1,961 results
Search Results
2. A Framework for Examining Bioethical Issues from a Sunni Perspective: Maslaha.
- Author
-
Avci E
- Subjects
- Humans, Religion and Medicine, Islam, Theology, Bioethical Issues, Bioethics
- Abstract
All religions should develop convincing responses to emerging bioethical problems stemming from medical and technological advancements. Additionally, believers need to know their faiths' interpretations of bioethical issues to be able to make medical decisions in line with their religious values. Therefore, Islamic bioethics should provide Muslims with conclusive and credible answers regarding newly rising problems in health care by revisiting the religious norms and decrees. However, the diversity in the Islamic denominations, the traditionalist aspect of the Sunni jurisprudence demanding strict compliance with the scriptural texts, the lack of unanimously accepted authority, and the limited number of academic works in Islamic bioethics (at least in English) complicate exploring new standards or rules for new ethical matters. In this view, the present paper aims to delineate two primary Islamic theological schools and propose al-Ghazali's maslaha as a general framework to analyze bioethical issues in the Sunni tradition. Maslaha allows exercising discretion in light of the protection of five fundamental values: religion, life, reason, lineage, and property. Maslaha has the potential to enable Sunni Muslims to appraise contemporary ethical questions, concerns, and dilemmas through an Islamic view and make more autonomous decisions by having religious guidelines., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Postgraduate Master of Medicine student perspectives on data access and record-keeping for research.
- Author
-
van Wyk, S. Prahladh M. and Naidoo, D.
- Subjects
STUDENT attitudes ,BIOETHICS ,ELECTRONIC paper ,HOSPITAL administration ,ELECTRONIC systems - Abstract
Background. Registrars in specialisation training programmes encounter numerous difficulties in completing the research component of the Master of Medicine degree. Poor patient record-keeping hinders the research process. Objectives. To investigate current types of medical patient record-keeping systems (electronic v. paper) in training health facilities, and the effect data accessibility has on specialist training and research. Methods. This was a mixed-methods study that included both descriptive and analytical components. Of 610 postgraduate students enrolled in the University of KwaZulu-Natal College of Health Sciences Master of Medicine programme, 168 completed a cross-sectional survey to collect data and 11 did follow-up interviews. The survey and interviews explored issues related to medical record-keeping in the participants' department or hospital, emphasising their experiences with data access while conducting research. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and the qualitative data were analysed thematically. Ethical approval was obtained from the institution's Biomedical Research Ethics Committee. Results. Of the 168 participants, 94 (56%) reported that problems with data access hindered their research, while 56 (33%) indicated that data access did not affect their research. Only 30 participants (18%) had no difficulty in obtaining data for their research, while the rest (n=138; 82%) experienced varying degrees of difficulty. A total of 110 participants (65%) indicated that paper-based record-keeping was mainly being used in their department or hospital, while electronic record-keeping was reported by the rest (n=58; 35%). Many (n=125; 74%) expressed the need to improve hospital data management practices, and 39 (23%) reported that plans were being implemented to improve these practices. Participants expressed frustration with regard to accessing data even in departments that used electronic systems, and they raised concerns regarding data security. Conclusion. The migration to electronic patient record-keeping has not yet been implemented in many hospitals, with poor patient record-keeping affecting training and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Medical Pluralism as a Matter of Justice.
- Author
-
Muyskens KL
- Subjects
- Humans, Social Justice, Human Rights, Delivery of Health Care, Cultural Diversity, Bioethics
- Abstract
Culture, health, and medicine intersect in various ways-and not always without friction. This paper examines how liberal multicultural states ought to interact with diverse communities which hold different health-related or medical beliefs and practices. The debate is fierce within the fields of medicine and bioethics as to how traditional medicines ought to be regarded. What this debate often misses is the relationship that medical traditions have with cultural identity and the value that these traditions can have beyond the confines of the clinical setting. This paper will attempt to bring some clarity to the discussion. In so doing, it will delve into some controversial areas: (1) the debate around whether liberal states ought to embrace multiculturalism, (2) the existence and nature of group-differentiated rights, (3) the question of whether healthcare systems ought to embrace medical pluralism, and (4) what this would entail for policymakers, clinicians, and patients. Ultimately, I argue that liberal democratic states with multicultural populations ought to recognize medical pluralism as a matter of respecting group-differentiated and individual human rights., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Russian orthodox church on bioethical debates: the case of ART.
- Author
-
Tarabrin R
- Subjects
- Humans, Russia, Eastern Orthodoxy, Religion and Medicine, Bioethics, Fertilization in Vitro
- Abstract
This article assesses the role of an important Russian public institution, the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC), in shaping the religious discourse on bioethics in Russia. An important step in this process was the approval of 'The Basis of the Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church' (2000), one chapter of which is devoted to bioethics. However, certain inadequacies in the creation of this document resulted in the absence of a clear position of the Russian Orthodox Church on some end-of-life issues, reproductive technologies, embryo stem cells, and other topics.Using the example of reproductive dilemmas, the author researches how the ROC clarifies its teaching on issues relating to bioethics. In the 2010s the ROC introduced a new method of taking into account the views of believers and the articulation of the church's position. This article examines the extensive public discussion of a new document, 'Ethical issues Associated with In Vitro Fertilization'., (© 2022. Monash University.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Genetic counseling around the globe: A call for papers
- Author
-
Ormond, Kelly and Gaff, Clara L.
- Subjects
Bioethics ,genetic counseling ,Health service research ,International aspects ,Qualitative research - Abstract
Genetics in Medicine Open, ISSN:2949-7744
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Public health ethics: critiques of the "new normal".
- Author
-
Jamrozik E
- Subjects
- Humans, Pandemics prevention & control, Public Health, Bioethics, Coronavirus Infections epidemiology
- Abstract
The global response to the recent coronavirus pandemic has revealed an ethical crisis in public health. This article analyses key pandemic public health policies in light of widely accepted ethical principles: the need for evidence, the least restrictive/harmful alternative, proportionality, equity, reciprocity, due legal process, and transparency. Many policies would be considered unacceptable according to pre-pandemic norms of public health ethics. There are thus significant opportunities to develop more ethical responses to future pandemics. This paper serves as the introduction to this Special Issue of Monash Bioethics Review and provides background for the other articles in this collection., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Editors' Statement on the Responsible Use of Generative AI Technologies in Scholarly Journal Publishing.
- Author
-
Kaebnick GE, Magnus DC, Kao A, Hosseini M, Resnik D, Dubljević V, Rentmeester C, Gordijn B, and Cherry MJ
- Subjects
- Humans, Editorial Policies, Scholarly Communication, Artificial Intelligence, Publishing, Bioethics
- Abstract
Generative artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform many aspects of scholarly publishing. Authors, peer reviewers, and editors might use AI in a variety of ways, and those uses might augment their existing work or might instead be intended to replace it. We are editors of bioethics and humanities journals who have been contemplating the implications of this ongoing transformation. We believe that generative AI may pose a threat to the goals that animate our work but could also be valuable for achieving those goals. In the interests of fostering a wider conversation about how generative AI may be used, we have developed a preliminary set of recommendations for its use in scholarly publishing. We hope that the recommendations and rationales set out here will help the scholarly community navigate toward a deeper understanding of the strengths, limits, and challenges of AI for responsible scholarly work., (© 2023 The Hastings Center.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. The promise of public health ethics for precision medicine: the case of newborn preventive genomic sequencing.
