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The document is a review of a book titled "Usage-based and Typological Approaches to Linguistic Units." The book examines whether linguistic categories like subject, clause, or predicate are universal across languages or specific to each language. It presents research articles that use authentic corpus data and a usage-based approach to explore the universality of linguistic units and the concept of "participant orientation" in different languages. The review discusses the perspectives and findings presented in the book, including studies on English, Finnish, Japanese, and Indonesian conversations. The reviewer suggests future research should include more languages, consider diachronic analysis, and explore the role of prosody in linguistic units. Overall, the book challenges traditional views on the universality of linguistic categories and provides valuable insights into the study of linguistic units. It is recommended for those interested in gaining a deeper understanding of these topics. [Extracted from the article]

This essay delves into the multifaceted nature of the Tagalog word ano, examining its usage in various contexts and its impact on communication within Tagalog-speaking communities. Three cases of ano are discussed in the essay. The first case pertains to ano accompanied by ostension; the second, pertains to ano accompanied by context clues; and the third, pertains to ano without any ostension or context. In Tagalog communities, ano, despite the lack of ostension or context, is sometimes still used in everyday conversations, presenting the problem of how meaning or understanding of the word ano is still possible. The third case of ano will be further divided into two: IT-ano (ibang tao-ano) and HIT-ano (hindi ibang tao-ano) providing the difference between strangers and acquaintances. By relying on Ludwig Wittgenstein's idea of what it means to understand through language-game, this essay discusses how a vague word such as ano gives rise to meaning and understanding. This approach to clarify meaning will relate to the levels of social interaction found in Virgilio Enriquez's idea of pakikipagkapwa. The analysis will proceed by referring to hypothetical scenarios involving the use of the term ano situated in the everyday conversational use of language by Filipinos. The mode of analysis takes the perspective of the author, who is a native speaker of Tagalog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents how teachers in the exolingual environment perceive colloquiality in teaching Polish as a foreign language. For this purpose, focus and individual interviews were conducted with Polish language specialists at the University of Ankara and the University of Istanbul in Turkey. The study shows that teachers are aware of the need to teach colloquial Polish, nevertheless learning this variety is usually assigned as students’ independent work. Colloquiality is developed mainly as receptive skills, while the active use of colloquial vocabulary is treated as an extracurricular element. In addition, Turkish teachers often assume the attitude of learners towards colloquialism, treating Polish teachers as having greater competence to teach colloquial language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to describe the Spanish construction parar de + inf, an aspectual verbal periphrasis which expresses the interruption of the event referred to by the infinitive in affirmative clauses, and the continuity and repetition of this event in negative clauses. Parar de+ inf is a verbal periphrasis whose consolidation in Spanish occurred in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The study on this structure is therefore associated with recent linguistic changes. Parar de + inf is a verbal periphrasis characteristic of the colloquial language, which has complicated the study of the real use of parar de + inf. The language used in situations of communicative proximity is under-represented in the corpora. Thus, estimates of the frequencies of use of linguistic forms associated with colloquial language forms should be taken with caution, as frequency of use may differ significantly across discourse traditions. In this regard, it is important to think about the role of frequency data in historical studies of language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the persuasive English language in MasterClass’s video advertisements. An analysis framework was formed using twenty-four techniques to identify persuasive language, and the purposes of using different techniques in one hundred and forty-one MasterClass’s video scripts. The analysis included identifying the primary argument of the scripts, evaluating language formality and style, indicating persuasive techniques and their examples, and comparing the frequency of each technique from most to least used. The findings showed that the majority of the introduction and body of the scripts were devoted to the contents: critical concepts in the lessons, class contents and activities, backgrounds and experiences of the instructors, methods and processes for developing skills, and professional tips and techniques. The script’s conclusion frequently reflected the instructors’ attitudes and perspectives. These contents were persuaded using various techniques with different purposes. The top ten persuasive techniques employed in the advertisements were repetition, colloquial language, inclusive language, rhetorical questions, connotations, jargon, anecdotes, hyperboles, similes, and generalizations. The results can be applied as resources for language educators to design persuasive language lessons. Besides, for those interested in creating more effective video advertisements, the findings can help prepare advertising scripts for educational purposes or commercials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to examine Plautine style systematically, based on distributional criteria and statistics. It looks at the various means that Plautus can utilize in order to characterize a passage as archaic or colloquial. When Plautus wants to sound old-fashioned, he relies on morphology, while he has more varied ways of marking a passage as colloquial. There is a reason for this asymmetry: speakers of any language have access to colloquial registers on a day-to-day basis and can draw on phonology, morphology, and syntax, but archaic registers are acquired from written sources, and here it is morphology that stands out to readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research discusses the underapplication opacity, namely counterbleeding, of non-local compensatory lengthening in Modern Colloquial Persian, a style of informal speech in Iran (mostly in Tehran) motivated by moraic glottal consonants in the postconsonantal