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A major challenge for the speech-language pathology profession in many cultures is to address the mismatch between the “linguistic homogeneity of the speech-language pathology profession and the linguistic diversity of its clientele” ( Caesar & Kohler, 2007 , p. 198). This paper outlines the development of the Multilingual Children with Speech Sound Disorders: Position Paper created to guide speech-language pathologists’ (SLPs’) facilitation of multilingual children's speech. An international expert panel was assembled comprising 57 researchers (SLPs, linguists, phoneticians, and speech scientists) with knowledge about multilingual children's speech, or children with speech sound disorders. Combined, they had worked in 33 countries and used 26 languages in professional practice. Fourteen panel members met for a one-day workshop to identify key points for inclusion in the position paper. Subsequently, 42 additional panel members participated online to contribute to drafts of the position paper. A thematic analysis was undertaken of the major areas of discussion using two data sources: (a) face-to-face workshop transcript (133 pages) and (b) online discussion artifacts (104 pages). Finally, a moderator with international expertise in working with children with speech sound disorders facilitated the incorporation of the panel's recommendations. The following themes were identified: definitions, scope, framework, evidence, challenges, practices, and consideration of a multilingual audience. The resulting position paper contains guidelines for providing services to multilingual children with speech sound disorders ( http://www.csu.edu.au/research/multilingual-speech/position-paper ). The paper is structured using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: Children and Youth Version ( World Health Organization, 2007 ) and incorporates recommendations for (a) children and families, (b) SLPs’ assessment and intervention, (c) SLPs’ professional practice, and (d) SLPs’ collaboration with other professionals. Learning outcomes: Readers will 1. recognize that multilingual children with speech sound disorders have both similar and different needs to monolingual children when working with speech-language pathologists. 2. Describe the challenges for speech-language pathologists who work with multilingual children. 3. Recall the importance of cultural competence for speech-language pathologists. 4. Identify methods for international collaboration and consultation. 5. Recognize the importance of engaging with families and people within their local communities for supporting multilingual children in context.

Paper, like all other cultural heritage materials, degrades over time, but conservation slows down the rate of its deterioration. There is a long history of cooperation between microbiologists and conservators of libraries and archival materials, but current approaches addressing paper deterioration need urgent reassessment to take full advantage of modern microbiological methodologies. The present article discusses what we believe are the current priority research areas in assessing microbial risk to paper heritage, and reports studies on a 13th century Italian manuscript and on Leonardo da Vinci's Atlantic Codex which illustrate the problems and challenges encountered when dealing with microbial investigations of paper artworks. The potential of using a more advanced microbiological approach is highlighted.

This paper describes the World Health Organization's project to develop a quality of life instrument (the WHOQOL). It outlines the reasons that the project was undertaken, the thinking that underlies the project, the method that has been followed in its development and the current status of the project. The WHOQOL assesses individuals' perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns. It has been developed collaboratively in several culturally diverse centres over four years. Piloting of the WHOQOL on some 4500 respondents in 15 cultural settings has been completed. On the basis of this data the revised WHOQOL Field Trial Form has been finalized, and field testing is currently in progress. The WHOQOL produces a multi-dimensional profile of scores across six domains and 24 sub- domains of quality of life.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of a nested PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) method for the detection of Desulfovibrionales-related sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) from paper mill samples. The samples were also analyzed with culturing. SRB cause/enhance industrial problems, namely creation of foul-smelling gases (hydrogen sulfide) and biological corrosion, and so far there has not been a simple method to study these bacteria in paper mill laboratories. In our study, culturing was able to detect Desulfovibrionales-related bacteria from two different white waters, two different brokes, pulp, clay, and slime. Out of the isolated Desulfovibrionales, 23 enrichment cultures were further characterized with Desulfovibrionales-selective PCR-DGGE. An identical Desulfovibrio species sequence was found from paper machine I (broke I, slime, and pulp) and from paper machine II (broke II and white water II), suggesting an in-house contamination with the same strain. Desulfovibrionales-selective PCR-DGGE was also performed from DNA templates extracted directly from the paper mill samples. The DGGE profiles derived from the samples without prior enrichment were more diverse and the sequenced amplicons proved to belong to the Desulfovibrionales order. Moreover, molecular techniques were able to detect Desulfovibrionales-related bacteria from calcium carbonate samples whereas culture did not. Altogether, the nested PCR-DGGE method used in this study was suitable for the detection of Desulfovibrionales-related SRB directly from different paper mill samples and it could be used for the rapid identification of SRB-contaminated industrial sites and, when combined with sequencing, for tracing of the contamination routes.