- Author
-
Newson AJ
- Subjects
- Genomics, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Precision Medicine, Bioethics, Public Health
- Abstract
Precision medicine aims to tailor medical treatment to match individual characteristics and to stratify individuals to concentrate benefits and avoid harm. It has recently been joined by precision public health-the application of precision medicine at population scale to decrease morbidity and optimise population health. Newborn preventive genomic sequencing (NPGS) provides a helpful case study to consider how we should approach ethical questions in precision public health. In this paper, I use NPGS as a case in point to argue that both precision medicine and precision public health need public health ethics. I make this argument in two parts. First, I claim that discussions of ethics in precision medicine and NPGS tend to focus on predominantly individualistic concepts from medical ethics such as autonomy and empowerment. This highlights some deficiencies, including overlooking that choice is subject to constraints and that an individual's place in the world might impact their capacity to 'be responsible'. Second, I make the case for using a public health ethics approach when considering ethics and NPGS, and thus precision public health more broadly. I discuss how precision public health needs to be construed as a collective enterprise and not just as an aggregation of individual interests. I also show how analysing collective values and interests through concepts such as solidarity can enrich ethical discussion of NPGS and highlight previously overlooked issues. With this approach, bioethics can contribute to more just and more appropriate applications of precision medicine and precision public health, including NPGS., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. The Case for Ethical Efficiency: A System That Has Run Out of Time.
- Author
-
Havlik JL, Mercurio MR, and Hull SC
- Subjects
- Beneficence, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Social Justice, United States, Bioethics, Physicians
- Abstract
The American health care system increasingly conflates physician "productivity" with true clinical efficiency. In reality, inordinate time pressure on physicians compromises quality of care, decreases patient satisfaction, increases clinician burnout, and costs the health care system a great deal in the long term even if it is financially expedient in the short term. Inadequate time to deliver care thereby conflicts with the core principles of biomedical ethics, including autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. We propose that the health care system adjust its focus to recognize the nonmonetary value of physician time while still realizing the need to deploy resources as effectively as possible, a concept we describe as "ethical efficiency.", (© 2022 The Hastings Center.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Before The Birth of Bioethics: James M. Gustafson at Yale.
- Author
-
Shulman KS and Fins JJ
- Subjects
- Humans, Male, Bioethics
- Abstract
In the 1960s, tucked away at Yale Divinity School, there was a remarkable confluence of bioethics scholars under the tutelage of James M. Gustafson. His students were Jim Childress, Albert R. Jonsen, Tom Beauchamp, LeRoy Walters, Jim Drane, and Stanley Hauerwas, among others. Jonsen later recalled, "That little group was really the beginning of scholarly bioethics." Yet despite Gustafson's influence on the founding generation of bioethics scholars and his prominence as a leading mid-century Christian theologian, his legacy in bioethics is unsecured. This is an unfortunate omission, as Gustafson's contributions to bioethics were not limited to the classroom. In 1969, he brought Paul Ramsey to Yale to deliver the Lyman Beecher Lectures, a collection of talks that would coalesce into Ramsey's The Patient as Person. Gustafson also advised Daniel Callahan as Callahan and Willard Gaylin founded The Hastings Center, on whose founding board of directors Gustafson later served. Through archival research and interviews with Gustafson's former students and colleagues, we recount his biography, consider his pedagogy, and examine the theological pragmatism that informed his engagement with his students and his intellectual commitments before the birth of bioethics. By reviewing Gustafson's contributions to the nascent field of bioethics, we seek to understand why his legacy has been forgotten and to introduce him to a new generation of bioethics scholars., (© 2022 The Hastings Center.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Care Robots and Bioethics: A Discussion Paper on Moral Standing of New Training Opportunities
- Author
-
Maurizio Balistreri and Francesco Casile
- Subjects
Computer science ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Field (Bourdieu) ,Internet privacy ,Bioethics ,Work (electrical) ,Relevance (law) ,Robot ,Care work ,Everyday life ,business ,Autonomy ,media_common - Abstract
Our life depends more and more on intelligent machines that help us carry out our work or have completely taken our place in tasks which used to be wholly human. This also applies to the field of care and assistance for the sick and fragile: indeed, carebots are increasingly present by the patient’s bed and can collaborate in care work. However carebots are not objects like others that we use in our everyday life: unlike the tools through which we do things, robots have (and will more and more have) some level of autonomy. We intend to consider the type of relationship it is right to build with these devices and ask whether intelligent robots deserve some moral and legal relevance. The robot may be seen as a slave or an entity with which we can form friendships or loving relationships: we will maintain that it is our responsibility to prepare for future scenarios in which increasingly intelligent, autonomous machines will be not mere tools, but significant life companions.
- Published
- 2022
13. Screenplays and Screenwriting as an Innovative Teaching Tool in Medical Ethics Education.
- Author
-
Rattani A and Kaakour AH
- Subjects
- Curriculum, Ethics, Medical, Humans, Learning, Teaching, Bioethics, Education, Medical
- Abstract
Innovation in ethics pedagogy has continued to evolve and incorporate other forms of storytelling aimed at improving student engagement and learning. The use of bioethics narratives in feature-length films, medical television shows, or short clips in the classroom has a well-established history. In parallel, screenplays present an opportunity for an active approach to ethical engagement. We argue that screenplays and screenwriting provide a rich supplement to current medical ethics teaching and serve as a strong form of reflective learning., (© 2019. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Approaches to Muslim Biomedical Ethics: A Classification and Critique.
- Author
-
Dabbagh H, Mirdamadi SY, and Ajani RR
- Subjects
- Humans, Islam, Bioethics
- Abstract
This paper provides a perspective on where contemporary Muslim responses to biomedical-ethical issues stand to date. There are several ways in which Muslim responses to biomedical ethics can and have been studied in academia. The responses are commonly divided along denominational lines or under the schools of jurisprudence. All such efforts classify the responses along the lines of communities of interpretation rather than the methods of interpretation. This research is interested in the latter. Thus, our criterion for classification is the underlying methodology behind the responses. The proposed classification divides Muslim biomedical-ethical reasoning into three methodological categories: 1) textual, 2) contextual, and 3) para-textual., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Human enhancement technologies and the future of consumer well-being
- Author
-
Lima, Vitor and Belk, Russell
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Dignity and the Founding Myth of Bioethics.
- Author
-
Reis-Dennis S
- Subjects
- Humans, Respect, Morals, Principle-Based Ethics, Personal Autonomy, Ethical Theory, Bioethics
- Abstract
In this article, I reject the "principlism" of Tom Beauchamp and James Childress and argue that respect for autonomy is, and ought to be, the fundamental value of bioethics. To do so, I offer a reconstruction of what I call the field's "founding myth," a genealogy that affords primacy to the right to be respected as a human being with dignity. Next, I examine the relationship between this basic right and a derivative right of autonomy. I suggest that principlism has promulgated an uncharitable understanding of respect for autonomy, one that ensures that the principle cannot occupy the central position I claim for it. Finally, I sketch a more plausible understanding of respect for autonomy and explore its implications., (© 2023 The Hastings Center.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Good practice in medicine and biology: scientific integrity needs global bioethics.
