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Purpose: the aim of the work is to study the impact of selected economic factors on the level of gross salaries in the industry sector in Poland in the years 2005-2020. Design/methodology/approach: in the first stage of the research, the Pearson linear correlation between the average gross salary in industry and the adopted variables was examined. Then, a multiple regression model was created, which aims to indicate which of the adopted variables best explain the development of the average gross salary in industry. Findings: the construction of the econometric model allowed us to indicate that the factors that best explain the average gross salary in industry are the average gross salary in the economy and the volume of domestic demand. Research limitations/implications: there are many alternative models that may lead to different results by subsequent authors of scientific papers. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct further research to identify the factors shaping gross salaries in industry. Originality/value: the article raises an important topic regarding economic factors affecting the level of salaries in industry. The existing literature lacks research specifically focused on salaries in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As donors channel more of their development assistance through private companies, a discussion is growing on what this shift means for international development. This paper focuses on four Central European donors, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia, who have recently implemented new incentives to promote the greater engagement of the private sector in their international development programmes. The paper uses new survey data of project managers at organisations implementing aid projects funded by these four donors to explore how private actors differ in their approaches to aid implementation. The analysis reveals that the type of implementing organisation does not affect their focus on internal project goals (budget, schedule, and scope), but project managers at private firms consider long-term impact and economic sustainability of the project less important. These findings support claims that for-profit organisations exercise a short-term approach to satisfy funders, but lack a deeper focus on long-term development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the LCOE for photovoltaics has decreased several times, it is once again gaining popularity. The intensification of the development of PV installations is contributing to the duck curve phenomenon in an increasing number of countries and, consequently, affecting current electricity prices. Decisions on new investments in large-scale PV sources are driven by potential economic and environmental effects, and these, in turn, are subject to locational considerations, both as to the country and its region. In calculating the economic impact of locating a 1 MWp PV farm, it was assumed that the electricity generated by the farm would be fed into the national grid, and that the life of the PV farm would be 20 years. Poland was considered as an example country for the placement of a photovoltaic farm. The authors of this paper proposed that the main verification parameter is the availability of connection capacities to feed the produced electricity into the country's electricity grid. The methodology proposed by the authors for the selection of the location of a PV farm consists of four steps: step (i) identification and selection of the administrative division of a given country; step (ii) verification of available connection capacities; step (iii) (two stages) verification of other factors related to the location of the PV farm (e.g., information on land availability and the distance of the land from the substation), and analysis of productivity at each potential location and electricity prices achieved on the power exchange; step (iv) economic analysis of the investment—analyses of PV farm energy productivity in monetary terms on an annual basis, cost analysis (CAPEX, OPEX) and evaluation of economic efficiency (DPP, NPV, IRR). The greatest impact on the economic efficiency of a PV project is shown by the value of land (as part of CAPEX), which is specific to a given location, and revenues from energy sales, which are pretty similar for all locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduction of the public pension system generosity should encourage all future retirees to accumulate private retirement savings. They have many options in this area, both dedicated pension programs (pension pillars), and a whole range of financial market investment instruments (non-pillar solutions). The main objective of the paper was the empirical identification of factors that determine the level and propensity to save in the form of life insurance with insurance capital funds for retirement purposes by self-employed persons in Poland. The microeconomic perspective of considerations was adopted in the research process. On the basis of a review of economic literature, a set of individual characteristics that affect savings decisions of natural persons was distinguished, then an attempt was made to find out whether the same groups of factors also determined the individual decisions of self-employed persons regarding saving for retirement in the form of insurance capital funds. The following research hypothesis was verified: Ownership of retirement savings in the form of life insurance with insurance capital funds by self-employed natural persons in Poland is determined both by social and economic factors, and the impact of these factors varies. The empirical study showed that the accumulation of retirement savings by self-employed persons in the form of life insurance with insurance capital funds was the least important way to supplement the future pension from the public pillar. Self-employed persons are characterized by a relatively high propensity to save for retirement (higher than the average propensity to save in Poland), prefer non-pillar forms of collecting voluntary savings for retirement, primarily in the form of real estate. The strength of the social and economic factors varies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to examine the impact of the economic situation in 2022 on the condition of micro-enterprises in the Silesian Voivodeship. Design/methodology/approach: A research sample of 150 micro-enterprises from the Silesian Voivodeship was selected. Research methods such as interview and survey were used. A questionnaire was used as the tool. A complete set of responses was obtained from 132 microenterprises. Findings: It was found that entrepreneurs respond in different ways to the difficult situation their