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The aim of the International Society for Technology, Education, and Science (iHSES) conference is to offer opportunities to share ideas, discuss theoretical and practical issues, and connect with the leaders in the fields of "humanities," "education" and "social sciences." It is organized for: (1) faculty members in all disciplines of humanities, education and social sciences; (2) graduate students; (3) K-12 administrators; (4) teachers; (5) principals; and (6) all interested in education and social sciences. [Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]

This paper illustrates the integration of the hybrid Problem-Based Learning (PBL) approach in the development of the prototype C[superscript 2]HADAM, a multimedia courseware that is intended for the teaching and learning of the Science subject for form two students in Malaysian secondary schools. The discussion begins with the Constructivist theory and conceptual frameworks underlying C[superscript 2]HADAM. The learning concepts of inquiry learning, contextual education, simulation, exploratory learning, self-directed learning, and student-centered learning are also incorporated into C[superscript 2]HADAM. Next, this paper details the development of the project using a popular development life cycle namely ADDIE. ADDIE life cycle consists of the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation phases. This paper also highlights some of the screen snapshots taken from C[superscript 2]HADAM prototype. The final part of this paper presents some of the findings from the Effectiveness construct. The results show positive feedback on the use of the courseware, and the courseware proves to enhance learners' performance. The integration of the PBL principles in the development of the courseware, thus, promises more of its application in the teaching and learning of other scientific disciplines. [For the complete proceedings, see ED655360.]

This paper presents a reflection on the design of an Intelligent Computer-Assisted Language Learning (ICALL) 'ecosystem', integrated into an online learning environment for Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL). The innovative dimension of the ecosystem lies in its triple focus: apart from enabling users to create and use intelligent language learning materials, it also tracks their activities in the environment and provides them insights (e.g. through knowledge clips) into Natural Language Processing (NLP), the source of ICALL's 'intelligence'. The reflective analysis is carried out by means of a case study with 32 SFL students, who work with the ecosystem in a blended writing course focused on vocabulary learning, lexical ambiguity, and Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD). Students' attitudes towards engaging in the ICALL ecosystem are gauged through a questionnaire, which revealed a statistically significant positive change in attitude after having completed the course. However, the results also show that enhanced insights into NLP and increased confidence in the computer as a learning assistant do not necessarily go hand in hand with an increased curiosity and a better user experience. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the effects of cultural factors on cultural identity in the field of teaching Chinese as a foreign language. The central issues include the kind of knowledge structure and value orientations involved in Chinese teaching and Chinese textbooks, the responsibility teachers take when educating people, and ways of further optimizing and improving the quality of education. This paper reports a study exploring the cultural factors in a course of intercultural communication offered to Chinese language majors at a university in Beijing. The researchers followed the students in this course for four months, from September to December of 2021. The researchers analyzed the value orientations of the course textbook "Boya Chinese" and the ways of using the textbook in classroom teaching. The purpose was to identify the basic characteristics and existing problems of the textbook and its relationship with language teaching. Through data analysis, four dimensions of cultural identity were identified. It is suggested that through strengthening the blended mode of online and offline teaching, teachers can help students understand and appreciate the Chinese culture and language so as to build a community with a shared future for mankind. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

This article overviews a new teaching method from COVID-19. It uses multimedia resources and more traditional classroom activities together. The course focuses on the benefits of using online parts of hybrid learning in addition to in-person instruction. The benefits of such learning include more opportunities for contact with classmates, participation in the educational process, greater leeway in time management, and interactive education. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the new pedagogical approach that has emerged in the wake of COVID-19, which has prompted a significant number of educational institutions to adopt a particular model due to the adaptability of its schedule and the way students are instructed, in addition to the increased connection and engagement that it fosters between students and teachers. Students who cannot attend class physically can still study thanks to a new hybrid learning method. In addition, students who cannot participate in a traditional classroom setting due to health reasons may have more significant opportunities to participate in hybrid learning. [For the full proceedings, see ED652228.]

