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This paper argues that the COVID-19 pandemic can and should be understood as a form of creative destruction (Schumpeter's gale), at a hyper level owing to its biological/medical dimension. Therefore, the critical response to such a hyper force is to rethink how institutions administer Public Policy in South Africa (Path Dependency), most importantly economic development planning institutions and Covid-19 responses, in the form of 'The Economic Reconstruction and Recovery Plan'. It's the contention of this paper that the reason why Covid-19 continues to impact the South African government's economic planning ethos is anchored in its developmental orientation, particularly how constitutional legalism has impaired economic development planning. This could impart be due to the unaddressed influences of the initial waves of Law and Development post-1994. The South African experience with the initial waves of Law and Development were muted owing to the problematic nature of the 1994 transition which sought peace at all costs without necessary addressing substantive economic development reform considerations. Therefore, using the policy experiences of Covid-19 and Lee's, General Theory of Law and Development, particularly the aspects of Development and State Capacity and Political Will, a revision of the South African Constitution will be called on, principally chapter's 2 and 6 (Bill of Rights) and (Province). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since January 2020, the global community has faced what may be tagged a biological war against the ravaging COVID-19 pandemic. While many countries in the world have been hard hit by this virus, response patterns to the pandemic have varied from country to country and, expectedly, with varying success rates. The global community witnessed a surge in socialist policies as a response pattern to the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper argued that the countries with poor COVID-19 responses are predominantly capitalist economies under the curse of overlooking secondary consequences. The paper examined concepts such as socialism, capitalism, free market and command economy. The paper then offered philosophical argumentation for its conclusion that the COVID-19 reality is strong evidence that adopting socialist policies in an economy is more reliable than a predominantly capitalist economy, and should be the background to rebuilding the post COVID-19 economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Planning Education & Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Greater Bay Area (GBA) is to become a major innovation and technology hub of global impact. Such a transformation is to take place in the midst of a policy-driven economy in GBA's Mainland region and a market-driven economy in Hong Kong and Macau. In this paper, we examine the uniqueness and complexities of logistics and trade facilitation in GBA. This study establishes a discourse in GBA's logistics and trade facilitation between government and non-government stakeholders. Based on the discourse, we provide a conceptual context on the unique aspects of GBA, pinpointing critical issues such as the coexistence of differing institutional systems and interplay between state planning and market economy. A major objective of the paper is to identify and conceptualize unique logistics and trade features of GBA development, and to highlight opportunities for academic and policy research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ever since Beijing has launched its grand transcontinental Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), President Xi's key foreign economic plan has ignited interest of policymakers and academia alike. This paper explores that under the BRI framework, China has invested billions of dollars in infrastructurebuilding in diverse regions across the globe, including South Asia where Beijing has expanded its footprints by implementing projects in various sectors. India, being wary of Chinese ambitions and intentions, has declined to join the venture as it has reservations over Xi's 'project of the century'. In response, India has come up with various initiatives to counter the growing role of Beijing in South Asia and beyond. Key Indian initiatives are examined aimed at rivalling China. For enhancing regional integration and connectivity, India, in partnership with Japan, has launched Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC). International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is another such venture to dwarf the Chinese BRI. In collaboration with the Group of 20 (G20), New Delhi unveiled another connectivity initiative -- India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) as an alternative to the BRI. The paper concludes that although India is eager to compete with China, it does not have enough resources to match China's regarding investing and implementing mega infrastructure projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study introduces the Five-Year Plan as an assignable Chinese experience for attaining comprehensive development to provide policy reference for goal-based development related to sustainability. Before illustrating a dynamic localized implementation path of merging the UN Development Strategy and China's national planning policies, the paper uses quantitative comparative analysis to depict an overview of this dynamic. Two key features, goal integration and development efficiency, were then built to characterize China's multidimensional development goal implementation capacity. Then, we implemented a high-dimensional fixed-effects model to examine how different stages of development impacted the likelihood of achieving our goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to clarify how and why South Korea initiated and maintained a fragmented aid structure, even though discussions about integration existed before the establishment of its aid institutions. The research utilises a path dependence framework for its analysis. This analysis reveals that discussions concerning the fragmented structure of South Korean aid began in the 1960s and ultimately led to the establishment of South Korean aid agencies. This paper delves into the issue of integrating fragmented aid within the South Korean government