Search

Existing studies on environmental policy implementation in China have largely been focused on the inadequacy of environmental policy implementation at local levels and the adversarial campaign‐style enforcement used to remedy it, while overlooked other approaches to addressing environmental issues. We present a case in which a consensual approach was used to control water pollution and identify key factors contributing to the adoption and success of such an approach. The research unit is the process of water pollution control in Shandong Province from 2002 to 2011. During the case period, the pulp and paper industry (the leading polluting source) was regulated with gradually tightened water pollution discharge standards which were made and implemented in a consensual way, surface water quality was greatly improved, and the economic output of the regulated industry grew rapidly. Key factors contributing to the adoption and success of such an approach include the presence of a capable policy entrepreneur who played an important role in policy innovation, forging consensus building in policy making and facilitating consensual policy implementation; the deep and wide involvement of the regulated firms in the policy making process which allowed them to share know‐how and express preferences; and the strong political support from provincial higher‐ups which signaled strong political wills. The findings enrich our understanding of environmental policy enforcement in China by adding a set of internal factors to a literature pool focusing more on the the influence of such external factors as institutional incentiveson policy processes and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to explore whether crowdfunding creators can learn from previous experiences to have a better financing performance of future crowdfunding projects. Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses Python to capture the data of 6,267 crowdfunding projects from one of the largest crowdfunding platforms in China (JingDong Crowdfunding) and the author use the negative binomial regression model and the OLS model in this empirical study. Findings: The empirical results show that both the early-stage experience of creating a crowdfunding project and the early-stage experience of supporting projects of other crowdfunding creators can improve the financing performance of their newly launched projects. The social network of the previous projects and the "Blockbuster" projects initiated before can also make the newly initiated projects obtain better financing performance. Originality/value: Current research on entrepreneurial experience shows that serial entrepreneurs have significantly different success rates than novice or inexperienced entrepreneurs but there is limited literature on the learning effect of crowdfunding creators. This study adds to the literature on entrepreneurial learning and provides suggestions to crowdfunding creators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship education (EE) has rapidly evolved within higher education and has emerged as a pivotal mechanism for cultivating innovative and entrepreneurial talent. In China, while EE has made positive strides, it still faces a series of practical challenges. These issues cannot be effectively addressed solely through the efforts of universities. Based on the triple helix (TH) theory, this study delves into the unified objectives and practical content of EE in Chinese higher education. Through a comprehensive literature review on EE, coupled with educational objectives, planned behavior, and entrepreneurship process theories, this study introduces the 4H objective model of EE. 4H stands for Head (mindset), Hand (skill), Heart (attitude), and Help (support). Additionally, the research extends to a corresponding content model that encompasses entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurial practice, startup services, and the entrepreneurial climate as tools for achieving the objectives. Based on a single-case approach, this study empirically explores the application of the content model at T-University. Furthermore, this paper elucidates how the university plays a role through the comprehensive development of entrepreneurial learning, practices, services, and climate in nurturing numerous entrepreneurs and facilitating the flourishing of the regional entrepreneurial ecosystem. This paper provides important contributions in its application of TH theory to develop EE within the Chinese context, and it provides clear guidance by elucidating the core objectives and practical content of EE. The proposed conceptual framework serves not only as a guiding tool but also as a crucial conduit for fostering the collaborative development of the EE ecosystem. To enhance the robustness of the framework, this study advocates strengthening empirical research on TH theory through multiple and comparative case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational process inequality is an important branch of higher education fairness and the role difference of student leaders is one of the important phenomena of educational process inequality. Based on the employment administrative data of 2018 college graduates in a province in central China, this paper investigates the relationship between family background factors and college students serving as student cadres by using Multiple Logit Regression. The results show that the father's work unit and the father's educational level have a significant impact on college students as student leaders. The students whose father works in a unit within the system and whose father has a college degree or above were more likely to be student cadres. However, the poor students with disadvantaged family economic resources are more likely to serve as student leaders, which is contrary to the expected conclusion. Scholastic attainment can effectively adjust the positive influence of family background factors on the experience of student cadres and promote the relative equality of education process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Past studies have mainly concentrated on the impact of stress and self-employment on physical health. However, little research has paid attention to firm-level determinants of entrepreneurs' physical health. This study aims to investigate the relationship between performance variability and entrepreneurs' physical health as well as the moderating effect of prior failure experience. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses data drawn from 255 start-ups across the Bohai Economic Rim in China over a period of three years (2015–2017). The results are still robust after several robustness checks. Findings: Results show that performance variability is positively related to the probability of entrepreneurs showing poor health. This confirms that performance variability has an adverse effect on entrepreneurs' physical health. Moreover, this relationship is moderated by the prior failure experience of entrepreneurs. Practical implications: First, entrepreneurs should gain more information about the firm's daily operation to reduce the potential threat of performance variability. Second, it is imperative for entrepreneurs to build a stable relationship with their stakeholders to avoid the potential costs related to performance variability. Finally, entrepreneurs should take health consequences into consideration when making strategic decisions. Originality/value: First, this paper contributes to the studies on the antecedents of entrepreneurs' physical health by introducing a firm-level determinant (i.e. performance variability). The