- Author
-
Stoeklé HC, Ivasilevitch A, and Hervé C
- Subjects
- Humans, Ethics, Medical, Morals, Ethical Theory, Biology, Bioethics
- Abstract
We consider scientific integrity to constitute a new theory of morality of science, in a very specific deontological sense. Indeed, at least in practice, scientific integrity extends beyond scientific concerns, seeking to develop specific moral duties and/or procedures based on general moral values and/or standards, leading to common moral frameworks for usual scientific practices. This is, of course, necessary. Contemporary history has shown us only too well that usual scientific practices need common moral frameworks, especially in medicine and biology. However, like scientific practices, and medical and biological practices in particular, the persistence of certain moral values and/or standards and the priority attributed to them, can change significantly, due to changes in society, people, the times and/or environments, and they may be under strong tension. We therefore believe that a new theory of ethics of science, in a very specific teleological sense, may be required in this case, particularly in medicine and biology, in addition to scientific integrity. This ethical theory, through research, professionals and structures in ethics of science also called medical ethics, research ethics or bioethics in the fields of medicine and biology, should seek to identify and find specific ethical solutions to these tensions, applicable at a particular place and time, based on common ethical purposes and/or consequences. As a result, these specific ethical solutions may, or may not, lead to an evolution of common moral frameworks, which may, or may not, be developed on the basis of scientific integrity. In the fields of medicine and biology, this ethical theory is closely related to another theory, global bioethics, but with a number of new conceptual and methodological developments., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Editorial introduction: Biomedicine and life sciences as a challenge to human temporality.
- Author
-
Rimon-Zarfaty N and Schweda M
- Subjects
- Humans, Sociology, Anthropology, Philosophy, Bioethics, Biological Science Disciplines
- Abstract
Bringing together scholars from philosophy, bioethics, law, sociology, and anthropology, this topical collection explores how innovations in the field of biomedicine and the life sciences are challenging and transforming traditional understandings of human temporality and of the temporal duration, extension and structure of human life. The contributions aim to expand the theoretical debate by highlighting the significance of time and human temporality in different discourses and practical contexts, and developing concrete, empirically informed, and culturally sensitive perspectives. The collection is structured around three main foci: the beginning of life, the middle of life, and later life. This structure facilitates an in-depth examination of specific technological and biographical contexts and at the same time allows an overarching comparison of relevant similarities and differences between life phases and fields of application., (© 2023. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Position Paper_Physiotherapy Ethical Guidelines Based on UNESCO’s Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights
- Author
-
Saud F. Al Subaie, Mariya Jiandani, Russell D’Souza, Neelam Mishra, Surangika Imanthi Wadugodapitya, Derek S.J. D’Souza, Walid Kamal Abdelbasset, Mary Mathew, Naomi Wanjiru Kingau, John Stephens, Muhammad Noh Zulfikri Bin Mohd, Veerragava Perumal, Tanya Gilmour, and Poovishnu Devi
- Subjects
Position (obstetrics) ,Human rights ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Law ,Political science ,Declaration ,Bioethics ,media_common - Published
- 2021
20. Original Research Paper_A Comparative Analysis of Opinion On Various Bioethical Issues Based on Religiosity: A Pilot Study with Medical Graduates
- Author
-
Mamatha Jayachandran, Dhanya Sacheendran, Paul Simon, Princy Louis Palatty, Thomas George, Nikku Mathew Geevarughese, and Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga
- Subjects
Religiosity ,Engineering ethics ,Bioethics ,Psychology ,Original research - Published
- 2021
21. Research ethics and artificial intelligence for global health: perspectives from the global forum on bioethics in research.
- Author
-
Shaw, James, Ali, Joseph, Atuire, Caesar A., Cheah, Phaik Yeong, Español, Armando Guio, Gichoya, Judy Wawira, Hunt, Adrienne, Jjingo, Daudi, Littler, Katherine, Paolotti, Daniela, and Vayena, Effy
- Subjects
ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,RESEARCH ethics ,BIOETHICS ,WORLD health ,FORUMS ,HEALTH policy - Abstract
Background: The ethical governance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in health care and public health continues to be an urgent issue for attention in policy, research, and practice. In this paper we report on central themes related to challenges and strategies for promoting ethics in research involving AI in global health, arising from the Global Forum on Bioethics in Research (GFBR), held in Cape Town, South Africa in November 2022. Methods: The GFBR is an annual meeting organized by the World Health Organization and supported by the Wellcome Trust, the US National Institutes of Health, the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and the South African MRC. The forum aims to bring together ethicists, researchers, policymakers, research ethics committee members and other actors to engage with challenges and opportunities specifically related to research ethics. In 2022 the focus of the GFBR was "Ethics of AI in Global Health Research". The forum consisted of 6 case study presentations, 16 governance presentations, and a series of small group and large group discussions. A total of 87 participants attended the forum from 31 countries around the world, representing disciplines of bioethics, AI, health policy, health professional practice, research funding, and bioinformatics. In this paper, we highlight central insights arising from GFBR 2022. Results: We describe the significance of four thematic insights arising from the forum: (1) Appropriateness of building AI, (2) Transferability of AI systems, (3) Accountability for AI decision-making and outcomes, and (4) Individual consent. We then describe eight recommendations for governance leaders to enhance the ethical governance of AI in global health research, addressing issues such as AI impact assessments, environmental values, and fair partnerships. Conclusions: The 2022 Global Forum on Bioethics in Research illustrated several innovations in ethical governance of AI for global health research, as well as several areas in need of urgent attention internationally. This summary is intended to inform international and domestic efforts to strengthen research ethics and support the evolution of governance leadership to meet the demands of AI in global health research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Rethinking Decision Quality: Measures, Meaning, and Bioethics.
- Author
-
Schwartz PH and Sachs GA
- Subjects
- Humans, Decision Making, Informed Consent, Physician-Patient Relations, Bioethics
- Abstract
Studies of patient decision-making use many different measures to evaluate the quality of decisions and the decision-making process, partly to determine whether the ethical goals of informed consent, patient autonomy, and shared decision-making have been achieved. We describe these measures, grouped under three main approaches, and review their limitations, leading to three conclusions. First, no measure or combination of measures can provide a complete assessment of decision quality. Second, the quality of a decision is best characterized vaguely, for instance as "good," "satisfactory," or "poor," and these categorizations depend on qualitative judgments that go beyond quantitative measures. Third, bioethicists should focus on identifying and addressing poor or problematic decisions, rather than trying to incrementally increase decision quality, quantified by a measure. Decision-quality measures can be useful in research and in advancing important goals of bioethics, as long as the challenges of defining and measuring decision quality are recognized., (© 2022 The Hastings Center.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Care Robots and Bioethics: A Discussion Paper on Moral Standing of New Training Opportunities
- Author
-
Balistreri, Maurizio, Casile, Francesco, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Gomide, Fernando, Advisory Editor, Kaynak, Okyay, Advisory Editor, Liu, Derong, Advisory Editor, Pedrycz, Witold, Advisory Editor, Polycarpou, Marios M., Advisory Editor, Rudas, Imre J., Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, De la Prieta, Fernando, editor, Gennari, Rosella, editor, Temperini, Marco, editor, Di Mascio, Tania, editor, Vittorini, Pierpaolo, editor, Kubincova, Zuzana, editor, Popescu, Elvira, editor, Rua Carneiro, Davide, editor, Lancia, Loreto, editor, and Addone, Agnese, editor
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Global justice in the context of transnational surrogacy: an African bioethical perspective.