micro-enterprises faced after the pandemic and during the following months of 2022. This depends on a number of factors, such as number of years the company has been on the market, the degree of specialisation in the domain handled, flexibility in re-branding, ability to obtain external financial and non-financial support, etc. These factors mean that the condition of the micro-enterprises studied is not homogeneous. Research limitations/implications: Due to the small research sample, the study results cannot be generalised and treated as a picture of the condition of all companies in the Silesian Voivodeship. Further studies, based on a larger research sample, would provide a more comprehensive picture. Originality/value: The negative impact of the 2019 global pandemic has greatly affected micro-enterprises. The military conflict in Ukraine in early 2022 has destabilised global markets. Rising inflation in Poland became even more pronounced after the outbreak of war. Many micro-enterprises faced a difficult situation. It is important to gain knowledge about the impact of constraints related to the economic situation on the operation of micro-enterprises in order to develop mechanisms to mitigate negative effects on entrepreneurship based on microenterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• One Polish household wasted 0.56 kg of food per day. • In Polish households, fruit, vegetables, bread are wasted the most during the day. • Household characteristics explain food waste more than individual characteristics. • Single-person households waste more food products and semi-products than other. • On a per capita level Polish households with children waste less food. In Poland, to our best knowledge, none of the scientific publications produced to date have addressed the scale of wasted food in households and the impact of sociodemographic and economic factors on this. This study fills this research gap. The study was carried out in 2019 on a nationwide random-quota sample of 500 households, which are representative of all households. The survey was carried out in the respondents' homes for seven consecutive days. It consisted of an interview conducted by an interviewer (Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews method) and a paper diary completed by the respondents themselves. The aim of the study was to present the volume of wasted food, taking five groups into account,and to examine the impact of the sociodemographic and economic characteristics of the households and the person responsible for preparing meals on food waste. The results show that one person, on average, wasted 62.6 kg of edible food per year (98.2 kg of edible and inedible parts combined). According to the results, the most discarded food products include fruit and vegetables, bread, dairy products, drinks and juices, and cold cuts. Statistical analysis showed that the level of food waste in Polish households is conditioned by characteristics such as household size (persons), the presence and number of children, monthly income, as well as the characteristics of the person responsible for preparing meals, such as age and employment status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world this gap between the richest and the poorest is constantly widening. This paper aims to examine the impact of this economic inequality on the quality of education in two selected European countries—Poland and Finland. The choice of countries is not accidental: Finland was chosen because it has one of the best-rated education systems in the world, while Poland was chosen to indicate potential solutions, the application of which, may improve the quality of education in our country. To demonstrate that economic inequalities have a significant impact on education, rather show that it is economic inequalities, and no other factors such as political and administrative decisions, that have a significant the regional level was taken as the reference level in the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable development of enterprises is based on three pillars: economic, social, and environmental. Sustainable development aims to limit climate change and its negative impact on the natural environment. The main aim of this paper is to assess the impact of selected energy economy factors (government expenditure, environmental taxes, outlays on renewable energy sources, prices of futures contracts for CO2 emissions, outlays on R&D, and the EU Emissions Trading System (ETSEU)) on the sustainable development of the energy sectors in Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, and Poland, from 2008 to 2022. We use the correlation coefficients, the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Vector Autoregressive (VAR) Models, and the simultaneous equation. The research results indicate a variation in the direction and strength of the influence of individual economic factors in the studied countries (p < 0.05). The results can support operational and strategic decisions sustaining the sustainable development of enterprises in the analyzed countries. The results indicate the need to reform selected economic factors, with an emphasis on the increased importance of environmental taxes and the reform of the EU ETS, which is a key tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions cost-effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cracow Review of Economics & Management / Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie is the property of Cracow University of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper compares nationalisation campaigns in the German Democratic Republic and socialist Poland, with particular focus on industry. It is based on secondary literature as well as material from both the German and Polish statistical offices. The main finding is a surprising lack of simultaneity in the nationalisation campaigns in the two countries, which possibly had a significant impact on the course of economic transformation in East Germany and in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the application of spatial econometrics in estimating the interregional flow matrix in multisector–multiregion input–output tables. With reasonable assumptions, it demonstrates that this application can be formulated as a modified multi-equation spatial Durbin model with missing parameters estimated via maximum likelihood. The statistical performance of the model is scrutinized and the method is illustrated using regional (NUTS-3-level) economic impact assessment simulations for Poland. The proposed non-survey method empirically built on sectoral–regional data on economic activity is widely replicable across countries with promising performance against widespread benchmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Comparative