by using newspaper articles, government documents, and reports. Path dependence is further illuminated by its relationship to the policy environment and institutional context. In conclusion, the persistence of this fragmented structure can be ascribed to factors such as the intricate nature of the aid policy, which combines diplomatic and economic policies within the policy environment. In terms of the institutional context, the claims of legitimacy for preserving the policy authority of aid-related ministries and the diminished coordination authority of the Economic Planning Board in the 1980s steered the path dependence of the fragmented aid structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. Improving the efficiency of interaction between enterprises that operate public and private railway infrastructure when performing cargo transportation and cargo operations. Methodology. The studies were carried out using the methods of the theory of railway operation and economic and mathematical modeling. Findings. The study found that the transition from a planned economy to a market economy along with increasing customer requirements for the composition and quality of transport services is an objective reason for an increase in carriage downtime at private sidings and junction stations, a shortage of track capacity and shunting locomotives. It is shown that the existing approaches to assessing the effectiveness of the interaction between train tracks of enterprises and mainline railways are aimed at improving the performance of the rolling stock and do not create incentives to solve the problem of the shortage of transfer and processing capacity of the railway infrastructure. Originality. The paper proposes an improved method for assessing the effectiveness of the interaction of participants in the transportation process when performing transportation and cargo operations on the private sidings of industrial enterprises, based on the time the infrastructure is occupied. This approach, unlike the existing one, encourages railways and industrial enterprises to jointly search for the best technological solutions for the use of public and private railway infrastructure. Practical value. The method proposed in the paper for assessing the interaction of participants in the transportation process makes it possible to separate station services in the tariff for the use of the railway infrastructure into separate services of service facilities and track access to them. This will create a competitive environment and encourage participants in the transportation process to use the existing railway infrastructure and develop a new one to obtain a synergistic effect more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The roaring (20‐) 20s are a decade of anniversaries and milestones. 2020 was the 100th anniversary of Ludwig von Mises's seminal article "Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth" and the 75th anniversary of F.A. Hayek's seminal article "The Use of Knowledge in Society." 2022 brought a series of significant anniversaries: the 100th anniversary of Mises's Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis as well as the 60th anniversary of James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock's The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy, Milton Friedman's Capitalism and Freedom, and Murray Rothbard's Man, Economy, and State. It was also the 20th anniversary of Vernon Smith's Nobel Prize. The works and milestones celebrating anniversaries in 2022 owe much to Mises's and Hayek's pathbreaking contributions. This paper summarizes and contextualizes Mises's and Hayek's arguments about socialism and knowledge and introduces a Southern Economic Journal symposium on the anniversaries of "Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth" and "The Use of Knowledge in Society." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to provide a multiple dependent state (MDS) sampling technique for light-emitting diode luminous intensities under indeterminacy by employing time truncated sampling schemes and the Weibull distribution. This indicates that ASN is significantly impacted by the indeterminacy parameter. Furthermore, a comparison is shown between the existing, indeterminate sampling plans and the recommended sample designs. The projected sampling technique is illustrated by calculating the luminous intensities of LEDs using the Weibull distribution. Based on the findings and practical example, we conclude that the suggested strategy needs a smaller sample size than SSP and the current MDS sampling plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 1989, Central and Eastern European countries with planned economies launched a process of transformation. In the Slovak forest policy, the main changes have been in the structure of forest ownership, increasing the share of governance mechanisms within the decision-making, and the organization of the sector. The aim of the paper is to analyse the current Slovak forest policy arrangement in relation to the socialistic political history, via the Policy Arrangement Approach. The analysis is based on literature search and consultations with forest policy experts. In total, 55 scientific publications were analysed. Subsequently, the results were consulted with four national forest policy experts. Despite the three decades-lasting transformation process, in Slovakia, forest policy is characterised by a strong influence of governmental actors, centralisation, and prevailing hierarchical use of policy instruments. Nature protection actors enter the policy arena, for instance, to expand protected areas. The top-down planning has an impact on the forest owners' performance of rights to use their forests. Non-governmental actors attempt to enforce their interests through participation mechanisms, inter-ministerial commenting procedures, and voluntary instruments. Public opinion is turning towards nature protection and forestry as such has come under pressure with its traditionalist approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews how young people's education-to-work transitions have changed since 1989 in former communist countries that have subsequently become full members of the European Union (EU). The sudden collapse of the command economies led to an equally abrupt breakdown in earlier routes into working life. Subsequently, the new independent states have reconstructed their education and training, and their market economies have developed. They now exhibit similar variations in rates of youth unemployment, progression through higher education, and mixtures of academic and vocational secondary education as older EU member states. However, there are features that continue to set all ex-communist countries apart, irrespective of whether they have become full EU members. These are low local rates of pay and westward migration. Its new member states have joined the Southern countries in a European periphery. Yet, there may be sufficient winners in the European core and periphery to keep Europe united. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By integrating distributed generation resources with the distribution network, the stability and reliability of the distribution network will increase. Due to the advantages of microgrids and the need to implement them, as well as the high cost of installation of distributed generation resources, the existence of a comprehensive and optimal method by considering various aspects of microgrid design is felt more than ever. In this paper, an optimal method for designing microgrids with various conditions is presented. In the first stage, the design of microgrids is discussed on a multi-purpose basis, considering its economic aspects. At this stage, to make a compromise between the economic aspects, the proposed problem is modeled as two-objective functions. In the second stage, the design of distributed generation sources is done in the first level and then in the second level, the optimal placement of switches is done to determine the electrical boundaries of microgrids. In this paper, the discussion of optimal microgrid location based on economic planning using a two-level particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm on the standard IEEE 33 Bus network in MATLAB software was performed and for this network, three microgrids with two keys were used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to scientific overspecialisation of economics in present days, modern economic theory considers economic system as a closed system amenable to methods of hard sciences. This often ignores any discourse on methodological aspects of economics. Purpose: This paper aims to add to the methodological discourse in economics by delineating Adolph Lowe's political economics and its method of instrumental inference. It is argued that Lowe's political economics provides a logical framework for public policy in the era of modern capitalism, giving economics a goal-seeking orientation. Approach: The essay first brings out the epistemological foundations of Lowe's political economics and explains the need for a new method in the era of modern capitalism. It then critically analyses the method of instrumental inference with a proposed application in contemporary national planning. Practical implications: The paper argues that the framework of instrumental inference is a plausible open system framework for public policy and can also be useful in designing policy processes. This becomes more relevant in recent days as development planning has gained pace and the number of countries with development plans has increased greatly especially in pursuit of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). With a revived global interest in planning, a reliable framework to look at local and national planning may be the framework of political economics propagated by Adolph Lowe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper deploys a discursive institutionalist framework to explore how various categories of ideas – from ideology, to programme, to policy – interact to shape the planning policymaking process. Using the emergence of the 2012 National Planning Policy Framework in England as a case study, the role of the political ideology of the leadership of a political party (as distinct from, but related to, the broader category of 'neoliberalism') in shaping and legitimising planning reform is analysed. It is shown that it is not only the political ideological legacy of a political party and how it melds with the prevailing paradigmatic orthodoxy (such as neoliberalism) that matters in framing planning reform, but that the way in which ideas are communicated and consulted on in the policymaking process is also significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how the concept of participation in planning has been constructed by state and nonstate actors in the politico-institutional context of Singapore. Our objective is to gain a deeper understanding of the political dynamics shaping ideas about participation, and the impact of these contested constructions on the perpetuation of the ruling party's political control. Drawing on strategic-relational institutionalist planning and cultural political economy theories, we analyze 312 documents including government and civil society periodicals, parliamentary debates, and academic publications, focusing on the planning and participatory practices of Singapore's national planning agency from the mid-1980s to 2020. The findings reveal that state-led coalitions continuously reframed participation as an instrument of economic growth, nation-building, and activism-management, while nonstate-led coalitions emerged to transform state-civil society relations through promoting and materializing alternative meanings of participation. These dynamics demonstrate the potentialities and limitations of democratizing urban planning and governance in Singapore's hybrid regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Raumforschung und Raumordnung is the property of Oekom Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Building a green and healthy economic system and achieving high‐quality economic growth have long been the development goals pursued by the Chinese government. Under the local government competition system, coordinating the relationship between economic growth and ecological sustainability is a decisive factor for China's high‐quality development. As a former state planned economy, China inherited a legacy of setting economic growth targets at various levels of government. This paper analyzes the relationship between economic growth targets and ecological efficiency by