findings enhance the understanding of the association between entrepreneurs and new ventures. Second, this paper also enriches the extant literature on the outcomes of performance variability. Finally, this paper attempts to offer new insights into prior failure experience by establishing its moderating effect on the performance–health relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper documents the increase in the number of global billionaires from mainland China between 2004 and 2018. One of the key findings is that under conditions of an open economy, grassroots billionaire entrepreneurs (e.g., Jack Ma) could mitigate political economy as well as financial frictions via capital injections from foreign venture capitalists. By building a unique database, I report that (i) the politically unconnected billionaire entrepreneurs financed by foreign venture capitalists are more likely to go public their companies outside mainland China (mainly in Hong Kong and the USA), use offshore financing vehicles, and enter the innovation sector and (ii) the politically connected global billionaire entrepreneurs, however, are closely associated with a record of state-owned enterprise (SOE) restructuring. Plain English Summary: The increase in the number of billionaire entrepreneurs (e.g., Jack Ma) from mainland China between 2004 and 2018 is a new phenomenon, which necessitates a reassessment of the crony capitalism arguments, the types of entrepreneurs, and the sources of innovation. This paper has important implications for future research on entrepreneurship in a global economy and the design of relevant policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of entrepreneurs' inventor identity and entrepreneur patent participation on enterprise performance using the panel data of 358 firms from the Science and Technology Innovation Board in China from 2014–2019. The methodology applied in this study is ordinary least square (OLS) regression. Inventor identity (a dummy variable) and patent participation (measured by Entrepreneur Degree Centrality and Entrepreneur Betweenness Centrality) are independent variables. The dependent variable enterprise performance is split into patent quantity, speed, and quality. The results show that an entrepreneur's inventor identity positively affects the patent quantity and quality but slows the patent speed. Entrepreneur Degree Centrality negatively affects the patent quantity and quality but increases the patent speed. Entrepreneur Betweenness Centrality positively affects the patent quantity and quality, and there is a U-shape association between Entrepreneur Betweenness Centrality and patent speed. The findings suggest that entrepreneurs who are inventors can actively improve the patent quantity and quality. Still, an entrepreneur's full participation in patent may negatively affect the patent quantity and quality. Entrepreneurs should participate in a patent in a direction-oriented or node-controlled way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative institutions have played a significant role in the difficult and tenacious development process of private enterprises in recent decades. the paper applied 306 listed companies' data from January 2012 to December 2022 to investigate the relationship between institutional gap and enterprise behavior. Based on the identified, classified, and explained formal and alternative institutions, it proposed the concept of 'institutional gap' to infer the overlapped content of these two states. Concluding from the empirical results, Chinese private enterprises that introduced state-owned equity outperformance in management, financing and entering industries with high barriers. Moreover, the channel of state-owned equity introduction is compared with entrepreneurs' political participation. Although introducing state-owned equity is a crucial approach, the establishment and improvement of relevant legal systems is suggested, such as formal regulations and laws. The government should deepen the reform of the economic system to improve the business environment, so private enterprises consciously rely on market mechanisms to allocate resources efficiently and rationally, instead of actively seeking connections with the government to obtain benefits. The supervisory role of checks and balances shareholders should be exerted to the greatest extent to maintain and increase the value of state-owned assets, rather than allowing the controlling private shareholders to use them as resources acquired political capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Rural & Community Development is the property of Brandon University, Rural Development Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Innovation and entrepreneurship play a key role in the development of a country's economy and society. In recent years, along with the comprehensive implementation of China's rural revitalization strategy, the government has issued many policies to support and benefit farmers, and the investment environment in villages has been greatly improved, attracting more and more migrant workers to return to their hometowns to start businesses. Improving the entrepreneurial ability of China's returning migrant workers is very important. A review of the previous literature showed that both internal personal factors and external environmental factors can affect the entrepreneurial ability of entrepreneurs. Combining the results of the questionnaire survey, this paper incorporates eight internal personal factors and eight external environmental factors into the index system for assessing entrepreneurial ability and uses a combination of SWOT analysis and AHP analysis to prioritize the factors influencing the entrepreneurial ability of returning migrant workers in China. The results are as follows: (1) The factors influencing the entrepreneurial ability of returnee entrepreneurs could be divided into two types: the individual factors of returnee entrepreneurs, and the external environmental factors. (2) Among the internal factors, technical experience and business management ability are the two main factors influencing entrepreneurial activity. (3) Among the external environmental factors, the opportunity for industrial structure adjustment and low technical content would have a higher influence on the entrepreneurial activity of returnee entrepreneurs. Accordingly, this study proposes some policy recommendations on how to improve the entrepreneurial ability of returnee entrepreneurs. Finally, the research methodology of this paper can be used as a reference for other scholars, and the research results can also be used for administrators to develop relevant policies to better improve the entrepreneurial ability of returnee entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurs are critical human resources that have a significant impact on the performance of entrepreneurial firms. Yet, the nature of many entrepreneurial resources means that they are in demand by both their work (firms) and their families. Little is known about the impact that such dual demands might have on an entrepreneur's ability to manage their own resources for their firm's performance. Drawing upon conservation of resources (COR) theory and family-work literature, this paper develops a model to examine how family-to-work conflict (FWC) and family-to-work enrichment (FWE) shape the performance of entrepreneurial firms, directly and indirectly, through the mediation of entrepreneurial commitments. The model also explores the potential role of entrepreneurs' key personal resources as a unique type of human resource that utilizes entrepreneurs' internal