Economic Research is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A healthy lifestyle is a key determinant of health, especially for people with chronic diseases such as diabetes or hypertension. The health behaviours which contribute to a healthy lifestyle include the following: regular physical activity, preventive examinations, maintaining a proper diet and avoiding the consumption of alcohol or cigarettes. They have a significant impact on the disease process, controlling symptoms and preventing complications. The aim of this study was to examine the health behaviours related to diet, physical activity and prevention among Polish primary health care patients and to identify predictors of health behaviours. For this reason, the standardized Health Behaviour Scale (HBS) questionnaire was used. The study was conducted among 269 patients (including 61.71% women) in primary health care facilities. The mean age of participants was 52.89 years (±17.76). The mean HBS score was 36.93 ± 9.66. A statistically significant association was found between HBS scores and such sociodemographic variables as education (p = 0.0061, r = 0.17), body mass index (p = 0.0018, r = −0.20, β = −0.36) and self-assessed economic status (p = 0.0094, r = 0.16). Women's health behaviours as measured by HBS were significantly better than men's (p < 0.001, β = −6.82). A special focus should be given to the groups manifesting poorer health behaviours (e.g., men, older people and persons with low socioeconomic status) by offering them tailored health-promoting interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines issues related to the effectiveness of public administration in the field of monetary security in Ukraine. The article presents general characteristics of the nature, state, and dynamics of the effectiveness of public administration in the field of currency security in Ukraine. The assessment of the current state and dynamics of the currency security indicators in Ukraine was made on the basis of the characteristics of the state monetary policy components indicators compared to similar indicators in Poland. The characteristics of exchange rate dynamics, GDP dynamics, and labour market dynamics in Ukraine and Poland are presented. The main economic factors affecting the exchange rate, namely the inflation rate and the state of the balance of trade account of the balance of payments have been considered. The main factors reducing the efficiency of Ukraine's monetary security administration are detailed. The dynamics of the indicators of the level of Ukraine's shadow economy proved to be contrary to the goals and objectives of the "Strategy of Ukraine's Economic Security until 2025". The ways to minimize the negative influencing factors and, accordingly, strengthen the implementation of monetary and credit policy and improve the efficiency of state management of monetary security of Ukraine were proposed. The development of currency circulation in Ukraine is ensured by the state's influence on monetary relations by specially authorized bodies with different legal statuses and powers. In practice, difficulties arise in the application of monetary law in the process of currency regulation. The mechanisms of interaction between state control bodies in the field of currency regulation have not yet been established, which weakens the position of the state in the currency market and hinders the process of integration into the international economic system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the situation in the Polish steel sector in 2020. The year 2020 was called the “pandemic year” due to the economic and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The scope of the analysis included: crude steel production total and by processes in Poland in months of 2020. The data on crude steel production was compared with data from previous five years from 2015 to 2019. The analysis performed provides detailed information on increases or decreases in the amount of crude steel produced in Poland in individual months. The paper is based on data from the Polish Steel Association in Katowice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 2001, a new development paradigm, not only in EU countries but also at the global level, has been the concept of balancing environmental, social and economic factors, known as sustainable development. Over the two decades of the new millennium, a number of initiatives and directives have been introduced that are aimed at protecting the environment against over-exploitation, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. This issue also applies to the fields of construction and architecture, which will be inspired to change by the idea of New European Bauhaus initiated in 2020. Thanks to the political transformation that began in 1990, Poland became part of the global capitalist system, and by joining the European Union in 2004, it declared its development policy in line with European standards. This article deals with the local development process and with industry sustainability in the example of an industrial park located in a selected, representative commune in Poland. The case study of the industrial park EURO-PARK Kobierzyce included factors determining the choice of location, provisions of planning documents, development characteristics, as well as sustainability reports published by selected companies. The aim of this study is to understand the impact of the industrial park on local development and sustainability, as well as to attempt to assess the development of the industry in the context of long-term sustainable development in the conditions of global capitalism. The analyzed case of an industrial park is intended to serve as an illustration of the research problem and a starting point for a broader discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyse the process of equipping the Polish Air Force with the F-16 aircraft. The Polish F-16 programme serves as an essential source of knowledge for avoiding errors that may occur when introducing new weapon systems in Poland, or other post-communist countries that are still reliant on Soviet-designed military technologies. Due to various external and internal factors, not all elements of the F-16 programme are suitable for replication in the acquisition of new weapon systems; however, some solutions have been applied in Poland's F-35 and WISŁA air defence programmes. The authors examined selected aspects of the F-16 programme, including its historical background, legal and organisational framework, personnel training, infrastructure, logistics, and the economic implications of the offset agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The travel restriction leads to the enormous economic