using panel data models and spatial econometric techniques. Moreover, the mediating effect model and dynamic threshold effect model are used to study their influence mechanism and the possible nonlinear relationship. The results indicate that there is an inverted U‐shaped relationship between economic growth targets and ecological efficiency. Optimizing industrial structure and R&D investment can improve regional ecological efficiency. The economic growth targets in neighboring regions have a "U"‐shaped relationship with local ecological efficiency. The mechanism test results suggest that economic growth targets affect ecological efficiency by influencing financial development, foreign direct investment, infrastructure investment, environmental regulation, and technological innovation. The impact of economic growth targets on ecological efficiency shows a significant threshold effect when economic growth targets, industrial structure, R&D levels, financial development, foreign direct investment, infrastructure investment, and environmental regulation are at different threshold values. Therefore, to promote regional healthy competition and ecological efficiency, the government should formulate scientific and reasonable economic growth goals and improve the official evaluation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought has published a special issue featuring papers presented at the 25th Annual ESHET Conference, which focused on the theme of "Markets, Productivity and Happiness in a Historical Perspective." The issue includes a variety of contributions, such as the Presidential Address by Vladimir Avtonomov on the transfer of economic ideas between Russia and the West, a lecture by Philippe Steiner and Caroline Oudin-Bastide on the French debate on the abolition of slavery, and papers by Emma Rothschild and Sheila Dow on wartime in the history of economic thought and David Hume's contributions to history, development, and happiness, respectively. The issue also includes papers on topics such as Hugo Grotius' views on usury, the missing manuscripts of Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Adam Smith's critique of Samuel Pufendorf's concept of sociability, and the history of social mobility in Italy. Additionally, there are papers on female economists Jessica Peixotto and the hidden female figures in the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation, as well as a set of short papers on the applications of lessons from the history of economic thought to actual policy problems. [Extracted from the article]

The paper aims at the studying of the planning and forecasting process, as well as the formation of a dynamic model of customs revenues to the state budget (on the example of Ukraine). The methodology of the regression data analysis was used to assess the receipt of customs payments to the budget. The parameters of the regression models are selected by the least squares method. To assess the significance of the regression parameters, their variances and the covariance matrix, the diagonal elements of which are the variance parameters, are calculated. Along with the linear and power model, the Brandon model is considered. The adequacy of the model for forecasting customs revenues was assessed using the coefficient of determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prof. Dr. Umay Türkeş Günay is a well-known folklorist in Turkey and abroad. While writing her doctoral thesis, she applied to Elazig tales the Propp method, which was developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Propp in his work "Morfogija Skazki", published in Leningrad in 1928, which marks the beginning of her scientific works. She is the first scientist to implement the Propp method, which is frequently used by folklorists today, in Türkiye. She started her career at Ankara University, Faculty of Language, History and Geogra- phy, and continued at Hacettepe University, thus creating the Hacettepe University school. She led the establishment of the chair of Turkish Folklore at the same university between 1985-1991. She received the title of "Associate Professor" with her research titled "Aşık Style Poetry Tradition and Dream Motif". She served as a member and consultant in commissions and committees related to culture, folklore and education activities of various institutions such as the Prime Ministry of the Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of National Education, UNESCO and the State Planning Organization. In addition to her 5 books, Prof. Dr. Türkeş Günay has hundreds of publications including articles, papers, introductions-critiques, essays and translations. Prof. Dr. Umay Türkeş Günay, who continues her duty as the Dean of the Faculty of Education at Girne American University, sheds light on young researchers with her scientific articles and speeches. Scientists are people who produce, research, question, present their knowledge to the world of science and train young scientists. Prof. Dr. Umay Türkeş Günay, a scientist who has devoted her life to Turkish cultural studies, is principled, open to different suggestions and extremely objective as an administrator. She is uncompromising in scientific and business disciplines. She never conducts her relations with the people she works with on the subordinate-superior plane. By displaying her respectful style towards identities and personalities to both academic staff and students, she approaches young academics and students both like a mother and a teacher. In this study, information about Prof. Dr. Umay Türkeş Günay's life, her academic and administrative duties, the theses she supervised, and the books, articles and papers she wrote is given. In the study, the following books of Prof. Dr. Türkeş Günay, each a value in itself, were examined in detail: "Elazig Tales and Propp Method", "Aşık Style Poetry Tradition and Dream Motif in Turkey", "Risâlet-i Nushiyye and Yunus Emre", "History of Turks", and "Criticism of Turkish Culture". Based on the works of Turkish culture researcher Prof. Dr. Umay Türkeş Günay, attention was drawn to the messages she conveyed to the Turkish society and the importance of her books was examined. In the study, the views of Prof. Dr. Umay Türkeş Günay about science and the situation of the Turkish world in the historical course were pointed out and her suggestions and