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In this paper, we use (Yilanci et al. 2020) Fourier autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to study the correlation between health expenditures, CO2 emissions, and GDP fluctuations in BRICS countries from 2000 to 2019. The Fourier ARDL model has the function of bootstrap repeated simulation calculations, so that small samples can also achieve the advantages of finer inspection results. In this paper, we find that in the long term, Brazil and China are countries that both have cointegration relationships in health expenditure, CO2 emissions, and economic growth. With CO2 emissions as the dependent variable and health expenditure and economic growth as independent variables, in the short term, there is a negative causal relationship between India's CO2 emissions and health expenditure; other countries only show the relationship between CO2 emissions, health expenditure, or economic growth one-way relationship. This paper also has some policy suggestions on health expenditures and CO2 emissions in the BRICS countries at the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, fleet electrification has become a viable alternative for reducing carbon emissions through laws and government incentives around the world. Not only that, such incentives have favored the development of new technologies for the sector that have resulted in the reduction of the manufacturing cost of electric vehicles, which in turn, enabled new business models favoring the evolution of the electromobility sector. However, Brazil has also shown itself to be a market on the rise. However, electromobility in Brazil is still at an early stage of development when compared to other countries. In this sense, this paper sought to present the current state of the Brazilian sector through existing laws, regulations and incentives. In addition, it discusses and proposes alternatives for the development and maturation of the sector. Finally, technical aspects related to the standardization of communication protocols and charger installations are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: There is a great interest in developing eco-friendly operations as alternative uses of resources in the university campus, making the employment of technologies more sustainable. Practices such as energy management and efficiency initiatives have been encouraged to meet these sustainability goals. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss the main features of the GENIIOT project, a system of energy management using Internet of Things applied in a Brazilian university campus to support energy education practices and to promote lasting energy efficiency measures. The focus of the study is directed at the energy consumption of the air-conditioning system, which is responsible for 40% of the total electricity consumption. In addition, this project also scrutinizes processes such as the building occupants' comfort demands, lighting levels and energy waste control. Design/methodology/approach: A case study at the Unicamp campus was conducted to illustrate the design procedures through qualitative description. This study comprises an overview of the physical plant, hardware and software development, energy data monitoring, management process and energy education. Findings: The GENIIOT project enables energy efficiency actions by concerning the use of air-conditioning equipment based on monitored data, different types of monitored rooms, user's behaviors and their feedback. This initiative requires the engagement, awareness and actions from users combined with investment in energy efficiency to achieve an efficient use of this type of equipment. The proposed approach can be applied in the future to similar situations, inside the Unicamp campus and at other university campuses. In addition, this project can contribute to building efficiency analysis by using the hardware structure developed to monitor facilities and carry out evaluations, providing valuable information for strategic initiatives in energy efficiency projects and research and development programs based on practical experience and promoting a discussion about sustainability aspects in the context of the university campus for energy efficiency. Originality/value: The GENIIOT project is aligned with some of the sustainable development goals, among which sustainability and responsible consumption are identified. Considering the sustainability issues, the economic dimension can be evaluated through a cost–benefit analysis of energy efficiency projects with prudent investment, while the social attractiveness of the project is ensured by education and awareness practices for the community that interacts with the system and learns about a more efficient way of using resources in the campus. Furthermore, there is a more conscious use of natural resources by minimizing waste from the use of electricity and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. GENIIOT is part of Sustainable Campus Project, a living laboratory which aims at developing energy-efficiency-related research activities in the university campus to reduce costs in higher and federal institutions of education in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study presents a comparison of three electric vehicle types to propose the best choice to implement the electric mobility in Brazil, considering the Tank-to-Wheel (TTW) emissions of the internal combustion engine in single-fuel mode (ICE-SF) fueled with biogas, bioethanol, gasoline A, or Brazilian gasoline (27% bioethanol + 73% gasoline A), and of the internal combustion engine in dual-fuel mode (ICE-DF) fueled with 50% biogas + 50% bioethanol. The emissions related to the Brazilian electricity mix were analyzed to calculate the impacts of the electric mode. Moreover, the energy-ecological efficiency of the internal combustion engine was measured to analyze the negative impacts on human and environmental health when fueled with different fuels, in single-fuel and dual-fuel modes. The findings show that