dispositions to moderate the relationship between FWC/FWE and entrepreneurial commitments (and, hence, business performance). Empirical results from a study of 261 entrepreneurial firms in China provide support for our conceptual model. The paper has important implications for both HRM and entrepreneurship research and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Entrepreneurs' attitudes toward risk is one of the most critical factors influencing business growth and economic development. Therefore, addressing the influencing factors and formation mechanisms of entrepreneurs' risk attitudes has become a crucial research endeavor. In this paper, we examine how contract performance rates affect entrepreneurs' risk attitudes through the mediating effect of subjective well-being as well as assess the moderating effect of the regional business environment on this relationship. Methods: The ordered probit regression technique was employed to analyze the data obtained from 3,660 sampled respondents from the 2019 China Household Finance Survey. All analysis was performed using Stata 15.0. Results: The empirical results show that contract performance rates have a substantial positive indirect effect on entrepreneurs' degree of risk aversion through improved subjective well-being. The regional business environment plays a negative regulatory role in the relationship between contract performance rates and entrepreneurs' risk aversion. Furthermore, urban-rural heterogeneity appears to consistently determine the extent of the influence of contract performance rates on entrepreneurs' risk attitudes. Conclusion: To reduce entrepreneurs' risk aversion and enhance social and economic activity, the government should improve regional business environments by taking specific measures. Our study contributes to the empirical understanding of entrepreneurs' investment decisions in the context of urban and rural environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: This paper develops a theoretical explanation for why economic inequality may affect individuals' decision to engage in entrepreneurial activities. We argue that inequality may have a positive impact on entrepreneurship because it triggers social comparison, thus motivating individuals to become entrepreneurs. Moreover, such effect is stronger for people in the middle economic status group than for those in the top or bottom groups, as middle economic status group has both the motivation and capability to take entrepreneurial actions. We use a sample of 3,879 Chinese households from 2010 to 2018 and merge them with county‐level variables to test our hypotheses. The results support our hypotheses and remain consistent across different model specifications, including models controlling for the potential endogeneity between inequality and entrepreneurship. Managerial Summary: The rising economic inequality around the world has drawn widespread attention. Although inequality may not be desired, the optimistic takeaway from this paper is that inequality might also have a positive side by motivating entrepreneurial activities, especially for people from the middle economic class. While exerting continuous efforts to reduce poverty, governments could also properly treat the entrepreneurial spirit inspired by inequality and guide it to encourage entrepreneurship. From a dynamic point of view, emerging economies, when progressing toward a more liberal and market‐oriented economy, might go through a period of time with increasing inequality. Thus different countries, due to their unique social and economic backgrounds, may not share one pareto optimal inequality ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crowdfunding is a new type of financing favored by entrepreneurs in need of capital. Financing performance is a key concern for crowdfunding project initiators. Although a growing number of studies have investigated the factors that affect the financing performance of crowdfunding projects, there are still some issues that need to be further clarified. How does the investment behavior of backers, as the supply side of finance, affect the financing performance of project in reward-based crowdfunding? What are the moderating mechanisms of this influence by initiator characteristics and project attributes? Based on a panel data set from Zhongchou, a famous agri-food crowdfunding platform in China, this paper finds that the investment speed, the investment intensity, the number of early backers, the backers' comments, and the number of selfless backers all have significant effects on financing performance. The core trust factors of initiator characteristics and project attributes play a moderating role in the relationship between backer investment behavior and financing performance, but there are differences in the moderating mechanisms. Based on the research conclusions, practical enlightenment is proposed for initiators, crowdfunding platforms, and regulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to explore the reasons why some Chinese private entrepreneurs are reluctant to make charitable donations, with a focus on the perspective of "original sin" suspicion. The objective of this paper is to examine the challenges faced by these entrepreneurs, especially those suspected of "original sin," when making charitable donations, and to provide recommendations for addressing these challenges. Design/methodology/approach: Using data from the Chinese Private Enterprises Survey Database for the years 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014, this study used ordinary least squares regression to examine the relationship between "original sin" suspicion and charitable donations from private enterprises. Findings: This study examined the impact of "original sin" suspicion on charitable donations and found that it significantly reduces the donations of privatized enterprises. The negative impact of "original sin" suspicion on charitable donations is especially pronounced in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), as well as those that have experienced changes in local leadership. Originality/value: While previous research focused on the motivations of private enterprises that donated, they failed to identify which types of enterprises were reluctant to donate and why. By focusing on the "original sin" suspicion surrounding entrepreneurs in privatized enterprises and the political costs they face, this study sheds light on the challenges they encounter in charitable donations and explains why privatized enterprises, especially SMEs, are unwilling to make charitable donations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do events, especially rare external events such as financial crises, wars, natural disasters, and the COVID-19 pandemic, affect the efficacy of entrepreneurial passion to drive organizational innovation? This study investigates the moderating role of events and entrepreneurs' competence to exploit the events (opportunity competence) in the relationship between entrepreneurial passion and organizational innovation. Drawing insights from event system theory, we identified two critical event characteristics (i.e., event novelty and event criticality). Integrating the affect infusion model and the self-verification process in the identity literature, we argue that the two event characteristics and opportunity competence are crucial for entrepreneurs to exploit the benefits of entrepreneurial passion in promoting organizational innovation. After analyzing a survey sample of 435 entrepreneurs in Qinhuai Silicon Alley in China and an online survey of 202 entrepreneurs worldwide, we found that