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• Biome-BGC model was improved by modifying the ET and canopy multilayers modules. • The increasing trends of GPP, ET and WUE were more pronounced during 1999–2018. • Increasing NDVI mitigated the negative effect of precipitation. Extreme climate occurred frequently in subtropical region, which seriously affects carbon and water fluxes such as evapotranspiration (ET) and gross primary productivity (GPP) of terrestrial ecosystems. The process-based biome biogeochemical cycles (Biome-BGC) model is widely used for simulating carbon and water fluxes of forest ecosystems. However, the lack of the interaction information of climate, vegetation and soil, such as the hysteresis effect, canopy stratification on photosynthesis, impedes better simulations of the ecohydrological processes. Here, we tended to improve the simulation accuracy of Biome-BGC model at a subtropical forest on the Xin'an River in Southeastern China by reconstructing the precipitation series, modifying the ET and canopy multilayers modules, and optimizing the parameters. The spatiotemporal patterns of GPP, ET, water use efficiency (WUE) and their response to environmental factors across the Xin'an River Basin from 1982 to 2018 were further explored. The results showed that the improved model performed well, with the determination coefficient, root means square error and mean absolute error being 0.730, 1.522 gC/m2/d and 1.218 gC/m2/d for GPP, 0.857, 1.082 mm/d and 0.838 mm/d for ET, respectively. Basin-averaged GPP, ET and WUE increased during 1982–2018 and these increasing trends were more pronounced during 1999–2018. Significant positive trends of WUE occurred in the northeast corner. The increasing air temperature and precipitation respectively dominated the increase in GPP and ET, the increasing CO 2 concentration and NDVI mitigated the negative effect of extreme precipitation on WUE. Given that human activities such as afforestation have effectively reduced the extent of damage to forest ecosystems from extreme precipitation, we highlight an urgent need to formulate adaptation strategies aimed at reducing the risk of extreme climate in humid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has become increasingly important to quantify carbon and water fluxes due to their roles in global warming and climate change, particularly for the agroecosystems. However, the dynamics of carbon and water fluxes have not been clearly recognized in rotation croplands with complex and changeable climate. Here, the variations of net ecosystem productivity (NEP), evapotranspiration (ET) and the water use efficiency (WUE, defined as NEP/ET), and their responses to the environmental factors were investigated in a wheat-maize rotation cropland across the Huaibei Plain of China over 2013–2015. The total average NEP, ET and average WUE respectively were 489.1 gC m-2, 315.8 kgH 2 O m-2, 4.4 gC kg-1H 2 O for wheat and 192.5 gC m-2, 249.0 kgH 2 O m-2, 3.6 gC kg-1H 2 O for maize, implying that wheat season sequestered more CO 2 than maize season. Spring drought and summer flood affected WUE of wheat and maize, respectively. Daily wheat WUE seemed to be more sensitive to changes in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), vapor pressure deficit (VPD), soil water content (SWC) and canopy conductance (G c). PAR was the dominant factor controlling diurnal dynamics of NEP and ET, while the opposite effect of VPD on NEP was recognized. NEP increasing with PAR was limited by high VPD, which obviously when VPD exceeded 2 kPa during the maize season. Maize NEP was limited with VPD under high solar radiation (> 500 μmol m-2 s-1). WUEs of wheat and maize were negatively related to SWC and G c , and the sensitivity of WUE response to SWC and G c increased with the increase of PAR or VPD range. Sub-diurnal NEP against PAR, VPD or temperature showed clockwise hysteresis but ET against PAR or windspeed showed counter-clockwise hysteresis, and these hystereses were mainly caused by the interplay between evaporative demand and moisture supply, photosynthesis and carbon allocation of the agroecosystems. [Display omitted] • The wheat season sequestered more CO2 than the maize season. • Spring drought and summer flood affected WUE of wheat and maize, respectively. • Wheat WUE seemed to be more sensitive to changes in environmental factors. • PAR was the dominant factor controlling diurnal dynamics of NEP and ET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]