solutions were discussed. In addition, the articles written by Prof. Dr. Umay Türkeş Günay on the importance of critical perspective as regards the development and growth of societies are also included within the scope of the study. In addition, the bibliography of Prof. Dr. Umay Türkeş Günay's works is provided. Thus, an attempt has been made to draw a scientific portrait of Prof. Dr. Türkeş Günay based on the works. In the 80th year of her birth, the life path of the professor of the professors, Umay Mother of the Turks, is examined and her contribution to Turkish science is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the stability and toughness of North Korea's political regime from the perspective of radicalism and gradualism of the market economization. Since it is believed that gradualism keeps the regime stable. I examined the hypothesis that North Korea and Cuba effectively abandoned their socialist planned economy and introduced market economization after witnessing the economic crisis in China and Vietnam during the Cold War. As a result, North Korea and Cuba experienced the economic crisis and gradual economic development after the Cold War. The socialist planned economy remained an ideal in North Korea. Therefore, market economization became gradualism because of its suppression by the ideal in North Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relying on the advantages of its input factors, the resource-based economy has achieved rapid development. However, with the global emphasis on scientific development, various contradictions have sharply reduced the competitiveness of the resource-based economy. In the process of a new round of changes in the world economic pattern and the adjustment of China's development strategy, most resource-based economies have begun to implement transformation actively or passively. Resource-based economy was mostly established and developed in the period of planned economy, which made great contributions to national construction and accomplished brilliant achievements in regional economic and social development. However, the development of natural resources always goes through stages of development, growth, maturity, and decline. Therefore, resource-based cities also have problems of rise, prosperity, and decline. From the perspective of adaptive space division, this paper analyzes and studies the teaching of the coordinated development of resource-based economy in the transformation of the resource-based economy and environment economy and puts forward the panel data model, logistic curve, and other algorithm models. After optimization, the collaborative development model is designed. Based on the analysis of the model, it is found that the error analysis of the model has improved by 77.3% and the average growth rate of transformation benefits is generally 56.8%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a generalized interest in the so-called New Industrial Policies (NIP) and on European Policies based on Smart Specialisation Strategies and more recently their use for Sustainability (S4). However, when Smart Specialisation was first proposed, it was assumed that European regions would have no difficulties in dropping their long-established 'planning and control' governance models and adopt a new approach. This paper illustrates the difficulties in translating the concepts of 'Smart Specialisation' and 'Entrepreneurial Discovery Processes (EDP)' into policy practices and proposes a policy process that may be used to guide policymakers in implementing Smart Specialisation policies [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study systematically compares how new growth is directed to the urbanized area in the metropolitan regions of Seattle (USA), Vancouver (Canada), and Stuttgart (Germany). This study is based on a review of planning documents and qualitative interviews with planners at the local, county, regional, and state level. This paper focusses on how the state legislation for land use governance shapes the ability to direct growth to locations favorable from a climate perspective. State legislators, particularly, have a crucial role in drafting overarching rules that enable regional, county, and local decision-makers to work together on directing growth in metropolitan areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Conjuntura Austral is the property of Conjuntura Austral and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the perception of marketing managers in a transition country Montenegro with regards to marketing metrics. The paper examines the degree in which managers are familiar with the way marketing metrics are applied and how important they are in the process of making business decisions in a company operating in a Montenegro. Design/methodology/approach: Data was collected during 2020 through a survey of 171 randomly selected companies and was analyzed using structural equation model and the statistical method of analysis of variance tests. Findings: The obtained results show that managers are quite familiar with financial and non-financial metrics. Both groups are applied to a significant degree, as managers believe that these indicators provide valuable information needed during the decision-making process. Still, more emphasis is placed on the knowledge, implementation and importance of non-financial metrics compared to financial metrics. This is probably due to the specificities of the economic activities of the companies operating in Montenegro, as most of them are service companies, which is why non-financial metrics (such as consumer metrics) are the most important indicators when it comes to ascertaining the market position of the company. Additionally, in recent years the primary focus in Montenegro, as country that is still in the process of transformation from planned economy to a free-market form, has been placed on strengthening of competitiveness and advancing the market orientation of companies. This led to an increase in the importance that managers in transition countries attach to non-financial metrics. Research limitations/implications: The fact that the survey only covers companies from one country is its limitation. Practical implications: The obtained results will have a significant empirical contribution, which is reflected in providing guidelines for managers on