bioethanol has the lowest energy-ecological efficiency (27%) due to its performance regarding the human toxicity and pollution factor indicators. On the other hand, biogas in the ICE-SF achieved the highest energy-ecological efficiency (64%), followed by 50% biogas and 50% bioethanol in the ICE-DF (49%). Considering the Brazilian scenario, the plug-in electric vehicle appears as the best choice due to its lower TTW emissions. However, considering the Brazilian infrastructure and its potential to produce biofuels, the hybrid electric vehicle was better than the other electric vehicle types analyzed when it is fueled with bioethanol in single-fuel mode or bioethanol and biogas in dual-fuel mode. The relevance of this paper remains in the fact that the findings might help in the achievement of zero carbon dioxide emissions in the transport sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nova Economia is the property of Nova Economia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper scrutinizes the asymmetric impact of education and education expenditure on clean energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the BRICS economies using annual data for the period 1991–2019. The analysis employs a nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) framework. Findings unfold that a positive change in education contributes to increasing clean energy consumption in Brazil, Russia, India, and China. This finding implies that a negative change in education contributes to reducing clean energy consumption in Brazil, Russia, and India in the long run. Nonetheless, a positive change in education expenditure increased the clean energy consumption in Brazil, Russia, and India, while it has decreased in South Africa. On the dark side, a negative change in education expenditure degrades clean energy consumption in India, China, and South Africa in the long run. The asymmetric empirical results of CO2 emissions are mixed, economy-specific, and vary across group countries in the long run. We find that the education and education expenditure has long-run asymmetric effects in BRICS industries. Thus empirical findings give us robust policy implications for BRICS economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista CESUMAR: Ciências Humanas e Sociais Aplicadas is the property of Revista Cesumar - Ciencias Humanas e Sociais Aplicadas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper empirically examined relevant data on BRICS CO2 emissions, financial development, and economic growth in the past 40 years, and analyzed the correlation between them. Using the cointegration test, it found that there is a clear correlation between the variables in China and South Africa, which show that there is a two-way relationship between CO2 emissions, financial development, and economic growth in both countries. Using the quantile regression method in the analysis, the results demonstrated that at the 0.6th quartile, South Africa's financial development had a negative impact on CO2 emissions, while Brazil's CO2 emissions had a negative impact on financial development. Economic growth was subsequently added as a control variable, and the quantile-on-quantile regression method was used to test the correlation between the financial development of the BRICS countries and their CO2 emissions. Finally, based on empirical conclusions, this paper proposed that BRICS countries should focus on sustainable economic development; when government departments formulate emission-reduction policies, they must reasonably consider the relationship between financial development and emission-reduction policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Committed to achieving carbon neutrality by mid-century, South America faces unique challenges in carbon mitigation due to its distinct socio-economic, technological, and institutional backgrounds compared to developed and other developing economies. Previous research on South America's carbon emissions has limited country and sector coverage and typically adopts a top-down approach that focuses on the overall emissions of an economy, neglecting individual energy sources and emission sectors. Therefore, this paper compiles a comprehensive inventory of CO 2 emissions for South American countries based on a meticulous bottom-up approach and multi-source data integration, followed by a thorough analysis of their temporal evolution patterns and the driving forces behind them. Between 2010 and 2020, South America's overall emissions peaked in 2014 at 1092.3 Mt., led by emissions from oil consumption and from the transport and electricity sectors, and dropped to 865.6 Mt. in 2020, due to the economic fluctuations and COVID-19. Specifically, Brazil was the largest emitter, Chile experienced the most significant increase in emissions, and Paraguay recorded the highest emission growth rate. Generally, expanding population was constant driver of emission growth. High energy intensity led to significant emission increases in Brazil and Ecuador, while elevated carbon intensity was the main driver in Argentina. Energy structure changes played a positive role in most countries to different extents (e.g., much more significant in Brazil than in Chile) but aggrevated emissions in Paraguay and Guyana. Therefore, carbon mitigation strategies should be tailored to each country's unique national circumstances. • During 2010–2020, South America's CO 2 emissions from fossil fuels peaked in 2014. • Transport and electricity sectors comprised over 60% of total emissions. • Brazil was the top emitter, while Chile saw the largest increase in emissions. • Emission patterns and driving factors varied significantly across countries. • Carbon reduction strategies should be tailored to local circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to summarize approaches and methods used abroad for estimating carbon emissions resulting from land-use changes on global and regional levels. To understand the place of this topic in modern geoecology, an analysis of bibliometric indicators has been carried out based