- Author
-
Fayemi AK and Chimakonam AE
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Social Responsibility, Surrogate Mothers, Bioethics, Social Justice
- Abstract
The ongoing debate on how best to regulate international commercial surrogacy defies consensus, as the most cogent normative and jurisprudential grounds for and against non-altruistic surrogacy remain controversial. This paper contributes to the debate by focusing on social justice issues arising from transnational, moneymaking surrogacy, with a focus on the Global South. It argues that existing theoretical perspectives on balancing interests, rights, privileges, and resources in the context of cross-border surrogacy-such as cosmopolitanism, communitarianism, liberal feminism, radical feminism, and neorealism-are not sufficient to treat the question of justice underpinning transnational surrogacy in the Global South. An Afro-communal theory of social justice is proposed as an alternative model for addressing the shortcomings in existing global justice theories. Building on Thaddeus Metz's construction of Afro-communal social theory and a bioethic of communion, this article reveals the fundamental nature of injustices in the Global South surrogacy foray. This approach provides prima facie grounds for making commercial surrogacy more just in the evolving global order., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Lessons from COVID-19 for future disasters: an opinion paper.
- Author
-
González del Castillo, Juan, Cruz Martín-Delgado, Mari, Martín Sánchez, Francisco Javier, Martínez-Sellés, Manuel, Molero García, José María, Moreno Guillén, Santiago, Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando, Ruiz-Galiana, Julián, Cantón, Rafael, De Lucas Ramos, Pilar, García-Botella, Alejandra, García-Lledó, Alberto, Hernández-Sampelayo, Teresa, Gómez-Pavón, Javier, and Bouza, Emilio
- Subjects
DISASTERS ,COVID-19 pandemic ,PUBLIC health ,MEDICAL care ,DATA analysis - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Nurses' collegiality: An evolutionary concept analysis.
- Author
-
Kangasniemi, Mari, Rannikko, Sunna, and Leino-Kilpi, Helena
- Subjects
NURSES ,INTERPROFESSIONAL relations ,CINAHL database ,EQUALITY ,PEER relations ,SELF-control ,GOAL (Psychology) ,BIOETHICS ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,MEDLINE ,JOB satisfaction ,BUSINESS networks ,ONLINE information services ,CONCEPTS ,SELF advocacy ,NURSING ethics ,ERIC (Information retrieval system) ,PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems ,SELF-perception - Abstract
Collegiality is one of the fundamental values of the nursing profession. During the nursing history, collegiality has been described as part of a nurse's relationship with their peers and it influences the quality of care they provide and job satisfaction and commitment to their work. Despite earlier definitions, the concept of collegiality in nursing has remained unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the concept of collegiality in the nursing profession, using Rodger's evolutionary concept analysis. We carried out electronic searches using the CINAHL, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SocINDEX, PsycINFO and Eric databases and manual searches of the reference lists of the selected papers. The searches were limited to peer-reviewed papers published in English language from the inception of database to November 2022. This identified 25 papers. Based on our analysis, the attributes of the concept of collegiality were achieving mutual goals together with equality, reciprocity, trusted advocacy, powerful self-regulation and engaged belongingness. Antecedents of the concept included existing professional group, connection between professionals and professional self-esteem. The consequences were strengthening nurses' professional status, job satisfaction and their ability to provide the best possible patient care. We found that nurses' collegiality was a value-based concept, with a unique character based on professional connections. The concept brought together ethical and pragmatic strategies to achieve the best possible results for the nursing profession. Provided knowledge can be applied for further development of the concept and applying it in clinical research and practice. The concept of nurses' collegiality should also be studied in the future because both the profession and their working environment are constantly changing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Latinx Bioethics: Toward a Braver, Broader, and More Just Bioethics.
- Author
-
Suarez JC
- Subjects
- Bioethical Issues, Humans, Morals, Bioethics, Courage
- Abstract
In recognizing that overcoming anti-Blackness and structural racism requires a collective effort, Latinx bioethics has emerged as a space in the larger field of bioethics where Latino scholars, researchers, artists, and other bioethics professionals are contributing to deconstructing anti-Blackness. With attention to race and ethnocultural perspectives, Latinx bioethics draws from bioethical theories and conceptual frameworks to address ethical and moral issues affecting Latino communities. This essay aims to explain how Latinx bioethics aids in centering the Latinx voice and eradicating anti-Blackness in bioethics. After introducing the Latinx bioethics framework and mission, the essay explores the overlap between Black bioethics and Latinx bioethics and discusses why this overlap calls for cross-examination and collaboration in the field. The essay concludes with a summary of recommendations and reflections that bioethics can adopt to begin progressing toward a more inclusive and racially equitable field., (© 2022 The Hastings Center.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Paper addresses ethics of bioethics conference in Qatar.
- Abstract
Keywords: Bioengineering; Bioethics; Legal Issues; University of Washington School of Medicine/UW Medicine EN Bioengineering Bioethics Legal Issues University of Washington School of Medicine/UW Medicine 3874 3874 1 08/21/23 20230825 NES 230825 2023 AUG 25 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Health & Medicine Week -- The decision by a global bioethics association to hold its 2024 congress in Qatar, a nation with laws against LGBTQ+ people, provoked controversy, including objections from some of its own members. Keywords for this news article include: Bioethics, Legal Issues, Bioengineering, University of Washington School of Medicine/UW Medicine. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
29. The impact of Ibero‐American science on global bioethical thinking.
- Author
-
Valderrama‐Zurián, Juan Carlos, Aleixandre‐Benavent, Rafael, and Aznar, Justo
- Subjects
INTERNET searching ,BIOETHICS ,PROFESSIONAL ethics ,CHILDREN'S books - Abstract
The bioethics research conducted in Ibero‐American countries has been very much restricted to its own realm. The aim of this study was to perform a bibliometric evaluation of bioethics papers by authors affiliated with Ibero‐American institutions, and to determine how their work influences global bioethics literature. We performed a literature search in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoS CC) and Scopus. We identified a total of 5,975 documents, of which 84.3% were articles, 11.6% reviews and 4.1% book chapters. The median number of citations per paper was higher in English‐language journals. Only 10 articles published between 2010 and 2019 in peer‐reviewed bioethics journals and produced exclusively by authors from Ibero‐American institutions garnered more than 15 citations. Our study suggests that if researchers from Ibero‐American institutions want to influence global bioethical thinking, they must make the required leap in quality to be able to publish in high‐quality bioethics and mainstream journals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. On the Analysis of Non-Western Medical Practice Using Theories of Western Medical Ethics.