position in the coda. It concludes that building a moraic structure occurs before segmental changes, such as glottal deletion, Flop, and Spread (i.e., double flop), through weight-by-position. After building the moraic structure of coda consonants, a postconsonantal glottal is prone to deletion, resulting in a floating mora that precedes coda consonant flops while delinked from its mora. In this environment, stem vowels can spread to the neighboring mora and lengthen. Stratal OT is capable of accounting for counterbleeding through strata with different sets of OT constraints established on the basis of Persian morphology. The first stratum ensures the construction of the moraic structure before any segmental change, while the second stratum is where the counterbleeding order is covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients’ education is a vital strategy for understanding a disease by patients and proper management of the condition. Physicians and academicians frequently make customized education materials for their patients. An artificial intelligence (AI)‑based writer can help them write an article. Chat Generative Pre‑Trained Transformer (ChatGPT) is a conversational language model developed by OpenAI (openai.com). The model can generate human‑like responses. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the generated text from ChatGPT for its suitability in patients’ education. Materials and Methods: We asked the ChatGPT to list common dermatological diseases. It provided a list of 14 diseases. We used the disease names to converse with the application with disease‑specific input (e.g., write a patient education guide on acne). The text was copied for checking the number of words, readability, and text similarity by software. The text's accuracy was checked by a dermatologist following the structure of observed learning outcomes (SOLO) taxonomy. For the readability ease score, we compared the observed value with a score of 30. For the similarity index, we compared the observed value with 15% and tested it with a one‑sample t‑test. Results: The ChatGPT generated a paragraph of text of 377.43 ± 60.85 words for a patient education guide on skin diseases. The average text reading ease score was 46.94 ± 8.23 (P < 0.0001), and it indicates that this level of text can easily be understood by a high‑school student to a newly joined college student. The text similarity index was higher (27.07 ± 11.46%, P = 0.002) than the expected limit of 15%. The text had a “relational” level of accuracy according to the SOLO taxonomy. Conclusion: In its current form, ChatGPT can generate a paragraph of text for patients’ educational purposes that can be easily understood. However, the similarity index is high. Hence, doctors should be cautious when using the text generated by ChatGPT and must check for text similarity before using it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I examine relative uses of Polish że, which is normally regarded as a 'that'-type complementizer. As is shown with corpus data, że is in some contexts used as a non-canonical relativizer in colloquial spoken language, a use which may be seen as a relic function reflecting the historical origin of the subordinator. Crucially, I argue that contemporary relative uses of że are restricted to a specific functional variety, i. e. the presentational relative construction, as developed by, among others, Lambrecht (1988a, 1988b), Duffield et al. (2010), and Murelli (2011). Additional issues that will be addressed are the varying degrees of clausal integration and the rather fluid continuum of the very functions performed by że: its relative uses, general subordinator uses, że marking elaboration/reformulation, as well as the relativization/complementation contrast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigates the apparent disconnects between teachers' perceptions of how they address the role of Australian English in the ELICOS classroom and what the evidence from interviews suggests that they actually do. Through data sets from a broader teacher survey (n = 21) and follow-up interviews with teachers (n = 6), perceptions of classroom practice in relation to Australian English and other Englishes were explored. Being qualitative in nature, the text responses from teachers were analysed using thematic analysis. A theme and sub-themes were identified and aligned with the guiding research question. The thematic analysis results suggest that teachers are not necessarily aware of some of the decision-making they are carrying out daily in their classrooms. Although, in many cases, they were making sophisticated judgements on the use of varieties of English and colloquialisms in their classrooms, they sometimes did not seem to have an active awareness of their decision-making. The current study provides implications for teachers' professional learning and how reflexivity may be brought into their practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overlap between idioms and clichés is one of the problematic meaning issues. This overlap can simply be detected in online as well as academic sources. The existence of the overlap between idioms and clichés springs from the absence of a model that can work out some demarcation boundary between them. The present study aims at drawing a demarcation line between these two essential colloquial elements by resorting to linguistic features, contextual functions, nature of community of practice based on interlocutors' relationship, and the degree of informality to fulfill this purpose. This study makes use of a qualitative approach to carry out the process of analysis based on a model designed to assist the procedures of determining the features of each element. With reference to data, the analysed idioms and clichés have been extracted from 20 discourses (10 written texts and 10 recorded interactions) of 10 different topics. The most significant concluding points come in three angles: structure (an idiom is mostly a part of a meaningful statement, whereas a cliché is mostly a full meaningful statement by itself); function (idioms are usually used for three different purposes: emphasis, creativity, and persuasiveness, whereas clichés are used either to simplify the idea or to state an idea without exerting any effort by making use of overused statements and common ritualized expressions); and informality ( Idioms are detected in less informal discourses compared to clichés). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English has evolved into an internationally-used language due to the increase in the number of its learners. With the growing demand for English learing, over the last 30 years, the topic of Native English-Speaking Teachers and Non-Native English-Speaking Teachers has become a topic of debate. Thus, the purpose of the current mixed method study was to find out students' and teachers' perceptions and attitudes towards NESTs and NNESTs in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Since students' and teachers' attitudes and perceptions have not been explored about this issue, this study might benefit learners, teachers, stakeholders, and recruiters. In the study, student questionnaires and teacher interviews were administered to answer the following research question: What are students' and instructors' perceptions and attitudes towards NESTs and NNESTs, and what strengths and weaknesses do they identify about NESTs and NNESTs? The participants were 345 university students, and 24 EFL teachers. The quantitative data obtained from the student questionnaire were analyzed through SPSS V. 25, and the qualitative data from the teacher interviews were analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings revealed that the students prefer NESTs over NNESTs. However, they also showed positive attitudes towards NNESTs. Similarly, the teachers believed that NESTs and NNESTs have their positives and negatives. The NESTs were preferred for being fluent, natural speakers, and being better at colloquial language. In contrast, NNESTs were thought to excel at having a stronger connection with students, being sympathetic, and understanding students' needs and difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a corpus-based analysis of discourse-connective que (DCQ) in five varieties of Spanish and across four different discursive genres. On the one hand, we show that DCQ is not only a spoken phenomenon but at the same time mainly restricted to colloquial language use. On the other hand, the results show that DCQ is more entrenched in the Peninsular variety than in the Latin-American varieties (Mexico shows the lowest overall frequency). Moreover, we also analyze geographical variation regarding the position in which DCQ is located in the turn of the speaker (heading the turn or not), distinguishing between three different profiles associated with specific regions: i) Spain, where DCQ is mostly found in initial position, ii) Argentina, the Caribbean and Mexico, where DCQ is primarily used in non-initial position, and iii) Chile, where DCQ is almost equally distributed between initial and non-initial positions. Finally, we also attested differences across language varieties regarding the type of turn in which DCQ occurs (initiation, preferred response and dispreferred response) and the internal structure of the turn (utterance in a complex turn vs turn extension, for multiturn units). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study had as its goal to investigate how nonnative speakers (NNSs) of Spanish were able to perform pragmatics which in various ways resembled that of native speakers (NSs). The study focused on three advanced NNSs of Spanish who had contributed data six years earlier to a corpus of NS and NNS speech acts of complimenting, apologizing and refusing. The purpose was to do a contrastive analysis comparing the pragmatic performance of NNSs and NSs in order to capture both similarities and areas where highly competent NNSs displayed knowledge gaps, however subtle. The subjects responded to a language background questionnaire regarding their learning of Spanish and also completed a learning style preference survey. They were then asked to revisit their earlier performance in pragmatics from the corpus data and to describe the strategies that they used to produce their highly-rated performance in Spanish pragmatics at that time. The findings revealed ways in which the three subjects differentially imitated NS behavior, and provided insights as to how they arrived at native-like behavior in their facial expressions, use of clicks, physical contact practices, colloquial language, and cursing. The subjects' reported learning style preferences appeared to be generally consistent with the strategies that they reported using for dealing with the pragmatic features of interest, such as the way that they dealt with cursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The History of Al-Uthman perfectly illustrates the events and happenings of the Ottoman government from the beginning of its emergence to the time of Ragheb Pasha. It also includes the events taking place after 1744. Besides its historical value, this work provides the audience with valuable knowledge about the social situation of the people, the behavior, and actions of the Ottoman rulers, cultural changes, and the way of thinking and the viewpoint of people during that era. The author of this work, Ahmad Judet Pasha, was born in 1823 in Bulgaria and was a very prominent and influential person in the Ottoman government. The translator is Mohammad Hossein Khoei and as said by his own words, he tried to translate this work by the order of Naser al-Din Shah in 1900. The prose of this work, excluding the introduction, which is an artificial one, is in colloquial language and is one of the anonymous texts of the Qajar era. There are two manuscripts of this book, both of them date back to the thirteenth century. However, the first version is complete and the second version is incomplete. Due to the importance of the Qajar colloquial language in the changes and developments of modern Persian, the present study aims to investigate the position of the author and translator and its translation style so as to elucidate the worth of this anonymous historical version alongside its linguistic significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The observation that neurological illnesses follow recurrent hits to the head was tempered by the terms that first called the diseases into scientific existence: "punch-drunk," "slugnutty," "slaphappy," "goofy," "punchy," and a host of other colloquialisms accompanying class identities. Thus the discovery of disease and its medicalization ran straight into a countervailing belief about losers—losers in boxing, losers in life, losers in general. To medicalize such individuals was to fly in the face of a culture that made them jokes. Yet a subculture began to emerge around pathological understandings: first in medicine, then in journalism, then in the courts, and finally with patient accounts about illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the challenges in translating artist Andy Warhol's American-English writings into Indian languages. It discusses difficulties in translating time-bound terms, inventive use of idioms and colloquialisms, unusual names of places and people and historically specific descriptions and including in "Diaries." It analyzes the complexity of translating Warhol's visual art language and persona into a verbal language which are necessary for cross-cultural communication.