The development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-5 (DSM-5) has been an exhaustive and elaborate exercise involving the review of DSM-IV categories, identifying new evidence and ideas, field testing, and revising issues in order that it is based on the best available evidence. This report of the Task Force of the Indian Psychiatric Society examines the current draft of the DSM-5 and discusses the implications from an Indian perspective. It highlights the issues related to the use of universal categories applied across diverse cultures. It reiterates the evidence for mental disorders commonly seen in India. It emphasizes the need for caution when clinical categories useful to specialists are employed in the contexts of primary care and in community settings. While the DSM-5 is essentially for the membership of the American Psychiatric Association, its impact will be felt far beyond the boundaries of psychiatry and that of the United States of America. However, its atheoretical approach, despite its pretensions, pushes a purely biomedical agenda to the exclusion of other approaches to mental health and illness. Nevertheless, the DSM-5 should serve a gate-keeping function, which intends to set minimum standards. It is work in progress and will continue to evolve with the generation of new evidence. For the DSM-5 to be relevant and useful across the cultures and countries, it needs to be broad-based and consider social and cultural contexts, issues, and phenomena. The convergence and compatibility with International Classification of Diseases-11 is a worthy goal. While the phenomenal effort of the DSM-5 revision is commendable, psychiatry should continue to strive for a more holistic understanding of mental health, illness, and disease.

O DN Jovem, suplemento que o Diário de Notícias começou a publicar em maio de 1983, rapidamente se tornou uma montra para novos prosadores, poetas, fotógrafos e ilustradores. Em junho de 1996, ano em que o acesso à Internet nos lares portugueses não atingia sequer um por cento, os seus conteúdos migraram do suporte impresso para o online. A transição, decidida pela Administração do DN no âmbito de uma reestruturação do jornal, anunciou a morte daquele que, segundo o escritor José Jorge Letria, foi “o mais importante espaço de revelação e de afirmação de novos valores literários” no Portugal democrático. The DN Jovem, a supplement that the Portuguese newspaper Diário de Notícias (DN) began publishing in May 1983, quickly became a showcase for new prose writers, poets, publishing in May 1983, quickly became a showcase for new prose writers, poets, photographers and illustrators. In June 1996, when access to the Internet didn’t even reach one percent of Portuguese homes, its contents migrated from print to online. The transition, determined by the Administration of DN within a newspaper’s restructuring, announced the death of a supplement that was, according to Portuguese writer José Jorge Letria, “the most important spot for the revelation and affirmation of new literary values” in democratic Portugal. Le DN Jovem, supplément que le quotidien portugais Diário de Notícias (DN) a commencé à publier en mai 1983, est rapidement devenu une vitrine pour prosateurs, poètes, photographes et illustrateurs. En Juin 1996, quand l’accès Internet dans les foyers portugais n’a pas atteint l’un pour cent, son contenu était migré du papier au support en ligne. La transition, déterminée par l’Administration du DN en vertu d’une restructuration du journal, a annoncé la mort d’un supplément que, selon l’écrivain portugais José Jorge Letria, était “l’endroit le plus important pour la révélation et l’affirmation de nouvelles valeurs littéraires” dans le Portugal démocratique. El DN Jovem, suplemento que el periódico portugués Diário de Notícias (DN) comenzó a publicar en mayo de 1983, se convirtió rápidamente en un escaparate para los nuevos prosistas, poetas, fotógrafos e ilustradores. En junio de 1996, año en que el acceso a la Internet en los hogares portugueses no era siquiera el uno por ciento, su contenido migró del papel al online. La transición, determinada por la Administración de DN en el ámbito de una reestructuración del periódico, anunció la muerte de aquel que, según el escritor portugués José Jorge Letria, era “el lugar más importante para la revelación y la afirmación de nuevos valores literarios” en el Portugal democrático.