on the Scopus abstract and citation database. There has been a significant increase in publications on the research results of carbon emissions and absorption under the influence of land use around the world since the early 2000s, with over 200 articles currently published per year. The leading countries in terms of publication activity include China, the United States, Germany, Great Britain, and Brazil, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences being the leader among organizations. The present-day research into carbon balance changes under the impact of land-use change is based on detecting changes in land cover in the spatiotemporal aspect using advanced geoinformation technologies and on modeling carbon fluxes through the use of precise data consistent with the approaches 2–3 of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodology. It has been established that most of the studies by leading scientific centers have common algorithm and stages. This article provides a description of these stages, namely, the methods and specific tools used, and it identifies their advantages and disadvantages. The general research algorithm includes, at the first stage, an assessment of the dynamics of land-use/land-cover change for different time spans, then carbon balance modeling as a result of land-use changes, and the development of regional policy measures on this basis. National nuances in the application of methods and initial data are also revealed (cases of China, Brazil, etc.). It is concluded that it is necessary to further improve methods in the field of accuracy of land-use/land-cover classifications and timeliness of detecting its dynamics, as well as the assessment of carbon stocks. These factors determine specific practical actions in the field of regional planning and the development of offset measures under the climate policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freight transport decarbonization is challenging due to the slow implementation of policies to meet climate goals. This paper analyzes the dynamics of the implementation of freight decarbonization measures. A System Dynamics model was developed and applied to the Brazilian freight system to simulate the use of more sustainable modes and means of transport, including electrification, increased use of biofuels, acceleration of fleet renewal, and modal shift. Significant emission reductions are found in the scenarios combining a shift to alternative modes and a rapid phase-out of diesel vehicles. Even so, the Brazilian freight sector's emission budgets towards limiting global warming to 1.5 °C and 2 °C will be depleted during the current and next decade, respectively. An absolute reduction of carbon emissions before 2050 seems unlikely. Besides confirming the need to study the dynamics of the freight system, the findings corroborate the urgency for stronger actions on freight decarbonization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism serves as a crucial means of funding national development and ensuring the sustainability of local livelihoods in growing countries such as Brazil. Nevertheless, the accelerated growth of tourism in various nations might lead to significant environmental consequences due to heightened energy consumption. This surge in energy usage contributes to the exacerbation of global warming through the amplified release of carbon dioxide (CO2). In light of the increasingly evident impacts of climate change on the natural environment, a multitude of endeavors have been undertaken with the aim of attaining ecological sustainability. The objective of this study is to examine the dynamic effects of economic growth, energy consumption, and tourism on carbon emissions in Brazil by analyzing time series data spanning from 1990 to 2019. The stationarity of data was assessed through the application of unit root tests, while an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach was employed to analyze the relationship between the components, accounting for both the long-term and short-term dynamics. The empirical results indicate that a 1% rise in economic growth, energy consumption, and tourist arrivals leads to environmental deterioration by causing a respective increase in CO2 emissions of 1.37%, 1.06%, and 0.57% in the near term, and 0.72%, 0.62%, and 0.16% in the long term. This article presents policy ideas aimed at achieving carbon neutrality in Brazil by increasing the utilization of renewable energy sources, while simultaneously fostering sustainable tourism as a means to enhance the country's economy. Highlights •This study investigated the tourism-economy-energy-environment nexus in Brazil. •The econometric analysis revealed that tourism, energy use, and economic growth increase CO2 emissions. •This article offers policy suggestions to achieve sustainable tourism and carbon neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, changes in rainfall regimes have intensified biomass burning in central Brazil. These fires, resulting mainly from anthropic action, emit large amounts of gases and aerosols into the atmosphere. The emission of these constituents in the dry season can drastically alter the functioning of ecosystems. In this work, it was verified that the high concentrations of Black Carbon (BC) have a direct relationship with the air temperature and influence the carbon capture process. This study was the result of a long-term campaign carried out in the northern region of the Brazilian Pantanal, between 2017 and 2019. Measurements of CO2 fluxes were evaluated together with measurements of temperature, radiation and BC concentrations. The results showed that in some episodes, the increase in BC concentration inhibits photosynthetically active radiation and increases air temperature. As a consequence of the increase in BC concentration, a reduction in carbon capture was observed. In a specific episode in October 2017, this work estimated a deficit of 1.65 kg.m−2 in CO2 capture due to the emission of BC in the Pantanal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic stochastic effects regressions on population, affluence, and technology model used in this study reveals the nonlinear effects of urbanization routes on CO2 emissions in China, India, Indonesia, the United States, and Brazil during 1970–2020, using dynamic seemingly unrelated regression, dynamic ordinary least square, and fully modified ordinary least square techniques. The empirical analysis shows that urbanization and the proportion of small cities contribute significantly to CO2 emissions, while the square of urbanization and the square of the proportion of small cities significantly reduce CO2 emissions, thus supporting the inverted U-shaped relationship for the selected countries. However, the effect of the proportion of large cities significantly reduces CO2 emissions, while the square of the proportion of large cities significantly promotes CO2 emissions, supporting a U-shaped relationship for specific countries. Gross domestic product, industrial development, and transport infrastructure contribute significantly to carbon emissions, while renewable energy generation significantly reduces carbon emissions. The country-level augmented mean group estimator in the analysis supports an inverted U-shaped relationship between urbanization and carbon emissions and a U-shaped relationship between the proportion of large cities and carbon emissions in all selected countries. There is also an inverted U-shaped relationship between the proportion of small cities and carbon emissions in China, India, Indonesia, and Brazil. The causality test results acknowledge bidirectional causality between urbanization and carbon dioxide emissions; between urbanization squared and carbon dioxide emissions; between the proportion of the largest cities and carbon dioxide emissions, and between renewable energy and carbon dioxide emissions. This study recommends renewable energy options, green urban infrastructure, and digital technologies to improve the environmental quality of urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the concern about climate change and the associated negative impacts, fossil fuels continue to prevail in the global energy consumption. This paper aimed to propose the first model that relates CO2 emissions of Sao Paulo, the main urban center emitter in Brazil, with gross national product and energy consumption. Thus, we investigated the accuracy of three different methods: multivariate linear regression, elastic-net regression, and multilayer perceptron artificial neural networks. Comparing the results, we clearly demonstrated the superiority of artificial neural networks when compared with the other models. They presented better results of mean absolute percentage error (MAPE = 0.76%) and the highest possible coefficient of determination (R2 = 1.00). This investigation provides an innovative integrated climate-economic approach for the accurate prediction of carbon emissions. Therefore, it can be considered as a potential valuable decision-support tool for policymakers to design and implement effective environmental policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BRICS nations—Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—have grown significantly in importance over the past few decades, playing a vital role in the development and growth of the global economy. This expansion has not been without cost, either, since these countries' concern over environmental deterioration has risen sharply. Both researchers and decision-makers have focused a lot of attention on the connection between economic growth and ecological sustainability. By using nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach, the complex relationships were analyzed between important economic indicators—such as gross domestic product (GDP), ecological innovations (EI), energy consumption (ENC), institutional performance (IP), and trade openness (TOP)—and their effect on carbon emissions and nitrous oxide emissions in the BRICS countries from 1990 to 2021, this study seeks to contribute to this important dialog. Principal component analysis is formed for technological innovations and institutional performance using six (ICT service exports as a percentage of service exports, computer communications as a percentage of commercial service exports, fixed telephone subscriptions per 100 people, internet users as a percentage of the population, number of patent applications, and R&D expenditures as a percentage of GDP) and twelve (government stability, investment profile, socioeconomic conditions, internal conflict, external conflict, military in politics, control of corruption, religious tensions, ethnic tensions, law and order, bureaucracy quality, and democratic accountability) distinct indicators, respectively. The results of nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag estimation show that increase in economic growth would increase carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions. The positive and negative shocks in trade openness have positive and significant impact on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions in BRICS countries. Furthermore, the positive shock energy consumptions have positive and significant effect on Brazil and India when carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions are used. However, EKC exists in BRICS countries when carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide emissions are used. According to long-term estimation, energy consumption and technological innovations in the BRICS countries show a strong and adverse link with nitrous oxide and a favorable relationship with carbon dioxide emissions. In the long run, environmental indicators are seen to have a major and unfavorable impact in BRICS nations. Finally, it is proposed that BRICS nations can assure environmental sustainability if they support creative activities, enhance their institutions, and support free trade policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paris Accord has brought the world's governments together to begin implementing plans for their individual economies