- Author
-
Zak, Isabel
- Subjects
MEDICAL ethics ,MEDICAL laws ,BIOETHICS ,UTILITARIANISM ,INDIVIDUALISM - Abstract
Locally accepted moral standards shape healthcare legislation, yet such legislative decisions should not be insulated from scrutiny by non-local ethical theories. This paper aims to demonstrate the relevance and propriety of applying Western bioethical theories to healthcare scenarios beyond the Western cultural context. Western cultures place a strong emphasis on individualism, and value individuals' rights and liberties; in contrast, many non-Western cultures prioritise collectivist values, such as community wellbeing. These fundamental differences impact healthcare practice within a culture, including the way that a patient and their healthcare team make treatment decisions. A fair ethical analysis of healthcare practice must not involve axioms biased towards a particular cultural value for it is not possible to derive normative claims from cultural practices. This paper demonstrates that the three dominant theories in Western medical ethics-utilitarianism, deontology, and principlism-are not biased towards individualism, despite their origins in the Western cultural context. Each theory is assessed individually, paying particular mind to 'autonomy' and potential misinterpretations grounded in cultural biases. Additionally, this paper argues that to investigate a scenario in a non-Western culture using a Western theory of medial ethics is an opportunity to invite discussion between philosophers of different backgrounds, not an attempt to impose cultural norms upon others. Investigation of practices with non-local ethical theories fosters dialogues that can contribute to more robust ethical theories, better healthcare practices and, by extension, improved patient care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
31. "The Warmth of His Continuing Interest": Henry K. Beecher, the Bioethics Revolution, and Pharmaceutical Industry Funding of Academic Medical Science in Cold War America.
- Author
-
Gabriel, Joseph M and Desai, Sukumar P
- Subjects
COLD War, 1945-1991 ,PHARMACEUTICAL industry ,MEDICAL sciences ,WAR ,RESEARCH ethics ,BIOETHICS ,HISTORY of medicine ,WORLD War II - Abstract
This paper examines anesthesiologist Henry K. Beecher's funding relationship with pharmaceutical manufacturer Edward Mallinckrodt, Jr. Beecher is a familiar figure to both medical ethicists and historians of medicine for his role in the bioethics revolution of the 1960s and 1970s. In particular, his 1966 article "Ethics and Clinical Research" is widely considered a turning point in the post-World War II debate about informed consent. We argue that Beecher's scientific interests should be understood in the context of his funding relationship with Mallinckrodt and that this relationship shaped the direction of his work in important ways. We also argue that Beecher's views on research ethics reflected his assumption that collaboration with industry was a normal part of how academic science is conducted. In the conclusion of the paper we suggest that Beecher's failure to consider his relationship with Mallinckrodt as worthy of ethical deliberation has important lessons for academic researchers who collaborate with industry today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Medically Assisted Death and the Ends of Medicine.
- Author
-
Vogelstein, Eric
- Subjects
ASSISTED suicide ,OCCUPATIONAL roles ,MEDICAL ethics consultation ,BIOETHICS ,PHILOSOPHY of medicine ,EUTHANASIA ,ETHICS ,PHYSICIANS - Abstract
This paper aims to refute a common line of argument that it is immoral for physicians to engage in medical assistance in death (MAiD), i.e., the practices of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. The argument in question is based on the notion that participating in MAiD is contrary to the professional-role obligations of physicians, due to MAiD's putative inconsistency with the ends of medicine. The paper describes several major flaws from which that argument suffers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. The Talmudic Rabbi as Triage Officer: Decision-Making in Times of COVID-19.
- Author
-
Kohler, George Y.
- Subjects
MEDICAL triage ,RABBIS ,COVID-19 ,JEWISH law ,HOSPITAL wards ,ETHICAL problems - Abstract
The essay outlines a four-phase triage process made by a fictive Talmudic rabbi working on an equally fictive hospital COVID-19 ward. The rabbi bases his decision on four different Talmudic texts, proceeding one by one, with each text building on the preceding one, until he is ready to allocate his scarce medical resources to one of the patients, thus being forced to deny them to others. Along the way, the paper will examine how this Talmudic reasoning can also be applied to the patient, or even a potential patient, clarifying the demands of the individual's ethical responsibility to avoid triage situations in the first place through social distancing and even more so through getting vaccinated. The paper argues that the rabbi has a number of Talmudic tools at hand that make his decision easier, not because he strictly follows Jewish law, but because of the rich experience standing behind Jewish legal traditions, making a universally valid ethical justification of difficult decisions possible. The essay proposes that including such theological material in triage guidelines would help make those decisions more acceptable in the long run, especially for societies in which religious traditions still play a certain role in the cultural consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. The ethical and legal dilemmas of Telepsychiatry.
- Author
-
Chatzi, Maria
- Subjects
TELEPSYCHIATRY ,MEDICAL ethics ,MEDICAL laws ,CODES of ethics ,ETHICS ,ETHICAL problems - Abstract
This paper was written in the framework of my internship at the National Commission for Bioethics and Technoethics of the Hellenic Republic. It constitutes an attempt at exploring the ethical and legal dilemmas of the medical practice of telepsychiatry. Telepsychiatry, as well as other forms of telemedicine, has become a prevalent way through which patients gain access to healthcare and with many research papers reporting on its effectiveness and advantages, telepsychiatry has gained a lot of proponents in the scientific and healthcare community. However, several questions regarding the ethical and legal nature of the practice remain unanswered and this can put patients and other users of telemental health services under risk for basic rights violations. In this paper, at first the scientific data supporting the use of telepsychiatry will be cited. In addition to that, there will be discussion of several ethical dilemmas that have been reported concerning the use of telemedicine in psychiatry during the past few years and there will be reference to the medical code of ethics. Following that, there will be reference to the existing legislation for telepsychiatry in Greece and the legal issues that can arise will be analyzed. In spite of the fact that the advantages and ethical pitfalls of telepsychiatry are common in many countries, the focus of this paper will be on Greece’s code of medical ethics and legislation due to the lack of relevant bibliography on the matter, even though telepsychiatry is widely used by Greek patients. Finally some suggestions will be made on what ought to be ameliorated in regards to the current conditions, so as to make sure telepsychiatry is in line with the basic principles of bioethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Reconceiving Reproduction: Removing "Rearing" From the Definition—and What This Means for ART.
- Author
-
Hall, Georgina Antonia
- Subjects
INFERTILITY treatment ,HEALTH services accessibility ,INTERPROFESSIONAL relations ,REFUSAL to treat ,BIOETHICS ,DECISION making in clinical medicine ,HUMAN reproductive technology ,HUMAN reproduction ,CHILD rearing ,INTENTION ,PHYSICIAN-patient relations ,REPRODUCTIVE rights ,PATIENT refusal of treatment ,MEDICAL ethics - Abstract
The predominant position in the reproductive rights literature argues that access to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) forms part of an individual's right to reproduce. On this reasoning, refusal of treatment by clinicians (via provision) violates a hopeful parent's reproductive right and discriminates against the infertile. I reject these views and suggest they wrongly contort what reproductive freedom entitles individuals to do and demand of others. I suggest these views find their origin, at least in part, in the way we define "reproduction" itself. This paper critically analyses two widely accepted definitions of human reproduction and demonstrates that both are fundamentally flawed. While the process of reproduction includes the biological acts of begetting and bearing a child, I argue that it does not extend to include rearing. This reworked definition has little impact in the realm of sexual reproduction. However, it has significant ethical implications for the formulation and assignment of reproductive rights and responsibilities in the non-sexual realm in two important ways. First, a claim to access ART where one has an intention to rear a child (but does not beget or bear) cannot be grounded in reproductive rights. Second, lacking an intention to rear does not extinguish the reproductive rights and responsibilities for those who collaborate in the process. I conclude that clinicians collaborate in non-sexual reproduction at the point of triggering conception (begetting) and therefore have the right to refuse to be involved in non-sexual reproduction, in some instances, as do all reproductive collaborators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Title of presented paper: Polish version questionnaire Quality of Recovery.
