocultural settings. However, the formation of social identity is recurrently defined in opposition to perceptions of the Other, which can entail adverse paradigms of marginalisation, stigma, and discrimination. Although this theory of Otherness has been developed across different fields, particularly sociology, it may be important in psychiatric contexts as it can engender inherent risk factors and mental health inequalities. Consequently, this paper seeks to bring attention towards these issues, exploring the construction of Otherness and its detrimental outcomes for psychiatry, such as systemic discrimination and disparities in therapeutic support, alongside recommended initiatives to mitigate against the effects of Otherness. This may require multifactorial approaches that include cultural competency training, interventions informed by micro-identities and intersectionality, patient advocacy, and structural changes to mental health policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gift tradition is a universal and functional culture pattern that is encountered in all cultures. This tradition has been maintained in both primitive and contemporary cultures. In modern cultures, gift-giving has been offering more opportunities to consumers than previous eras In the gift of gift tradition, it is necessary to be brought together fields such as consumer behavior, history of economy, psychology, sociology, anthropology, and culture in order to be able to examine the behavior of women in buying gifts, giving gifts, and accepting gifts from the others. The purpose of this paper is to try to understand the feelings, thoughts and expectations of women about gift-giving. For this purpose, firstly the concept of gift-giving, and in this direction the thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors of women in gift-giving were thoroughly examined from the past to the present and new suggestions were made as stated in the results obtained from this paper [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]