to become carbon‐free. The goal of attaining low‐carbon growth is not, however, as simple as it would appear since the world economies, which are dependent on fossil fuels and are fast expanding, are concentrated on accelerating economic expansion at the price of worse environmental effects. In light of this, the study aims to investigate the combined effects of the composite risk index (CRI), green innovation (GINOV), and environmental policy stringency (EPS) on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the context of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) countries while controlling for gross domestic product (GDP) and renewable energy research and development (RERD) over the period from 1960 to 2020. The research addresses the problems of cross‐sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity in the data set used for analysis by using the second‐generation cross‐sectionally augmented autoregressive distributed lags framework to evaluate long‐ and short‐run models. The corresponding findings show cointegrating relationships between the research variables. Additionally, the results of the regression demonstrate that EPS, GINOV, and RERD contribute to a long‐term decrease in CO2 emissions. CRI and GDP, however, increase CO2 emissions. It is suggested that environmental policies be tightened, GINOV and RERD expenditures be promoted, political stability and institutional quality be maintained, and clean economic growth strategies be adopted in order to help the BRICS countries reduce sectoral risks, create a sustainable environment, and decarbonize their respective economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article sets out a data-driven approach for targeting environmental policies optimally in order to combat deforestation. We focus on the Amazon, the world's most extensive rainforest, where Brazil's federal government issued a "Priority List" of municipalities in 2008—a blacklist to be targeted with more intense environmental monitoring and enforcement. First, we estimate the causal impact of the Priority List on deforestation (along with other relevant treatment effects) using "changes-in-changes" due to Athey and Imbens (2006), finding that it reduced deforestation by 43 |$\%$| and cut emissions by almost 50 million tons of carbon. Second, we develop a novel framework for computing targeted optimal blacklists that draws on our treatment effect estimates, assigning municipalities to a counterfactual list that minimizes total deforestation subject to realistic resource constraints. We show that the ex post optimal list would result in carbon emissions over 10 |$\%$| lower than the actual list, amounting to savings of more than |$ \$ $| 1.2 billion (34 |$\%$| of the total value of the Priority List), with emissions over 23 |$\%$| lower on average than a randomly selected list. The approach we propose is relevant both for assessing targeted counterfactual policies to reduce deforestation and for quantifying the impacts of policy targeting more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolitical risk (GPR) and other social indicators have raised many somber environmental-related issues among government environmentalists, and policy analysts. To further elucidate whether or not these indicators influence the environmental quality, this study investigates the impact of GPR, corruption, and governance on environmental degradation proxies by carbon emissions (CO2) in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries, namely Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, using data over the period 1990 to 2018. The cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL), fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS), and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) methods are used for empirical analysis. First and second-generation panel unit root tests report a mixed order of integration. The empirical findings show that government effectiveness, regulatory quality, the rule of law, foreign direct investment (FDI), and innovation have a negative effect on CO2 emissions. In contrast, geopolitical risk, corruption, political stability, and energy consumption have a positive effect on CO2 emissions. Based on the empirical outcomes, the present research invites the concentration of central authorities and policymakers of these economies toward redesigning more sophisticated strategies regarding these potential variables to protect the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing number of countries have set ambitious climate targets and recognized the potential of CO2 geological storage. Brazil’s goal is to neutralize carbon emissions by 2050. The Paraná Basin is one of the most favorable onshore sedimentary basins for geological storage of CO2 in Brazil. This extensive sedimentary basin presents a privileged location in the south and southeast regions, where the largest stationary CO2 emitters are concentrated. Our results showed Rio Bonito Formation siliciclastic deposits present pairs of reservoir-seal rocks with adequate thicknesses and depths for stratigraphic CO2 trapping. The screening allowed us to define a favorability map area, which will be the basis for subsequent detailing and characterization studies on the Rio Bonito Formation rocks and the location of CO2 injection sites, thus contributing to the mitigation of the impacts of this gas in climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To clarify the concept of the amortization period (20-year factor) associated with direct land-use change (dLUC) accounting, discuss its main inconsistencies, and propose improvements. The current practice is to divide (amortize) the estimated emissions associated with dLUC that has occurred over the last 20 years by another 20 years. Both periods are referred ambiguously as "amortization period." Issues arise when considering them as a single temporal aspect (TA) that cannot fully represent the complexity of diverse research and policy contexts. Methods: First, a systematic review was conducted to understand the 