The beekeeping sector is demanding, requires knowledge and updated information to be able to deal with the challenges related with climate change, food scarcity, stress, pollution, and other harmful effects from the surrounding environment. Hence, this work intended to make a characterization of the needs in professional training in the beekeeping sector and how these needs can be fulfilled through courses and other actions to help beekeepers to maintain updated. The work was carried out in seven European countries (Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Total), and the data was collected through a questionnaire survey, translated into the native languages in all the participating countries. The results revealed that the topics of highest interest for the beekeepers were apiary health and pest control and also colony management throughout the year. The most relevant sources of information were family and professional training/courses. The most valued forms of training were in-person and in workplace/internships, although the digital supporting resources were preferred instead of printed material. The learning materials most valued were videos but also books/paper manuals were considered relevant. The field visits were also greatly appreciated by the participants, and the most preferred assessment format was the realization of practical exercises. In conclusion, this work produced valuable information that can be utilized to design training actions and courses to the professionals in the beekeeping sector to enhance their knowledge and better prepare them to manage successfully their activities. [For the full proceedings, see ED654100.]

This article provides evidence of critical factors of student retention in Language Massive Open Online Courses (LMOOCs). The study used multiple sources: tracked retention data (n=43,000), survey data in correlation with tracking data (n=400), and qualitative data (174 informants) from a survey (Friðriksdóttir, 2018, 2021a, 2021b). The data came from learners in seven courses and across different delivery modes in the LMOOC program Icelandic Online (IOL, https:// icelandiconline.com). First, analysis of the tracking data revealed low overall completion rates and that retention was highest in the blended mode of delivery. The analysis also uncovered a specific dropout pattern and pattern of user engagement. Second, the survey study identified six content-related and four tutor-related engagement factors and that learners' differing goals for course participation influenced retention. Finally, qualitative data analysis revealed intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors responsible for course completion, whereas non-course-related factors affected retention among dropouts. Overall, the study identified multi-ranged determinants of student retention. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

Within the parameters of the new Erasmus programme, this Blended Intensive Programme (BIP) combines virtual exchange with physical mobility. There were three institutions involved in this project: Letterkenny Institute of Technology, Ireland, Hochschule Bremerhaven, Germany, and Malaga Healthcare College, Spain. The virtual exchange ran for five weeks from November to December 2021 and the physical mobility took place in Bremerhaven in the first week of April 2022. Twenty-seven participating students from diverse academic backgrounds engaged in shared tasks during the virtual exchange on a Blackboard platform, hosted by Letterkenny Institute of Technology and were awarded two ECTS credits, which was embedded into their local curricula. Content was delivered using both synchronous and asynchronous tools. The topic was global citizenship and students collaborated in multicultural teams to create presentations on their chosen topics. In addition to this team work, they also shared their individual insights into the course content by posting to a discussion forum in Weeks 1, 3, and 4. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

This study examines the relationship between English language proficiency outcomes and the use of a Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) tool that is designed to strengthen the academic English and oral proficiency skills of young English Learners (ELs). We compare scores on a standardized English language proficiency assessment for 2,034 ELs from kindergarten through Grade 5 in the US who either used the CALL tool during the 2020-2021 academic school year (n=1,478) or did not (n=556). Descriptive analyses show larger scores for students who used the program than those who did not, and this was seen across student demographic subgroups. Statistical analyses reveal that this difference is significant even when accounting for student demographics and enrolled school and that greater program use is related to higher proficiency scores. The largest effects are seen for oral proficiency scores. The study raises implications for use of CALL tools in contexts where English is the language of education. [For the complete volume, "Intelligent CALL, Granular Systems and Learner Data: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2022 (30th, Reykjavik, Iceland, August 17-19, 2022)," see ED624779.]