- Author
-
Bednarz, Karol, Inglot, Jadwiga, Inglot, Julia, Kłosowicz, Maksymilian, and Trestka, Gabriela
- Subjects
PHYSICIAN-patient relations ,RESEARCH ,BIOETHICS ,POSTOPERATIVE care - Abstract
Introduction and aim. The quality of recovery after surgery is an important issue for doctors and patients. Surgery is associated by patients with suffering and mental stress. The aim of the study is to assess the performance of the Polish version of the "Quality of Recovery" questionnaire. This questionnaire is used in many countries around the world to assess the level of patient care, the development of new surgical techniques and the introduction of new drugs. Material and methods. This was a prospective scientific research feasibility study conducted in PRO-FAMILIA Specialist Hospital in Rzeszow. Before patient recruitment, the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of Rzeszow in Rzeszow, Poland (permit number KE-4/06/2021) approved the study protocol. Informed consent was obtained from each patient. Results. The English-language versions of the quality of recovery questionnaire confirm its effectiveness in many operations. The results collected so far suggest, that, Polish-speaking patients, just like English-speaking patients, experience stress related to the operation and the postoperative period. Preliminary results suggest that Polish-speaking patients feel pain, well-being, mood, and the ability to perform basic activities after surgery in a similar way to English-speaking patients. Conclusion. The Quality of Recovery scale is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating postoperative quality of recovery in Polish speaking patients. The psychometric characteristics used to assess postoperative quality of recovery were similar to those in the different language version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
37. Open optimism as an "embodied-health" ethic for the information era.
- Author
-
Naidoo, Meshandren
- Subjects
OPTIMISM ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,BOUNDED rationality ,QUANTUM theory ,ENVIRONMENTAL health ,PUBLIC health ethics - Abstract
This article forms part of a series on "openness," "non-linearity," and "embodiedhealth" in the post-physical, informational (virtual) era of society. This is vital given that the threats posed by advances in artificial intelligence call for a holistic, embodied approach. Typically, health is separated into different categories, for example, (psycho)mental health, biological/bodily health, genetic health, environmental health, or reproductive health. However, this separation only serves to undermine health; there can be no separation of health into subgroups (psychosomatics, for example). Embodied health contains no false divisions and relies on "optimism" as the key framing value. Optimism is only achieved through the mechanism/enabling condition of openness. Openness is vital to secure the embodied health for individuals and societies. Optimism demands that persons become active participants within their own lives and are not mere blank slates, painted in the colors of physical determinism (thus a move away from nihilism-which is the annihilation of freedom/autonomy/ quality). To build an account of embodied health, the following themes/aims are analyzed, built, and validated: (1) a modern re-interpretation and validation of German idealism (the crux of many legal-ethical systems) and Freud; (2) ascertaining the bounded rationality and conceptual semantics of openness (which underlies thermodynamics, psychosocial relations, individual autonomy, ethics, and as being a central constitutional governmental value for many regulatory systems); (3) the link between openness and societal/individual embodied health, freedom, and autonomy; (4) securing the role of individualism/ subjectivity in constituting openness; (5) the vital role of nonlinear dynamics in securing optimism and embodied health; (6) validation of arguments using the methodological scientific value of invariance (generalization value) by drawing evidence from (i) information and computer sciences, (ii) quantum theory, and (iii) bio-genetic evolutionary evidence; and (7) a validation and promotion of the inalienable role of theoretic philosophy in constituting embodied health, and how modern society denigrates embodied health, by misconstruing and undermining theoretics. Thus, this paper provides and defends an up-to-date non-physical account of embodied health by creating a psychophysical-biological-computational-philosophical construction. Thus, this paper also brings invaluable coherence to legal and ethical debates on points of technicality from the empirical sciences, demonstrating that each field is saying the same thing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. The Vagueness of Integrating the Empirical and the Normative: Researchers' Views on Doing Empirical Bioethics.
- Author
-
Wangmo, T., Provoost, V., and Mihailov, E.
- Subjects
WORK ,QUALITATIVE research ,EMPIRICAL research ,INTERVIEWING ,BIOETHICS ,UNCERTAINTY ,REFLECTION (Philosophy) ,RESEARCH ,INTERDISCIPLINARY research ,EXPERIENTIAL learning ,RESEARCH ethics - Abstract
The integration of normative analysis with empirical data often remains unclear despite the availability of many empirical bioethics methodologies. This paper sought bioethics scholars' experiences and reflections of doing empirical bioethics research to feed these practical insights into the debate on methods. We interviewed twenty-six participants who revealed their process of integrating the normative and the empirical. From the analysis of the data, we first used the themes to identify the methodological content. That is, we show participants' use of familiar methods explained as "back-and-forth" methods (reflective equilibrium), followed by dialogical methods where collaboration was seen as a better way of doing integration. Thereafter, we highlight methods that were deemed as inherent integration approaches, where the normative and the empirical were intertwined from the start of the research project. Second, we used the themes to express not only how we interpreted what was said but also how things were said. In this, we describe an air of uncertainty and overall vagueness that surrounded the above methods. We conclude that the indeterminacy of integration methods is a double-edged sword. It allows for flexibility but also risks obscuring a lack of understanding of the theoretical-methodological underpinnings of empirical bioethics research methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Emerging ethical challenges in researching vulnerable groups during the COVID-19.
- Author
-
Pelek, Deniz, Bortun, Vladimir, and Østergaard-Nielsen, Eva
- Subjects
SOCIAL sciences ,MENTAL health ,AT-risk people ,CLIMATE change ,SEX distribution ,BIOETHICS ,ETHICS ,HUMAN rights ,COVID-19 pandemic ,RESEARCH ethics ,PSYCHOLOGICAL vulnerability ,SOCIAL classes - Abstract
This paper discusses the lasting impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on research ethics in social sciences by focusing on the concept of vulnerability. We unpack the current conceptualisations of vulnerability and their limitations and argue for the need to reconceptualise vulnerability as multidimensional, consisting of both universal and contextual dimensions, as well as their dynamic interplay. Multidimensional vulnerability is inspired by and relevant to social science research during the pandemic but can also be useful in other contexts such as climate change or conflict. The paper puts forwards several considerations about how this revised concept of vulnerability may be useful when evaluating ethical dimensions of social science research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Bioethics of pandemics and disasters within the context of public health ethics and ethics of social consequences.