20-year amortization history and concepts and discuss its inconsistencies. Based on the review results, we propose the adoption of two distinct TAs, decomposed from the "amortization period." Then, we performed a sensitivity analysis by estimating carbon emissions due to dLUC in six land uses in Brazil: soybean, maize, sugarcane, pasture, planted forest, and mango. Results and discussion: The literature review shows that several strategies have emerged to reduce or avoid adopting the amortization period. However, most of these proposals are based on complex approaches focusing on alternatives associated with the life cycle impact assessment stage. We found that the commonly adopted amortization period has an ambiguous nature that could be explored at the life cycle inventory analysis stage. Thus, we argue that there are two distinct TAs linked to amortization in dLUC: (i) the inventory period adopted to account for land-use changes; and (ii) the period over which carbon emissions are annualized. These temporal aspects were named here the "LUC-inventory period" (IP) and the "LUC-amortization period" (AP), for clarification purposes. The sensitivity analysis showed that different values of IP and AP drastically change the emissions results due to dLUC in Brazil for different crops and land uses. Conclusion: We advocate that the "amortization period" should be decomposed into two TAs: "LUC-inventory period" and the "LUC-amortization period." They affect how the carbon debt incurred by expanding agricultural land is accounted for and amortized over a given period-of-time. Therefore, to ensure regulatory compliance, we argued that these proposed TAs should be explicitly defined, based on three possibilities, depending on the goal and context of LCA studies, such as (i) fixed values set in standards and norms; (ii) IPCC's 20-year defaults; and (iii) customized IP and AP values based on the study's specificities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Contemporânea de Contabilidade is the property of Revista Contemporanea de Contabilidade and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2018, the production of hydrogen from fossil fuel feedstocks for industrial use emitted around 830 million tons of carbon dioxide. The development of green hydrogen production from renewable energy is a promising solution to decrease the carbon footprint caused by hydrogen production. Herein, the impact of the variability of the power output simulated from a single‐point irradiance measurement on levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH) calculations is studied. The analysis is carried out using 7 month of 1 min power and plane‐of‐array irradiance historical data from a 36 MWp photovoltaic (PV) plant located in Brazil. LCOHs calculated using historical power production will be compared with LCOHs calculated using power production simulated by two different methods. The difference between the two methods lies in the extent to which the variability of the power output of the PV plant is considered. The focus is set on off‐grid electrolyzers directly powered by PV solar plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We evaluate decarbonization of passenger transportation in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. • Public transport and carpooled shared mobility rise system capacity and reduces CO 2. • Biofuels reduce CO 2 emissions at no increased system cost. • CO 2 price is the most effective decarbonization policy, but it is costlier. • Increased renewable electricity and electrification of the fleet reduce the most CO 2. This paper applies an energy systems model to evaluate how shared mobility (ride-hailing and shared autonomous vehicles), public buses, alternative energy sources (electricity and biofuels) and carbon pricing contribute to reduce passenger vehicles CO 2 emissions in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, from 2016 to 2050. Public buses and carpooled shared mobility increase system capacity, resulting in lower vehicle ownership, energy demand and CO 2 emissions, as well as savings per ton of CO 2 abated (from $3 to $4186). Biofuels reduce CO 2 emissions at no increased system cost, while carbon pricing is the most effective policy to reduce CO 2 emissions, but it is costlier than the alternatives and results in greater private vehicle use (up to 260%) if the expansion of zero-carbon public transportation remains limited due to technology adoption. The policy that reduces the most emissions (by 84%) combines the expansion of renewable electricity generation and implementation of a CO 2 price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil turning during pre-seeding preparation is meant to loosen and promote physical characteristics responsible for the development of crop roots in soil. In this study, we demonstrate effects of three methods of pre-seeding preparation at two depths of irrigation on carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux as well as the temporal variability in the distribution of soil carbon. This experiment was conducted at the rural cooperative extension research station in Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brazil, for two wheat production years in 2011 and 2012. The experimental design was randomized in strips, with four repetitions. Wheat was irrigated during the June to early October dry season. The treatments include two methods of soil preparation: traditional preparation with one plowing and two disc harrowings and minimal preparation with one seed bed conditioner pass. A third treatment of direct seeding was also evaluated. Soil CO2 efflux, soil temperature, air-filled soil porosity, and labile carbon were measured. We found soil preparation affects CO2 efflux in irrigated cultivation systems within Brazil's Cerrado savannah, with conventional tillage having greater CO2 emissions than either reduced tillage or direct seeding. Soil CO2 emissions were lower at 508 mm versus 698 mm irrigation depth, but wheat yields were significantly lower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]