The HERO project aims to develop a training program for caregivers to be working in the elderly care sector. The program is particularly addressed to caregivers from Middle Eastern and African countries as refugees and intends to help them integrate into European society. This paper seeks to offer an overview of the project, including its objectives, underlying principles, and deliverables. The paper particularly portrays the second intellectual output (O2) of the project, namely the 'On the job' training in language and terminology curriculum, which has been developed as the end product of O2. Initially, the methodology adopted to create learning material for language learning in a specific-purpose context is analyzed. Based on this, the paper provides a description of the content development by justifying and showcasing the learning material and laying out the logic behind this, through the trainers' guide. E-learning tools have been integrated in the course material, which also justifies the methodology applied for the purpose of this project. [For the complete volume, "CALL and Professionalisation: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2021 (29th, Online, August 26-27, 2021)," see ED616972.]

This study examines non-traditional language learners' interactions and satisfaction with online learning in the Saudi context during the pandemic. Saudi Electronic University (SEU) is unique in Saudi Arabia as it has adopted a blended mode of teaching and students' completion of both online and class-based materials is mandatory. It enables non-traditional students to further their studies. In a quantitative study, 732 students completed a questionnaire which examines the online learning experiences of these learners. The survey assessed learners' self-efficacy for completing an online course, interactions with content, instructor, other students, and overall satisfaction. The paper examines whether moving to entirely online learning during the pandemic has affected their life and study positively or negatively. [For the complete volume, "CALL and Professionalisation: Short Papers from EUROCALL 2021 (29th, Online, August 26-27, 2021)," see ED616972.]

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all global spaces. Higher education institutions were not left out of the effect of COVID-19 as it impacted the teaching and learning needs of both faculty members and students. Through a comprehensive literature search, this paper explored teaching and learning in higher education institutions in a post-COVID era as a consequence to the pandemic. This review examined nine databases for peer-reviewed articles and book chapters published between 2020 and 2021 relating to the COVID-19 pandemic and higher education. The search terms used were 'COVID-19', 'blended learning', 'higher education', 'online learning', and 'post-COVID era'. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they related to the aforementioned items. The literature search revealed that higher education institutions in some countries, were least prepared to address the disruption that the pandemic caused especially in terms of availability of technological infrastructure. However, they adapted to the situation by being innovative and using available technological resources, though not without challenges. Further, the review indicated that COVID-19 has legitimized the acceptance of online education in most developing countries where traditional teaching methods have been the most recognized form of teaching and learning. Therefore, there was a need for retraining faculty members and support staff in digital literacy. Some of the teaching and learning methods that were adapted have continued even in the post-COVID era. Higher education in Sub-Saharan Africa, especially, has recognized the need for investment in extensive ICT infrastructure and the adaptation of a blend of face to face and online engagement of students. Varied ways of student assessment and innovative methods of teaching have been adopted. COVID-19 has fast-tracked higher education institutions' digital transformation by expediting the adoption of digital technology. The digital inequality educational divide has also been shown in the post-COVID era among others. [For full proceedings, see ED628982.]

The pandemic underscores the need for a blended approach, combining in-person and online education post-crisis. The lessons gleaned from the experience of pandemic-era education highlight the importance of emphasizing blended education in the post-pandemic context, which combines both in-person and online educational approaches. Effective use of blended education requires a clear understanding of students' perceptions of learning in such education and their needs for support. Therefore, in this study, we aim to explore what are the students' perceptions of learning and what are the sources of support when students seek help in blended education. This exploratory study was carried out at a Dutch university, involving 537 students. Students' data regarding their perceptions of learning and their sources of help in blended education were collected through an online survey. The analysis of data regarding students' perceptions of learning in blended education revealed that, overall, a majority of students reported experiencing a high perception of learning in blended education compared to the previous academic year with mainly online education. In addition, a majority of students often search for answers in online resources when they seek help in blended education contexts. The results can provide insights into the effective implementation of blended education in higher education. [For the full proceedings, see ED652261.]