- Author
-
Novotný, Rudolf, Novotná, Zuzana, Andraščíková, Štefánia, and Smatana, Juraj
- Subjects
BIOETHICS ,COVID-19 pandemic ,PUBLIC health ,MEDICAL care ,NATURAL disasters - Abstract
Introduction: Public health ethics addresses moral dilemmas arising from balancing individual healthcare needs with societal interests. Ethical considerations in public health during pandemics and disasters aim to reduce mortality rates and minimize social injustice through fair principles. Objective: This paper analyzes public health ethics and ethical values in allocating resources during mass casualty incidents. The intersection of public health ethics, applied bioethics, and ethics of social consequences (through non-utilitarian consequentialism) guides addressing serious public health challenges in catastrophic scenarios. The application of the given interaction is significant for professional medical ethics. Methodology: The paper employs inductive, deductive, and normative methods of bioethics and the methodology of ethics of social consequences. Conclusion: The paradigmatic disparity between the bioethics of pandemics and disaster bioethics lies in the fluid application of bioethical principles and the accentuation of utilitarian demands depending on the severity and scale of mass casualty incidents. Applied bioethics in crisis situations respects the approaches of public health ethics and attempts to increase positive social outcomes. The application of (scarce) resource allocation criteria and triage of patients is derived from ethical decisions beneficial to public health and lege artis approaches of medical bioethics. The paper presents professional and ethical criteria for medically inappropriate treatment within the framework of patient triage; we approach crisis ethics from the perspective of maximization of benefit. Age is not an exclusion criterion of acute healthcare provision in crisis situations. Ethics of social consequences as a form of non-utilitarian consequentialism allowing for social consequences bridges public health ethics and applied bioethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Reimagining Ethical Leverage in Technology for Peaceful Synodality: A Bioethics of Synodality with Technology.
- Author
-
Mwakio, Pascal Mwambi
- Subjects
DIGNITY ,ETHICAL decision making ,BIOETHICS ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,CATHOLIC Christian sociology ,VALUES (Ethics) - Abstract
This paper seeks to reimagine ethical leverage in technology for peaceful synodality (the term peaceful synodality is coined to mean a synodality that welcomes participation and inclusion of people from different backgrounds and views without compromising the truth and respecting their dignity and journeying together) through the lens of the bioethics of synodality with technology. The concept of this paper is that technology can be leveraged ethically to promote peaceful synodality in the Catholic Church and that such an approach to technology is rooted in reimagining a bioethics of synodality that emphasize the need for journeying hand in hand with the speed at which technological advancement moves in order to enhance ethical decision-making processes. Ethics has moved at a different pace than technology, especially in matters involving human life. Ethics has been viewed as problematic in technology, especially where science wants to be neutral, but rethinking ethics as a companion of emerging technologies will be helpful in directing the ethical uptake of technology. To argue this thesis, the paper will employ a review of relevant literature while presenting the theological and ethical perspectives of synodality. By and large, an interdisciplinary approach will be employed where various disciplines play a key role. Such methodology advances the theme of reimagining Catholic ethics by offering a fresh perspective on the ethical implications of technology in the context of synodality. By emphasizing the importance of journeying together through enhanced ethical guidelines for proper decision-making and by exploring how technology can respect human rights and dignity among other values, this paper contributes to a broader conversation about how Catholic ethics can be reimagined in light of technological developments. Ultimately, this paper argues that a bioethics of synodality with technology can offer a vision for technology that is grounded in Catholic social teaching that promotes universally accepted human dignity and the common good. A cross-cutting method will also be used, given that ethics has basically constant principles, yet technology keeps on changing. Reimagining ethics means studying the advancement brought about by biotechnology and seeing to what degree human beings are affected in their basic rights and the risks versus the benefits brought about by the same. The assumption is that decisions made regarding the ethics of various technologies will be at par with the rate at which new technologies emerge and are employed. What is of vital importance is that ethics can have the power to journey together with technology, not as an adversary but in synodality. Reimagining ethics means being ever alert in the developing technologies that serve humanity so that in consultation with various experts, the best practices can be embraced within the ethical guidelines for the common good. The outcome of this research is that reimagining Catholic ethics involves listening to the needs of humanity and how technology is bringing solutions to them. Participating in bioethical debates, training on bioethics and listening to experts in various fields will enable a critical, analytical and pneumatological discernment of how ethical decisions on frontier technologies can benefit non-humans and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Should infectious disease modelling research be subject to ethics review?
- Author
-
Green, Ben
- Subjects
COMMUNICABLE diseases ,COVID-19 pandemic ,COVID-19 ,TELECOMMUTING ,SOCIAL distancing - Abstract
Should research projects involving epidemiological modelling be subject to ethical scrutiny and peer review prior to publication? Mathematical modelling had considerable impacts during the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to social distancing and lockdowns. Imperial College conducted research leading to the website publication of a paper, Report 9, on non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and COVID-19 mortality demand dated 16th March 2020, arguing for a Government policy of non-pharmaceutical interventions (e.g. lockdowns, social distancing, mask wearing, working from home, furlough, school closures, reduced family interaction etc.) to counter COVID 19. Enquiries and Freedom of Information requests to the institution indicate that there was no formal ethical committee review of this specific research, nor was there any peer review prior to their online publication of Report 9. This paper considers the duties placed upon researchers, institutions and research funders under the UK 'Concordat to Support Research Integrity' (CSRI), across various bioethical domains, and whether ethical committee scrutiny should be required for this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Scientific racism: Histories, legacies and ethics Steve Biko Bioethics Lecture, 12 September 2023.
- Author
-
Kuljian, C.
- Subjects
SCIENTIFIC racism ,HISTORY of science ,TRUTH commissions ,BIOETHICS ,COMPARATIVE anatomy - Abstract
In 1936, Raymond Dart led the Wits University Expedition to the Kalahari where he used the tools of physical anthropology, including bodily measurements, face masks and comparative anatomy, to promote the ill-fated concept of race typology to understand human evolution. Dart's successor at the Wits School of Anatomical Sciences, Phillip Tobias, and his colleagues continued these anthropological practices in numerous expeditions to the Kalahari and elsewhere in the 1950s, 60s and 70s, including an excavation of the grave of Cornelius Kok II in Campbell, Northern Cape in 1961. This paper reviews these practices and their contribution to scientific racism in South Africa. The paper also explores the impact that Steve Biko's life and death had on medical ethics at Wits University in the 1970s, leading to Wits Medical School's submission to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the decision to hold an Internal Reconciliation Commission (IRC). While the IRC was important, the absence of any review of pre-apartheid and apartheid-era anthropological practices at the Wits School of Anatomical Sciences meant that it was incomplete. This paper concludes by suggesting that there is a need to acknowledge and revisit this painful history of scientific racism to build a greater understanding of history, transparency and ethics for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Spotlighting Structural Constraints on Decisions About Participation in Genomic and Precision Medicine.
- Author
-
Dolan, Deanne Dunbar, Cho, Mildred K., and Lee, Sandra Soo-Jin
- Subjects
INDIVIDUALIZED medicine ,CHILD patients ,CLEFT palate children ,MEDICAL personnel ,AFRICAN American women ,BIOETHICS ,PRENATAL genetic testing - Abstract
The text discusses the structural constraints that affect decisions about participation in genomic and precision medicine. It highlights disparities and delays in access to genetic services for patients with low incomes and underserved racial and ethnic groups. These disparities can be attributed to inadequate preparation for genomic medicine at the health system and provider levels. The text also mentions barriers at the patient level, such as high out-of-pocket costs and lack of coverage for clinical genetic testing. The importance of empirical research in understanding and resolving these barriers is emphasized, particularly in underrepresented populations. The text includes four primary research papers that explore the influence of context and diverse lived experiences on decisions about participation in genomic and precision medicine. These papers highlight the need for further study and collaboration within the ELSI research community. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. What medical conditions lead to a request for euthanasia? A rapid scoping review.
- Author
-
Rahimian, Zahra, Rahimian, Leila, Lopez‐Castroman, Jorge, Ostovarfar, Jeyran, Fallahi, Mohammad J., Nayeri, Mohammad A., and Vardanjani, Hossein M.