entrepreneurial passion exerts a stronger effect on organizational innovation when events are more novel and more critical to entrepreneurs, and when entrepreneurs have greater opportunity competence. We discuss these findings' theoretical and practical implications later in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative startups can bring many benefits to society. Drawing on the social network theory (SNT) and resource-based view (RBV), with mix methods approach, this paper argues that as the primary path for startups acquiring external resources, social networks are beneficial to improving innovative startups' innovation performance. Using a large amount of data from GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor), this paper first runs correlation analysis and regression analysis to empirically analyze entrepreneurs' social networks' impact on China's innovative startups' innovation performance. The results show that both formal and informal social networks are positively correlated with innovative startups' innovation performance. Then we consider the moderating effect of entrepreneurial competence and motivation. And the results show both entrepreneurial competence and motivation positively moderate the correlation above. Second, to explore the above correlation's internal mechanism, we conduct semi-structured interviews with 14 entrepreneurs. Drawing on the resource management theory (RMT) and the process of cross-border knowledge search and assimilation, the mechanism model of entrepreneurs' social networks on startups' innovation performance is proposed through content analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic interest in corporate venturing (CV) has grown considerably over the past decade, given its importance to corporate transformation and improvement. Prior research emphasized the effect of the external market environment on CV, neglecting the role of nonmarket arenas in supplying resources and opportunities to incumbent firms as a potentially vital antecedent to CV activities. This paper brings attention to the important but ignored role of corporate philanthropy, which has been employed by private firms to build their political legitimacy and garner the resources and opportunities needed in their external corporate venturing (ECV) activities. Drawing on institutional theory, in particular the notion of political legitimacy, this paper first tests the relationship between corporate philanthropy and ECV. It then unveils the varying moderating roles of three types of political connections (i.e., exploiting entrepreneurs' prior governmental working experience, being political council members and affiliating with the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce) that influence the proposed relationship. Research findings from 1,574 entrepreneurial private firms in China support our theoretical predictions. This paper advances the CV literature by introducing a nonmarket strategy explanation to the antecedent of ECV and specifying the simultaneous effect of corporate philanthropy and political connections on ECV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After more than four decades of China's reform and opening up, many family businesses in China are welcoming the peak of trans-generational inheritance. Therefore, more research is needed to help the second-generation successors avoid the potential negative effect of trans-generational conflicts and keep and maintain the sustainable development of their family businesses. To fill these gaps in the literature, this paper explores the impact of trans-generational conflicts on transgenerational entrepreneurial performance and investigates the moderating role of first-generation entrepreneurs' business and social networks. Based on a survey data captured from the 221 matched responses from founder and second-generation successors dyads in China, we found that both cognitive and process conflicts have negative effects on trans-generational entrepreneurial performance, and process conflict has a greater negative impact than cognitive conflict. Furthermore, we found that the first-generation entrepreneurs' business and social networks independently alleviate the negative impact of cognitive conflict on trans-generational entrepreneurial performance. By examining the three-way inaction effect, we also found that the negative effect of process conflict on trans-generational entrepreneurial performance is alleviated. Theoretical and managerial implications are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Serial entrepreneurial performance is affected by serial entrepreneurs' risk preference, but the way prior experience affects the relationship between the risk preference and performance remains unclear. Through regression analysis of 588 listed serial entrepreneurial companies in China, this paper shows that serial entrepreneurs who make more use of risk have higher serial entrepreneurial performance. For serial entrepreneurs with relevant industry experience, the degree of influence of their risk preference on serial entrepreneurial performance will be strengthened. For serial entrepreneurs with rich entrepreneurial experience, the degree of influence of their risk preference on serial entrepreneurial performance will be weakened. The results are conducive to the effective use of prior experience and reasonable adjustment of risk preference for serial entrepreneurial enterprises, thereby improving the performance of serial entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social enterprises have been widely recognized as tools to solve societal problems. As the soul of social enterprises, social entrepreneurs help social enterprises overcome resource constraints and achieve survival and development. However, existing studies have focused limited attention on the effects of social entrepreneur characteristics on social enterprise performance. Drawing on the institutional logics perspective, this paper constructs a theoretical model of social entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial competence affecting social enterprise performance through organizational legitimacy and examines the moderating effect of regulatory uncertainty. Data were collected from 198 social enterprises in China. The results indicate that organizational legitimacy mediates the relationships between social entrepreneurial passion, entrepreneurial competence, and social enterprise performance. Regulatory uncertainty positively moderates the relationship between organizational legitimacy and social enterprise economic performance. The findings of this study contribute to research on social enterprise performance and organizational legitimacy. This paper also offers practical suggestions that social entrepreneurs should exert their passion and competence, obtain organizational legitimacy, and analyze the institutional environments to promote the development of the enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of internet use on entrepreneurship activities. This is based on 2014 survey data from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). The results show that internet use promotes the entrepreneurial tendency of Chinese entrepreneurs and affects their income levels. Moreover, such influences are moderated by the location of individuals; the impact is higher for the entrepreneurial tendency and income levels of rural residents than that of urban ones. In addition, this paper also finds that internet use stimulates entrepreneurship by promoting social networks. Furthermore, social networks bring more salient impacts to rural residents as compared to those of urban ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a critical examination of the classification and institu-tionalisation of xiqu ... or Chinese song-drama, throughout the twentieth century, with a particular focus on the substantial increase in officially recognised genres, now numbering 348. It delves into the numerological episte-mologies that have historically informed genre definitions, tracing a trajectory from the four elemental categories of vocal music emphasised in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to the dichotomous model of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which distinguished 'elegant' performances from other forms. Notably, the twentieth century saw the emergence of a wide array of state-funded genres, often linked to specific geographical areas. The study reveals that each historical period's heuristic approach is not entirely discarded by the subsequent ones. Instead, practitioners and cultural entrepreneurs continue to draw upon earlier epistemologies in various contexts. These processes of rationalisation and negotiation, shaped by sociopolitical and economic forces, have not only moulded China's theatrical traditions but also the critical discourse surrounding them. The paper emphasises the dynamic interplay between genre categorisation and cultural heritage in xiqu, advocating for a more integrated understanding of Chinese performance that extends beyond the limits of ever-expanding genre classifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on data from more than 3000 small and microChinese firms, this paper studies the determinants of R&D spending, focusing on the entrepreneurs' attributes. The characteristics of an entrepreneur can be crucially relevant in determining investment by small and micro firms in a risky undertaking like R&D. Results show that male owners and college graduates are more likely to invest in R&D, while older owners are less likely to do so. Previous work and entrepreneurial experience contributed to the propensity to invest in R&D but work experience in the government do not matter. Regarding ownership attributes, individual owners are less likely to invest in R&D, whereas the effect of private ownership is statistically insignificant. Other than that, we find that higher firm sales spur R&D spending, with the influences of leverage and return on assets being statistically insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arrival of the era of "big wisdom and cloud" has promoted the restructuring of the industrial system, and the development of the new economy has also brought new changes to the demand for financial and business professionals. With the change of the employment market, the training objectives of financial and business professionals are also changing day by day. Practical teaching is becoming more and more important in the training of financial and business professionals. "Employment" in people's livelihood has been identified as the main goal of government work. As the main source of economic restructuring, "mass innovation and mass entrepreneurship" has successfully integrated the spirit of innovation into all fields of society. Entrepreneurship has attracted the attention of the whole society. Under the influence of policy factors and various factors during the entrepreneurship period, the source and connotation of China's entrepreneurship policy have changed significantly. On the basis of summarizing the practical teaching modes of foreign finance and economics majors, this study introduces the training objectives, conditions, and curriculum settings of the practical teaching of finance and economics majors in higher vocational colleges. This paper designs a recommendation algorithm for innovation and entrepreneurship talent training model based on potential Dirichlet distribution (LDA) theme model and alternating least squares (ALS) collaborative filtering, which not only improves the accuracy of the recommendation results of talent training model but also improves the accuracy of the recommendation results of talent training model. On the premise of stable recommendation, the diversity of recommendation results has increased, which meets the needs of innovative and entrepreneurial talent training of higher vocational finance and economics majors under the background of "great wisdom and cloud" and provides a certain reference for the practical teaching reform of higher vocational finance and economics majors in China. The cultivation of compound talents is of great significance to the development of professionals in modern multimedia and advanced e-commerce industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the traditional Confucian gentleman culture, Chinese entrepreneurs have cultivated unique mindset and have harnessed such mindset in managing the government-business relationship, which is strategically critical for innovation. This paper builds a theoretical framework of Confucianist entrepreneurship-- collaborative innovation--enterprise performance, studies the impact of such entrepreneurship on enterprise performance. From the perspective of collaborative innovation, internal innovation mechanism has been studied, and the moderating effect and conditional boundary of the cordial and clean governmentbusiness relationship have been further validated. A survey of 1,437 micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) made in China in 2019 found that: (1) Confucianist entrepreneurship has a significant positive impact on promoting the enterprise performance; (2) collaborative innovation has demonstrated the action mechanism of Confucianist entrepreneurship on enterprise performance; (3) the cordial and clean government-business relationship positively moderates entrepreneurship on enterprise performance. It also has the positive intermediary effect on collaborative innovation between Confucianist entrepreneurs and enterprise performance. This study has not only expanded the scope of research on entrepreneurship and Confucian culture and ethics, but has also extended the integration of entrepreneurship and collaborative innovation to the micro level, providing theoretical and practical inspiration for the innovation practices of small and micro-sized (SMEs) enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the paradoxical impact of political legitimacy by exploring the relationship between legitimacy due to political inclusion by the state and subsequent strategic actions by entrepreneurs in both domestic and global contexts in a transition economy. We argue that political legitimacy conferred by the state affects a firm's strategies in different ways because it is associated with both benefits and constraints. Using a unique dataset of more than six thousand privately owned enterprises in China, we demonstrate that after an institutional change that permitted the inclusion of entrepreneurs into an elite political system (the Communist Party of China) in 2001, private firms became more motivated to invest in their domestic production but less incentivized to form international cooperation strategies. We further find that the impact of the legitimacy from political inclusion on domestic production was less pronounced for firms in places where the market economy was more established and when entrepreneurs are female. For entrepreneurs with past work experiences in the government or in state-owned enterprises, the negative impact of political inclusion on global cooperation was strengthened. These findings have important implications for research on legitimacy, entrepreneurship, and business strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building