how to improve the system of measuring and controlling marketing performance, all that to strengthen the competitiveness of the company, and can serve managers of hierarchy levels in a company as guidelines for making decisions on the implementation of marketing strategy and marketing metrics, to improve business performance, multi-context customer interaction, cost-saving and strengthen competitiveness. Social implications: Obtaining necessary knowledge management and implementing marketing metrics are important conditions for consideration when it comes to the continuous monitoring and improvement of business results, increasing competitiveness and advancing the market position of the company. Originality/value: The originality stems from the analysis of the interconnection that exists between marketing metrics and strategic decision-making, which is expected to be positively reflected in the development of society, i.e. strengthening the competitiveness of companies based on knowledge management achieved through the assessment of the degree of knowledge, the implementation and the significance of each of the metrics covered within this research in business decision-making processes. The paper provides insights into the extent to which managers understand the meaning of these indicators and are able to combine different marketing metrics to obtain more complex indicators, serving as necessary inputs when making strategic business decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Danwei compounds were the dominant form of urban neighborhood in China's planned economy era. However, since the economic reform, the status of danwei compounds has undergone dramatic changes. By examining the transformation of Hua Gong Da Yuan (HGDY), a danwei compound in Beijing, this paper conceptualizes property rights redistribution and spatial evolution for post-danwei compounds. The transformation of danwei compounds is accompanied by the increasing awareness of property rights mainly in terms of land parcels, amenities and housing. Meanwhile, a more diversified group of property users, including both original residents and newcomers, are granted some portion of these property rights. They tend to privately claim all types of compound resources, which causes the spatial evolution of the compound, such as the reuse of former amenities, fragmented spaces and porous boundaries, the evolution of street shops, and the encroachment of public space. This paper argues that the institutional and proprietary order of post-danwei compounds is vaguely defined and disorderly arranged, which results in a weakened pattern of residual claims and compounds' deterioration. The study suggests an updated contract regarding danwei compounds to clearly regulate the behaviors of property users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the nature of bank money on two complementary levels. The first level deals with theoretical considerations. Here, the departure point is Social Positioning Theory, which provides a framework to investigate the nature of money. Within the theory, the paper situates bank money in credit‐debt relations, that are themselves integral part of a wider productive‐consumptive nexus of the economy. In this perspective, bank money is the relation, accounting economic positions of participating members, resulting from their economic activities realized within the context of the overall society. The second level uses the methods of Oral History and Memory Studies and, through semi‐structured interviews, provides empirical material illustrating ideas about the nature of money in a specific historical form. The article thus explores the contrasting experiences of banking in the context of a centrally planned economy and banking in the transformation to a market economy. These two contrasting episodes are illustrative because of the significant change in the form of bank money, which brings to light various aspects of its nature. Moreover, the article utilizes interviews that present the lived experience of bankers with years of involvement in the sector, enriching the perspective on the issue under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few publications have considered the urban heat island (UHI) effect in small settlements. This paper, therefore, presents the findings of a UHI study conducted in the small, mid-latitude city of Inverness, Scotland (population: 63,220). The study aimed to provide an initial appraisal of the scale of UHI phenomena in Inverness and to understand the factors associated with its presence. Mobile vehicular traverses of a study transect were conducted on 30 dates during June, July & August 2019. Measurements of near-surface air temperature were recorded at 19 local climate zone observation points between 20:00 and 23:00 BST. Daily mean UHI intensity (UHII) during the study ranged from 0.7 to 3.5°C, with an overall mean UHII of 1.6°C. Land use characteristics impacted the UHII, with areas with higher fractions of impervious surface cover returning significantly higher air temperatures. UHII increased with the onset of sunset, and the highest UHII occurred on dates with up to 1–2 oktas of cloud cover, low relative humidity, and high cloud base height. The results align with previous studies and comparisons are drawn between Inverness and other settlements globally. Further research in Inverness is recommended to better understand UHI effects and influence national planning policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mortality data play an important role on the fields such as health, epidemiology and national planning. Most mortality models mainly focus on providing a perfect fitting, to the detriment of an exact forecasting result. In this paper, we fit the Bernstein polynomial to mortality data based on maximum likelihood based inference through the simulated annealing method. The proposed method utilizes the derivative of Bernstein polynomials to describe the pattern of mortality rates. The asymptotic behavior of the proposed model is also given on general results. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by simulated examples and illustrated through applications to datasets provided from the Human Mortality Database (). The simulated examples and real data analysis show that the proposed approach is quite satisfactory in forecasting the short-term mortality trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pacific island countries are highly vulnerable to destructive and unpredictable disasters. This paper identifies the intensity of disasters for each country in the Pacific based on the distribution of economic damages and population affected by disasters, and estimates the impact of disasters on economic growth and international trade using a panel regression method. The results show that 'severe' disasters have a negative and significant impact on economic growth and lead to a deterioration of the trade balance. Going further, this paper proposes a simple and consistent approach to incorporate disaster risks for economic planning. Better incorporating the economic impact of disasters in the medium- and long-term economic planning would help policy-makers improve policy decisions and to be better prepared for disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to perform an objective comparative analysis of the business climate for entrepreneurship development in European countries in 2021 and group them according to the quality of the business climate. The research uses thirteen criteria from the Global Entrepreneur)ship Monitor report and TOPSIS methodology combined with entropy to perform a comparative analysis of the business climate for entrepreneurship development in selected European economies in 2021. Usage of TOPSIS and entropy method based on the last available data enabled objective and the most accurate evaluation and ranking of countries, taking into account all observed criteria. According to the study, the ranking of European economies indicates that the Netherlands has the most favorable business climate for entrepreneurship development, considering all observed criteria, while Belarus is ranked in the last position. According to relative closeness to the ideal solution (Ci*), the four clusters of countries are derived. Besides the Netherlands, Lithuania, Norway, and Finland were also dedicated to the first cluster, indicating that these economies obtained the most favorable conditions for entrepreneurship development during the pandemic crisis. On the other hand, former command economies and Greece and Cyprus are placed in Cluster IV since they haven’t supported entrepreneurs with sufficient and appropriate economic policy and regulatory reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Article Type: Research Paper Purpose--This article seeks to investigate differences and similarities in how communist states respond to famine conditions, focusing on North Korea as a central case study. The purpose is to understand how North Korean government propaganda conceived of the reasons for, and the solutions to, the famine of the 1990s. Design, Methodology, Approach--Using primary North Korean sources such as speeches by the leadership (and Kim Jong-il in particular) to analyze the government's propaganda response and its conceptions of the famine, the article takes a comparative, qualitative approach and places North Korea in the context of other communist countries that have gone through famines. Findings--The research finds that the North Korean government, like China and the Soviet Union during famine periods, refused to outright acknowledge systemic causes of the famine and instead focused its attention on solutions such as growing potatoes and raising rabbits, rather than reforming the economic system itself. Practical Implications--These findings, in light of recent signs of crackdowns against semi-private business and the market system, suggest that the North Korean regime may not have fully adapted its core views on economic planning despite the devastating famine and collapse of central planning. Originality, Value--Several excellent studies look at the causes and process of the famine. This paper seeks to add a dimension by studying how the North Korean regime expressed its understanding of the famine and compares and contrasts it to similar cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue presents a selection from the papers presented at the conference on "Experiences and Challenges in Measuring Income and Wealth in CIS Countries and Eastern Europe", jointly organized by the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth (IARIW) and National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University) in Moscow on September 17-18, 2019. Specifically, considering the importance of the income redistribution system for alleviating inequality, it would be interesting to investigate the link between the role of the Soviet legacy in the system of taxes and pensions, and income inequality. References 1 Kuznets, S., " Introduction ", Income and Wealth, Income and Wealth of the United States. [Extracted from the article]

Architecture and planning projects dominated Finnish-Tanzanian development cooperation in the 1970s. While few previous connections between Finland and sub-Saharan Africa existed, the adoption of international aid operations in Finnish foreign policy provided a pathway for architects and planners to partake in the nation-building endeavours of socialist Tanzania. Through archival analysis, this paper provides a comprehensive perspective into how a Finnish development cooperation agency and development employees (architects included) worked for the benefit of the implementation of Tanzanian socialist policy and aimed to advance regional development as well as to serve the purposes of ujamaa and the authoritarian one-party governance system. The Uhuru Corridor Regional Physical Plan (1975–1978) that followed became the first attempt at large-scale regional planning in Tanzania and attempted to establish regional planning as a solid part of state management. The paper suggests that within the framework of national planning, the difference between a development cooperation project and a planning project is obscure, and it demonstrates that basing research on the conceptual likenesses between planning and development can provide fruitful approaches to planning history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a fractional opposite-direction accumulating nonlinear grey Bernoulli Markov model (FOANGBMKM) is established to forecast the annual GDP of Huizhou city from 2017 to 2021. The optimal fractional order number and nonlinear parameters of the model