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The Kumaun Himalaya is considered as the most active part of the Central Seismic gap in the Indian Sub-continent. In this paper, we presented active surface deformation rates of the Kumaun region from February 2017 to February 2021 using the Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSI) technique. The cumulative displacement that occurred during the span of 4 years is ±55 mm, whereas the Line of Sight (LOS) deformation velocity rate ranges is ±7 mm/yr. Apart from PSI, we also estimated the b-value of the Kumaun region from 1803 to 2021 (399 events) and its value is 0.54 ± 0.03. A distinct NE-SW trend of b-value is observed where earthquakes with M>6 occurred towards NE of this trend. The PSIderived deformation reveals that the central part of the Inner Lesser Himalaya along with the Main Central Thrust (MCT) zone is dominated by uplift. The zone between the Munsiari Thrust (MT) and MCT in the central region shows the maximum uplift ranging 5-7 mm/yr which exactly lies above the mid-crustal ramp of the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). Our results are well corroborated with available observations of geodetic strain and peak ground acceleration values. However, the deformation patterns and highvelocity rates in the central part of the study area between MT and MCT indicate the accumulation of high stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote sensing techniques, such as Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), have the potential to document and monitor surface deformation up to a millimetre scale especially in areas where ground monitoring is not feasible. The InSAR technique has been used to isolate and map some current and potential landslide areas in Kinnaur region of the Satluj Valley in Himachal Pradesh. The fragile ecosystem of Kinnaur has been challenged by the shifting climatic pattern and immense anthropogenic pressure associated with burgeoning hydroelectric projects, leading to destructive landslides of epic proportions. Three recent landslides that occurred at Ribba and Pangi villages of the Satluj River Valley and the Batseri landslide in the Sangla Valley were studied and potential landslide areas along the Satluj Valley were mapped with Sentinel-1 multi-baseline interferograms using data acquired between 2016 and 2021. The analysis suggests significant changes in velocities (±11 mm/y) where the subsidence rate ranges from −6 to −11 mm/y with a cumulative displacement of ±45 mm/y. Our study highlights the potential locations for future landslides and provides an early warning landslide map to support future disaster prevention in highly deformed regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground deformation on a regional to local scale is the consequence of a wide range of natural processes such as tectonic and anthropogenic activities. Globally, the over-extraction of groundwater and hydrocarbon exploitation are the primary causes of ground subsidence. The current study demonstrates regional scale ground subsidence analysis of the Dibrugarh and Digboi regions of Brahmaputra alluvial plain, Assam, Northeast India. To understand the ongoing surface deformation satellite base, the RADAR technique has been applied using SENTINEL-1A data, which were acquired between 15 October 2015 to 25 January 2022. The assessment carried out via the time series analysis of the radar data suggests that the Dibrugarh area is subsiding at a rate of ~5 mm/yr, whereas the Digboi is deforming at a much faster rate (±22 mm/yr) than Dibrugarh. The presence of active faults in the subsurface and associated deformation is another reason for active ground subsidence. The outcomes of the current study validate that the study area is currently undergoing active subsurface deformation caused by both endogenic as well as exogenic processes. Furthermore, our Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSInSAR) and satellite-based analysis suggest that the over-exploitation of the natural resources is enhancing the rate of deformation in the Brahmaputra alluvial plain in the northeast of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key objective of the present study is to estimate the surface displacement and to understand/monitor the active deformation pattern in the Kachchh region post the 2001 Bhuj Earthquake by implementing the Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSI) and Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) techniques. We employed the ENVISAT ASAR (15 images), ALOS PALSAR (6 pairs) and SENTINEL-1A (117 images) data sets acquired during the periods 2003–2005, 2007–2009, and 2016–2020 respectively. The PSI results of the Envisat dataset reveals that the Kachchh mainland region has undergone an average surface deformation of ± 22 mm/yr during 2003–2005. The maximum displacement observed from the ALOS PALSAR data sets (Window-1 to 6) during the period 2007–2009 is ∼ ± 1.2 cm. Further, the ground displacement observed from the Sentinel-1A dataset during the period 2016–2020 is ±16 mm/yr for the west-central region and 6 mm/yr uplift and 8 mm/yr subsidence in the eastern Kachchh mainland region. Surprisingly, high rate of deformation is detected towards the Pachham Island, Banni, Rann and the eastern region of the Kachchh after the 2001 Bhuj event. Correlating the results of different data sets, it is concluded that the deformation is high near the vicinity of the fault zones indicating the tectonically active nature of the faults. From the obtained results, we infer that, post the 2001 Bhuj earthquake, the surface displacement in the Kachchh mainland region is escalated till 2009 which is due to continuous aftershock activity and then started declining because of the ongoing seismic settlement. The acquired deformation rates are correlating well with the GPS derived displacement rates. Further, our results will assist in accurately demarcating the extent of the fault zones and also helps in precisely marking the areas undergoing active deformation, which will aid in micro zonation studies, mitigation planning and also for the preparation of an active tectonic map for the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Active surface deformation, displacement pattern, and erosional variability is estimated using the geomorphologically sensitive morphometry along with the Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PSInSAR) technique using the Sentinel-1Adata (119 images) acquired between 07- 02-2017 and 10-02-2021. The average velocities for this dataset are estimated to be between ±11 mm/y. The Raunthi River catchment from where the flood was triggered is undergoing ~8 mm/y subsidence and ~10 mm/y uplift. Compared to this the basin wide deformation (Rishi Ganga basin) is estimated to be around ±10 mm/y with commulative ground displacement of around ±45 mm. The times series analysis suggests an increase in the ground displacement by around 5 mm/y and seems to be responsible for the expansion of pre-existing cracks in the vicinity of the Vaikrita Thrust (VT) and subsequent failure of the northern face of Nandi Peak on 7th February 2021. The Global Positioning System (GPS) derived strain distribution pattern indicate a relatively higher accumulation of strain (>0.35µ strain/y). The normalized steepness index (k sn) variation along the longitudinal section of Rishi Ganga and Raunthi River sub-basin in Central Himalayan region shows anomalous increase at the glacio-fluvial transitional processes. Moreover, the χ profiles as well as planform plots shows anomalously lower values within the Raunthi River sub-basin when compared with the Rishi Ganga basin. Based on the lower values of χ it is observed that Raunthi River sub-basin is undergoing high erosion which can be caused by the presence of sheared lithology and incision of the relict glacial and paraglacial sediments. We negate the suggestion that abrupt rise in the temperature was the major triggering mechanism for the recent disaster, instead it is the sheared lithology and pre-existing fissure developed because of differential uplift and subsidence in Raunthi River that led to the wedge failure and subsequent flash flood. Had the climate was the major driver of the recent tragedy ?, it should have impacted multiple hanging glaciers in the Rishi Ganga valley. Therefore, the study calls for detailed geomorphological, structural and glaciological investigation in regions dominated by glacial and paraglacial processes in the strategic regions of the Himalaya. Towards this, the state of art PSInSAR technique seems to provide fast and reliable detection of terrain instability/stability along with identification of potential areas of slope failures in near future in the glacial and preglacial zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]