upon the global innovation system (GIS) framework, this paper develops an analytical approach to incorporate data as a foundation-level resource in data-driven innovation systems and to unravel how the interplay of system resources' spatial characteristics, multi-scalar institutions and actor strategies leads to the emergence of China's artificial intelligence industry. China's loose institutional regime significantly facilitates the formation of the market, legitimacy and data, while entrepreneurs and digital platforms are the key actors coupling system resources to China's innovation system. As data become a critical resource, actors controlling data develop institutional power to shape the formation of the data-driven industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically examines the role of USD, EUR, and CNY as international payment currencies in Korea, China, and Japan. Our survey of business people in those countries finds that higher convertibility and stability of these currencies in the SDR enhance their acceptability and usability for international payments. However, even during times of instability, USD remains highly accepted and usable as a trade payment currency unlike the cases of EUR and CNY. Therefore, maintaining exchange rate stability is essential for improving the acceptability and usability of EUR and CNY as international payment currencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When high uncertainty becomes the norm in entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial failure often becomes the first natural barrier that new ventures face. In dynamic environment, there is still a lack of clear answers on what strategic orientation new ventures need to adopt to improve organizational learning efficiency and achieve sustainable development. Lean startup theory believes that the entrepreneurial process is also a process where organizational cognition is constantly iterated and updated, which drives entrepreneurs to explore business opportunities through iteration learning and early customer insight. The paper aims to describe and examine the relationship between lean startup strategy, organizational iterative learning, and sustainable development of new ventures. This model is tested on the survey data of R&D departments of 325 technology new ventures in China. The research results show that: lean startup strategy can positively affect sustainable performance of new ventures; organizational iterative learning plays a mediating role in the relationship between lean startup strategy and sustainable development; market dynamics positively moderate the relationship between organizational iterative learning and sustainable development, while technology dynamics negatively moderate this relationship; furthermore, the two also moderate the process of lean startup strategy influencing sustainable development through organizational iterative learning, and that moderated mediating effect is significant. The research results reveal that entrepreneurs should deepen lean startup practices in new business layout, advocate the iteration and output of advanced knowledge, help enterprises establish proprietary knowledge barriers, and achieve sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex and changeable environment calls for entrepreneurs to adopt ambidextrous leadership (AL) strategies to balance the different demands within the organisation. Transformational and transactional leadership are the most widely studied leadership in the field of leadership and are regarded as an effective way to enhance enterprise technological innovation performance (ETIP) by scholars. However, previous studies have overlooked the complementary participation of these two paradoxical leadership behaviours in enterprise management as well as the influence of such complementary participation on employees' psychological distance (PD). In order to make up for these gaps, this paper uses linear regression analysis, SEM, and ANOVA to explore the influence of AL on ETIP by empirically studying 308 functional department managers in 77 high-tech enterprises in China. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) AL has a significant positive impact on ETIP. (2) The positive impact of AL on ETIP is better than that of single transformational or transactional leadership. (3) PD partially mediates the relationship between AL and ETIP. The finding refines the academic understanding of the relationship between AL, PD, and ETIP, and is enlightening for entrepreneurs to effectively manage their enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Critical African Studies is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The gay consumer market is often treated as a homogeneous entity, and Anglophone scholarship has given scant attention to lesbian consumers. This paper examines gendered distinctions within the Chinese gay market by asking how the lesbian consumer market is organized differently from its gay male counterpart and why some types of businesses thriving in the gay male market are likely to fail in the lesbian market. Based on interviews with entrepreneurs and business professionals, supplemented with ethnographic and media data, this study indicates that certain types of commerce existing in the gay male consumer market do not dovetail with lesbians' preferred ways of socializing associated with women's risk perception. Unlike previous scholarship that simply characterized the lesbian market as "underdeveloped," this research demonstrates that opportunities for the lesbian and gay male markets exist in different types of trade and business. Although the concept of the pink economy is theoretically grounded in sexual orientation, China's pink market demonstrates how gender plays a key role in shaping the lesbian consumer market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to introduce an important temporal dimension to the research on institution and entrepreneurship in the transition period. This study develops the concept of pre-reform institutional embeddedness, and explores its impact on entrepreneurial reinvestment of private firms in China's transition economy. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used secondary data of a nationally representative sample of China's private firms collected in the early days of the institutional transition period and applied ordinary least squares regressions and the Baron and Kenny approach to test the theoretical model. Findings: Pre-reform institutional embeddedness has a negative impact on entrepreneurial reinvestment of private firms in the transition period. This relationship is mediated by guanxi-induced employment, such that pre-reform institutional embeddedness promotes guanxi-induced employment, which in turn discourages a private firm to reinvest. Additionally, the negative impact of guanxi-induced employment on entrepreneurial reinvestment is reduced when decentralization of decision-making is used. Practical implications: First, entrepreneurs should be aware of pre-reform institutional embeddedness' negative influence on firms' risk-taking abilities and incentives. Private firms already constrained by this connection could alleviate the negative impacts through a widespread delegation of decision-making authority. Second, policymakers should be cautious about improper government-business relationships, which may discourage private firms from fully pursuing entrepreneurial growth opportunities. Originality/value: This paper makes theoretical contributions to the literature on entrepreneurial reinvestment, embeddedness perspective of entrepreneurship and imprinting theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of urbanisation and the decline of the countryside, reverse entrepreneurship cannot be separated from integration, referring to a process of mutual trust and cooperation between reverse (returnee or immigrant from urban areas) entrepreneur, host community and external stakeholders for sustainable livelihoods. With a geographic focus on poor areas of China, this paper aims to reveal key factors behind successful initiatives of reverse entrepreneurship to address challenges facing local communities, and pathways for mobilising and effectively using various resources, both internally and externally. These objectives are addressed through multiple cases of tourism development in Ganzi, a Tibetan Minority Prefecture of Sichuan. This paper contributes to the literature on entrepreneurial integration to debates on reverse entrepreneurship in three aspects. Firstly, entrepreneurial integration starts from social embeddedness, interconnecting and interacting between reverse entrepreneur(s) and the host community to understand local challenges and share a new vision for sustainable livelihoods. Secondly, entrepreneurial integration is essentially an innovation platform to develop or enhance social capital (both bonding and bridging) for mobilising and effective use of critical resources. Finally, the study outlines five pathways of tourism entrepreneurship, which reflects variations in livelihood strategy, critical capitals, business models, innovation diffusion and application potential. • Rural development calls for mutual trust and cooperation between reverse entrepreneurs, host communities, external stakeholders. • Successful entrepreneurial integration depends upon a platform building to develop social capital (both bonding and bridging). • Five pathways reflect variation in strategy, critical capitals, business models, innovation diffusion,application potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Quarterly is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Existing studies suggest that land financing has given rise to entrepreneurial governance in China because local governments act like entrepreneurs to capture land value appreciation. However, the new land reserve institution has recently forbidden local governments from using land as collateral and centralized the financial management of land reserve projects. Given this profound change in land institutions, we ask whether local governments have become less entrepreneurial. This paper investigates the Shanghai Land Reserve Centre. The funding restriction and declining land profitability make it more challenging to generate land revenue. However, the local government is now adapting to the new land reserve institution, developing new entrepreneurial tactics, and treating land investment as a recurrent income stream. Facing the conjuncture of alarming local government debts, re-centralizing state control, and structural limits of land finance, local governments' entrepreneurial stance is not eliminated, but their entrepreneurial practices are reshaped. Theoretically, this paper contributes to understanding how urban entrepreneurialism evolves in response to changing political and economic conjunctures. • A framework for understanding governance transformation: conjunctures-incentives-tactics. • The new land reserve institution transforms local land-based entrepreneurial tactics. • Declining profitability of land finance based on project-level dataset in Shanghai. • Land incentive is reshaped to use land to trigger a long-term investment stream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the emerging platform entrepreneurship through an observational case study of one of the most prominent Kuaishou influencers, Xin Youzhi, and his 818 jiazu. Jiazus are influencer communities on Kuaishou, a Chinese livestreaming and e-commerce platform. Examining platform entrepreneurs through a relational lens, we illustrate the organisation and operation of the 818 jiazu and its interaction with the followers, the Kuaishou platform and the Chinese state. Identifying relations of mutuality, autonomy and domination, we find that 818 kiazu's rise and fall manifest the relationality and contingency of entrepreneurial labours in the Chinese platform economy. We argue that Kuaishou jiazu can be understood as relational entrepreneurs who need new sociotechnical skills to navigate various relationships with the platform, users and state regulations. Our study contributes to understanding the organisation and practices of livestreamers by foregrounding the entrepreneurial agency of the influencer community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship has always been a key production factor in sustainable innovation and development of enterprises. However, individual entrepreneurship in the industrial economy era no longer satisfies the digital-age innovation demands of "being quick, stable and lasting," revealing that the characteristics of digital-age entrepreneurship are crucial to understanding sources of continuous innovation. Therefore, this paper adopts grounded theory and qualitative research on four companies, and finds that digital innovation uncertainty is the key to the emergence of entrepreneurship, the social attributes of digital technology. The adaption of enterprise organizational structure triggers the transmission of entrepreneurship from the individual level to the organizational level, thus forming an ethics system that is dependent on entrepreneurs' behavioral process and that widely exists in organization groups. Organizational entrepreneurship consists of market adaptation, value orientation, self employment and community sense. The research is helpful in clarifying the relationship between digital technology and entrepreneurship, in enriching the connotation of digital-age entrepreneurship, helping managers to inspire potential entrepreneurship of organization members, and promoting continuous innovation of enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurial ventures are established in large numbers in China. The success rate of these entrepreneurial ventures is lower than that of new startups. Mismanagement and a lack of creative skills among entrepreneurs are cited as reasons for entrepreneurial failure in China. The current study investigates the impact of entrepreneurial networking and new venture intention on entrepreneurial success in China, with psychological capital and entrepreneurial optimism serving as moderators. 