are determined by particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. An experiment is provided to validate the high fitting accuracy of this model, and the effect of prediction is better than that of the other four competitive models such as autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA), grey model (GM (1, 1)), fractional accumulating nonlinear grey Bernoulli model (FANGBM (1, 1)) and fractional opposite-direction accumulating nonlinear grey Bernoulli model (FOANGBM (1, 1)), which proves the robustness of the opposite-direction accumulating nonlinear Bernoulli Markov model. This research will provide a scientific basis and technical references for the economic planning industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water storage reservoirs can be either sustainable or exhaustible. In the absence of sediment management, reservoir storage is an exhaustible resource with long-term consequences. Previous economic planning of reservoirs essentially guaranteed non-sustainable solutions. This paper describes a new economic paradigm for economic assessments of new and existing reservoirs. The new economic paradigm provides a framework for comprehensive accounting of economic benefits and costs over a sufficiently long period of analysis, including cost estimates for dam decommissioning and lost benefits where sediments are not sustainably managed. A case study applies this framework to a hypothetical western US reservoir to quantitatively compare the status quo (i.e., no sediment management) with a selection of sediment management alternatives. Results indicate that sustainable sediment management can be less expensive than the consequences of ignoring sedimentation (e.g., eventual dam decommissioning and replacing lost storage capacity). Additional work shows that beginning sediment management within a decade of reservoir construction prevents the most severe impacts of sedimentation. An investigation of alternative discounting approaches indicates that the approach employed can have a significant impact on economic results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a central component of the "green city" narrative, urban agriculture is gaining importance in urban planning and global sustainability agendas. In Hanoi, the capital city of Vietnam, the "green city" is core to the state's urbanisation agenda, with a green corridor envisioned as part of the city's Master Plan for 2030. We investigate the patterns and processes of small-scale urban agriculture underway in this green corridor to better understand whether this type of agriculture actually intersects with, and is supported by, state plans. We frame our paper in conceptual debates around food safety and everyday governance, while supporting our analysis with data from interviews with resident gardeners and officials, as well as the mapping of urban gardens in seven wards in and alongside the green corridor. We pay attention to practices and motivations of residents who maintain small-scale vegetable and fruit plots (the most prevalent form of urban agriculture), and the challenges and constraints they face. Our work reveals the temporary and interim status of urban agriculture in Hanoi, highlighting the contradictions within Vietnam's "green city" discourse. Nonetheless, urban residents still undertake urban agriculture, negotiating or compromising with state officials, to meet their demands for fresh and safe food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1990, Mongolia has been moving from a planned economy to a market economy for more than 30 years, revolutionizing the social order and adopting democratic methods. Over the past few years, Mongolia's social, economic and political development studies have produced specific assessments and conclusions. These articles explore Mongolia's development, characteristics, participation in the Belt and Road Initiative launched by the People's Republic of China, its benefits, its impact on the present state of Mongolia's society and the obstacles it faces. The paper presents the results of research into four main groups: common reasons, cause-effect, solution-effect and conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The allocation of biogas between power generation and heat supply in traditional kitchen waste power generation system is unreasonable; for this reason, a biogas prediction method based on feature selection and heterogeneous model integration learning is proposed for biogas production predictions. Firstly, the working principle of the biogas generation system based on kitchen waste is analyzed, the relationship between system features and biogas production is mined, and the important features are extracted. Secondly, the prediction performance of different individual learner models is comprehensively analyzed, and the training set is divided to reduce the risk of overfitting by combining K-fold cross-validation. Finally, different primary learners and meta learners are selected according to the prediction error and diversity index, and different learners are fused to construct the stacking ensemble learning model with a two-layer structure. The experimental results show that the research method has a higher prediction accuracy in predicting biogas production, which provides supporting data for the economic planning of kitchen waste power generation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to contribute with initial reflections on the adoption and regulation of cryptocurrencies, as well as blockchain technology in the case of Cuban socialism. It is assumed that both the cyclical crisis and the structural crisis represented by capitalism on a global scale contribute to the presence of this technology in Cuba. To this end, we seek to contextualize the regulation of crypto-activities in a planned economy and understand how this has resulted in the expansion of technology-based enterprises and projects supported by blockchain technology. Finally, with the contribution of the Political Economy of Communication, it is questioned to what extent cryptocurrencies can really solve the crisis of the Cuban system when democratization manifests itself only in the sphere of circulation, relegating the concentration of power and wealth that manifests itself in the productive sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]