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• It outlines the primary reasons for degradation, patterns of evolution, and research methods pertaining to the degradation of crucial materials in slab tracks. • It summarizes the distinct characteristics of structural issues and the dynamic performance evolution of slab tracks. • It explains the operational principles and application scope of structural diagnosis technologies. • The core scientific challenges and technical obstacles that require urgent attention in slab track development is elucidated. In the course of the long-term service of high-speed railway slab tracks, the diverse range of loading types and long-time characteristics can result in material property deterioration and structural damage. A precise understanding of the structural condition is essential for the scientific maintenance of the track. This paper offers an overview of material deterioration in slab tracks, the evolution of structural performance, and techniques to diagnose structural states. It outlines the primary reasons for degradation, patterns of evolution, and research methods pertaining to the degradation of crucial materials in slab tracks while summarizing the distinct characteristics of structural issues and the dynamic performance evolution of slab tracks. It explains the operational principles and application scope of structural diagnosis technologies before elucidating the core scientific challenges and technical obstacles that require urgent attention in slab track development. This paper establishes a robust theoretical and technical foundation for enhancing the quality and maintenance conditions of high-speed railways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]