Keywords: phraseology; corpus pragmatics; Norwegian; contrastive corpus analysis; diachrony EN phraseology corpus pragmatics Norwegian contrastive corpus analysis diachrony 365 389 25 05/12/22 20220501 NES 220501 1 Introduction The scholarly field of contact linguistics was launched with two groundbreaking studies in the 1950s: [56] analysis of the linguistic systems of Swiss bilingual speakers, and [34] study of Norwegian spoken by immigrants to the United States. In the final case, the discourse marker I tingen er at is i , the diachronic-contrastive corpus method lead to the rejection of the borrowing hypothesis on the grounds that the phraseme existed at least two centuries before the massive influx from English onto Norwegian set in, and there is no evidence to suggest that its emergence in English predates that of Norwegian. As regards quantification, [23] observes that loan translations clearly dominate over direct borrowings and hybrid forms in German, as loan translations amount to about 70% of phraseological borrowings (see also [22]). 2 Characteristics of phraseological borrowing and analytical prerequisites A comprehensive and systematic study of phraseological borrowing requires analyses of the formal and functional properties of a borrowed phraseme. A cross-linguistic study of English phraseological translation loans and semantic loans]. [Extracted from the article]

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This article discusses elements of criminal vocabulary (criminal dialect) that appear in the statements of people serving prison sentences in Poland and Great Britain. A fundamental difficulty in the process of researching criminal vocabulary is access to reliable sources of research material. The literature on the subject points in particular to the lack of studies in the given area. In the case of the prison environment, some characteristic words or phrases of the criminal subculture may penetrate into the colloquial language. Some, especially young people, fascinated by criminal life, the underworld, pride themselves on knowing the criminal dialect and are freely using it. Phrases of the prison dialect often appear in musical works performed by rappers, which testifies to its pervasion behind the "prison walls". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Magis: Revista Internacional de Investigación en Educación is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Colloquial language is a very comprehensive linguistic notion that beholds all the forms and linguistic units of informal language variations. The investigation of colloquial language requires precise data; and this can be fulfilled by the consideration of community of practice in the process of data collection. Community of practice is the mutual engagement of a group of people that share a certain interest, a social status, or an occupation in common; however, they are not supposed to be homogenous in age, gender, hobby, social status and occupation in order to be included. This study adopts a descriptive qualitative method to demonstrate, theoretically, how significant the availability of community of practice in colloquial language studies is. It ultimately aims at identifying the characteristics and morphological forms of colloquial language on the one hand, and expounding the notion and the criteria of community of practice and its contribution in conducting colloquial language studies on the other hand. This study hypothesizes that consideration of community of practice is a prerequisite in conducting colloquial language studies. This study concludes that the majority of the studies conducted on various colloquial language forms either ignored the consideration of community of practice or they were not fully familiar with the notion, the traits, the dimensions, the frame, the structure and the functions of community of practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diana Hornoiu's book, "Understanding Pragmatics: From Theory to Practice," is a valuable resource for those interested in the field of pragmatics. The book covers various topics, including the definition of pragmatics, reference and deixis, presupposition, conversational implicature, speech acts, relevance theory, politeness phenomena, and conversation analysis. The inclusion of chapters on relevance theory and politeness phenomena, as well as the use of examples from Romanian, adds value to the book. Each chapter is followed by exercises and further reading suggestions. Overall, the book is a valuable addition to the study of pragmatics. [Extracted from the article]