- Abstract
Background and Aims: Euthanasia is a controversial issue related to the right to die. Although euthanasia is mostly requested by terminally sick individuals, even in societies where it is legal, it is unclear what medical conditions lead to euthanasia requests. In this scoping review, we aimed to compile medical conditions for which euthanasia has been requested or performed around the world. Methods: The review was preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analysis for scoping reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) checklist. Retrieved search results were screened and unrelated documents were excluded. Data on reasons for conducting or requesting euthanasia along with the study type, setting, and publication year were extracted from documents. Human development index and euthanasia legality were also extracted. Major medical fields were used to categorize reported reasons. Group discussions were conducted if needed for this categorization. An electronic search was undertaken in MEDLINE through PubMed for published documents covering the years January 2000 to September 2022. Results: Out of 3323 records, a total of 197 papers were included. The most common medical conditions in euthanasia requests are cancer in a terminal phase (45.4%), Alzheimer's disease and dementia (19.8%), constant unbearable physical or mental suffering (19.8%), treatment‐resistant mood disorders (12.2%), and advanced cardiovascular disorders (12.2%). Conclusion: Reasons for euthanasia are mostly linked to chronic or terminal physical conditions. Psychiatric disorders also lead to a substantial proportion of euthanasia requests. This review can help to identify the features shared by conditions that lead to performing or requesting euthanasia What is already known about the topic?: Euthanasia is a challenging issue that has sparked numerous controversies around the world over the past decades.There is no consensus about the criteria or guidelines that have been set for identifying a patient eligible for euthanasia in different countries. What this paper adds?: To our knowledge, this is the first scoping review to systematically list and categorize published records of euthanasia requests around the world into five broad groups.We provide a picture of all euthanasia requests' frequencies in each broad group.This study facilitates informing scientists and researchers about the trends of euthanasia requests during different years and in different countries around the world. How this study might affect research, practice, or policy?: This review can provide information to help clinicians and health policymakers to reach a more precise decision about the acceptance or the rejection of requests made by patients.This review informs readers about all medical conditions that increase the likelihood of requesting euthanasia. Researchers should consider these conditions and conduct further research on each condition in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. The Strange Implications for Bioethics of Taking Christianity Seriously.
- Author
-
Kershnar, Stephen
- Abstract
In this paper, I argue for two theses. First, if Christianity is true, then morality should depend on the metaphysics of the afterlife. Second, if Christianity is true, then contemporary moral theory is mistaken. The argument for the first thesis rests on two premises. If rightness depends on an act's effects on an individual, then—at least in part—it depends on the long-term effects on him. If rightness depends—at least in part—on the long-term effects on an individual, then it depends on the metaphysics of the afterlife. The argument for the second thesis rests on how heaven or hell swamp other considerations. By changing assumptions about the nature of heaven or hell, who goes there, and standard mathematics, we end up with different ethical theories. Some of these assumptions conflict with contemporary moral theory regarding killing, letting die, and saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Vaccine Hesitancy in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Context of COVID-19 Vaccination Exercise: A Systematic Review.
- Author
-
Ochola, Elizabeth A.
- Subjects
VACCINE hesitancy ,COVID-19 vaccines ,MEDICAL personnel ,VACCINATION ,HEALTH equity ,INTERNET exchange points ,DESCRIPTOR systems - Abstract
Presently, the COVID-19 vaccine is seen as a means to an end in light of other challenges, such as vaccine inequity. Through COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX), an initiative founded to guarantee fair and equitable distribution, vaccine hesitancy remains a critical component that needs to be addressed in sub-Saharan Africa. Utilizing a documentary search strategy and using the keywords and subject headings Utilitarianism and COVID-19 or Vaccine hesitancy and sub-Saharan Africa, this paper identified 67 publications from different databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science), which were further screened by title and full text to achieve (n = 6) publications that were analyzed. The reviewed papers demonstrate that vaccine hesitancy occurs against a colonial backdrop of inequities in global health research, social–cultural complexities, poor community involvement and public distrust. All of these factors undermine the confidence that is crucial for sustaining collective immunity in vaccine programs. Even though mass vaccination programs are known to limit personal freedom, the exchange of information between healthcare professionals and citizens must be improved to encourage complete disclosure of vaccine information at the point of delivery. Moreover, addressing components of vaccine hesitancy should involve relying not on coercive public policies but on consistent ethical strategies that go beyond current healthcare ethics toward broader bioethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Disruptive Technologies and Open Science: How Open Should Open Science Be? A 'Third Bioethics' Ethical Framework.
- Author
-
Spitale G, Germani F, and Biller-Andorno N
- Subjects
- Humans, Moral Obligations, Ethical Theory, Knowledge, Morals, Technology ethics, Bioethics, Science ethics
- Abstract
This paper investigates the ethical implications of applying open science (OS) practices on disruptive technologies, such as generative AIs. Disruptive technologies, characterized by their scalability and paradigm-shifting nature, have the potential to generate significant global impact, and carry a risk of dual use. The tension arises between the moral duty of OS to promote societal benefit by democratizing knowledge and the risks associated with open dissemination of disruptive technologies. Van Rennselaer Potter's 'third bioethics' serves as the founding horizon for an ethical framework to govern these tensions. Through theoretical analysis and concrete examples, this paper explores how OS can contribute to a better future or pose threats. Finally, we provide an ethical framework for the intersection between OS and disruptive technologies that tries to go beyond the simple 'as open as possible' tenet, considering openness as an instrumental value for the pursuit of other ethical values rather than as a principle with prima facie moral significance., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Relational Autonomy, the Right to Reject Treatment, and Advance Directives in Japan
- Author
-
Anri Asagumo
- Subjects
Original Paper ,Health (social science) ,Health Policy ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Bioethics ,Medical law ,Slippery slope ,End-of-life decision-making ,Advance directives ,law.invention ,Philosophy ,Treatment Refusal ,law ,Informed consent ,CLARITY ,Obligation ,Relational autonomy ,Psychology ,The right to reject treatment ,Autonomy ,Law and economics ,media_common - Abstract
Although the patient’s right to decide what they want for themselves, which is encompassed in the notion of ‘patient-centred medicine’ and ‘informed consent’, is widely recognised and emphasised in Japan, there remain grave problems when it comes to respecting the wishes of the no-longer-competent when death is imminent. In general, it is believed that the concepts above do not include the right to refuse treatment when treatment withdrawal inevitably results in death, even when the patient previously expressed the wish to exercise this right when competent. In this paper, I first explain the current social and legal situation in Japan, where the lack of legal clarity regarding the right to reject treatment tends to result in doctors adopting the interpretation of patients’ words that is least conducive to treatment withdrawal. I then argue that the right to refuse treatment should be taken seriously, even when the patient is no longer competent, or the treatment refusal will result in death. I suggest that the concept of relational autonomy might have some practical and valuable implications in a country where individual autonomy is considered incompatible with societal values. Finally, I answer possible objections to relational autonomy and address the widespread societal concern about sliding down the slippery slope from allowing the right to refuse treatment to the obligation to die.
- Published
- 2021
50. Personhood Begins at Birth: The Rational Foundation for Abortion Policy in a Secular State
- Author
-
Wall, L. Lewis and Brown, Douglas
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.