483 responses were collected from business students in China for data analysis. The findings of the study reveal that the impact of entrepreneurial networking and new venture intention on entrepreneurial success in China, with the moderating role of psychological capital and entrepreneurial optimism, is significant. The theoretical framework of this research has novelty as it introduces new moderating relationships of psychological capital and entrepreneurial optimism in the model of entrepreneurial success. Practically, this study has revealed that entrepreneurial success can be achieved with entrepreneurial networking, entrepreneurial optimism, psychological capital, and new venture intention. The directions of this research point out additional gaps in the literature that scholars should discuss in subsequent studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green finance is acknowledged as a critical policy tool in China's sustainable development sector, with the goal of lowering the financial burden associated with ecological transformation for Chinese firms. This research examines the impact of green finance on the green innovation efficiency of the high-tech industry in China, within the context of carbon neutrality. Using a panel dataset covering 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in China from 2013 to 2021, we analyze the effects of green finance on green innovation efficiency. Our findings indicate that green finance significantly improves the green innovation efficiency of the high-tech industry, even after robustness testing. Furthermore, this paper also explores the threshold effect of industrial agglomeration on the relationship between green finance and green innovation efficiency, specifically in terms of specialization, diversity, and competition. We verify that green finance reduces the costs of green transformation for enterprises, leading to a substantial improvement in the green innovation efficiency of the high-tech industry. These results shed light on the factors influencing green innovation efficiency and provide theoretical insights and implications for policymakers, entrepreneurs, and financial institutions to reconcile economic growth and sustainability goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's family enterprises have entered the peak of intergenerational succession, and the succession of the second generation is bound to have a great impact on the development of these enterprises. From the perspective of the resource-based view, this paper constructs a relationship model among intergenerational succession, enterprise intellectual capital and market sustainable competitive advantage. Based on the data of a sample of 189 entrepreneurs from family firms in Zhejiang Province, we use multiple regression and structural equation modeling to explore the impact of intergenerational succession on the market sustainable competitive advantage of family firms and the mediating role of the three dimensions of the firm's intellectual capital, namely, structural capital, relational capital and human capital. The empirical results show that (1) successful succession of a family business significantly promotes the market sustainable competitive advantage of the enterprise; (2) successful succession has a significant promotion effect on the three dimensions of enterprise intellectual capital, and the three dimensions of enterprise intellectual capital play a partial mediating role between intergenerational succession and the market sustainable competitive advantage of the enterprises. This conclusion expands the research on the consequences of intergenerational succession and has important practical significance for the healthy development of family enterprises in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important determinants of performance for any firm is the unique bundle of resources the company possesses. To date, however, empirical results on whether "familiness" as an element of this resource bundle has a positive or negative impact on firm performance have been mixed (Dyer, 2018; Gottardo & Moisello, 2019; Oswald et al., 2009; Pitchayado et al., 2018). This paper employs structural equation modeling to examine how entrepreneurs in China's Zhejiang Province include members of their nuclear families, extended kin networks, and professional networks in their top management teams to access different bundles of family and non-family human resources, leading to variance in firm performance results. We find firms that leverage "guanxi" (a particular concept of kin, common in China but not often employed as a construct in western-based research, which encompasses both extended family members and close friends) for industry, technical, or entrepreneurial expertise enjoy certain types of higher performance results. In comparison, firms that leverage nuclear family members for management or marketing expertise achieve certain types of lower performance results. Post-hoc analysis indicates that leveraging guanxi specifically for prior entrepreneurial experience or for technical expertise leads to greater employee growth and higher subjective assessment of success. Conversely, leveraging nuclear family members for management or technical expertise leads to lower levels of these same performance variables. However, only firm size, measured by number of employees at venture founding, is predictive of revenue growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the formation of networked ceramic factories before the mid-eighteenth century in early modern China. Enquiring into the role of the state and private entrepreneurs in production innovation and design, it explores the notion of a 'factory'. In the context of large scale traditional production in East Asia, I periodize the evolving organizational structure of China's model of ceramic production and discuss two aspects of the state's negotiation with regional commercial kilns: 1) the impact on kiln structures and the exploitation of raw materials such as porcelain stones and colour pigment, and 2) an early modern design system which simultaneously regulated aesthetic forms, technological experiments, and fiscal planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides firm-level empirical evidence of the policy effects of China's anticorruption campaign on SOE (state-owned enterprise) entrepreneur behaviour and corporate governance. While conflicts between corruption monitoring and performance of SOEs do exist, the 2012 anticorruption movement has profoundly changed Chinese political entrepreneurs' power choice and accountability for SOE corporate governance. Specifically, this paper shows that the anticorruption measures have effectively reduced the sum of perks but aroused excessive asset extraction. When perk consumption has been seriously curtailed by the anticorruption rules, SOE executives' reversed expectation precipitates their opportunistic activities in SOE's tangible asset management and undermines SOE's long-term corporate value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The so-called China shops have become a buzzword in the South African public domain. This paper investigates this phenomenon and whether it contributes to economic development and social cohesion in the country. The following questions guided this paper. (a) Who are the Chinese that run the socalled China shops in South Africa? (b) What catalyses their entrepreneurship? (c) How do their shops/businesses promote development in the country? (d) Does their entrepreneurship promote social cohesion and integration in the respective communities in which they operate? The paper adopted a qualitative approach based on the survey method and documentary evidence. A semistructured interview technique was utilised to elicit information from 10 participants, who were all China shop owners based in Durban. Thematic analysis was performed on the data that were gathered. The Chinese that operate stores involved in this trade are mostly from Mainland China and their businesses contribute to the South African economy by creating jobs for unemployed South Africans, paying taxes, increasing consumer spending and offering affordable alternative shopping to low-income households. However, despite their contributions to the country's development, these Chinese migrant entrepreneurs still face numerous challenges that include xenophobic and criminal attacks and the common perception that they are in the country illegally. Finally, this paper recommends that South Africa and China develop people-oriented mechanisms to deepen mutual understanding and friendship between the two countries, given the economic, political and geopolitical importance attached to this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]