loss to the tourism industry. In this paper, the economic loss and the environmental gains (e.g., water and energy resources) from COVID-19 impact on China's tourism industry are estimated based on environmentally extended multiple regional input-output model. Results indicate that the China's tourism consumption loss triggered 921 billion US$ output loss via supply chain in 2020, which account for 7 % of GDP in 2019. Additionally, the economic loss further ripples tourism water footprint conservation of 10 billion m3 (equal to the annual water consumption of Poland) and tourism energy footprint conservation of 116 million tce (equal to the annual energy consumption of Australia). Findings reveal that regions with large tourism economic losses are not completely consistent with the regions with significant relief of water and energy pressures. Water pressure in Xinjiang (Northwest) and energy pressure in Hainan (South) have been alleviated due to reduced tourism consumption along the Southeast coast. These knock-on effects highlight a deeper internal link between the economy and the environment. The development of tourism in the post-COVID-19 era needs to reduce the direct water and energy footprint of local area by applying advanced water-saving and energy-saving technologies. • China's tourism output loss caused by COVID-19 accounts for 7 % of GDP in 2019. • 10 billion m3 of water saving equals to the annual water consumption of Poland. • 116 million tce of energy saving equals to the annual energy consumption of Australia. • Tourism activities decreasing in East relieve great water use stress in Northwest China. • Decreasing tourism demand in Southeast mitigates energy use stress in South China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The restrictions introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic were supposed to prevent the spread of infections, but they may have contributed to increased negative emotions. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of negative emotions and sleeping difficulties and their determinants in the adult Polish population. Material and methods: A survey was conducted among 323 adult Poles using an Internet surveying technique, CAWI (computer-assisted web interview). Some of the questions came from standardized forms applied in surveys conducted by the Public Opinion Research Centre (CBOS). The relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and perceived emotions was investigated. The chi-square test was used to assess the relationships between nominal variables (p<0.05). One-dimensional logistic regression was used to determine the effect of demographic variables on perception of negative emotions. Unadjusted models (crude odds ratios) with one dependent variable were used: gender, age, place of residence, marital status, occupational activity, having children, and economic situation due to the pandemic. Results: Most frequently the respondents experienced lowered mood (51.5%), anger, irritation (41.2%), boredom (41.8%), and feelings of loneliness (39.3%). Almost one in four respondents experienced sleeping disorders. This was lower in the group of people who did not experience financial problems due to the pandemic (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.2-0.8). A protective effect of having children on feelings of loneliness (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.9) and boredom (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.8) was observed. Being professionally active reduced the risk of feeling angry (OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.7). An increased risk of feeling lonely was associated with female gender (OR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.5-5.2). Conclusions: Most of the respondents experienced negative emotions during the pandemic. Having children and being professionally active had a protective effect against the occurrence of loneliness, boredom or anger. The lack of impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economic situation was a protective factor against the occurrence of sleep difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how changes in economic indicators affect foreign trade in Poland during the COVOD-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: The research problem is: what impact did economic indicators have on imports and exports in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic? Main hypothesis: the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on economic indicators, which directly had a negative impact on the export and import from Polish. The conducted research used an analysis of domestic and foreign literature and method of a document examination. Findings: Research has shown that the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 had a significant impact on the development of several indicators of the economic macroenvironment, in particular GDP, inflation and the unemployment rate. Indicators identifying foreign trade did not show significant dependencies on the number of infections, but on phenomena shaping sensitive indicators. Originality/value: The content of the study confirms the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changes in most indicators of the economic macroenvironment. Additionally, it shows the phenomenon and the scale of impact, which may be important in the event of new cases of epidemiological threats or crisis situations (e.g. geopolitical). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the analysis was to demonstrate the relationship between the impact of selected (non-income) factors and the level of sustainable consumption of households in Poland in selected years. Methodology: Analysis of data from the library of the Central Statistical Office. Findings: The most important economic factors determining household expenses include income, which determines primarily the size and structure of expenses and the prices of goods. Originality/value: The publication discusses the impact of selected (non-income) factors on the level of sustainable consumption in households. Combining interdisciplinary research in the areas of management and quality sciences with economics and finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: Current economic conditions, including, but not limited to, the rising inflation rate, changes in electricity prices or changes in tax law significantly affect the manner of operation of business entities in Poland. The economic impact of these changes varies greatly depending on the type of business, industry or economic sector represented. These changes are also reflected in the level and structure of the entities' own costs -- primarily in the when considering costs by type. The multitude of changes that Polish companies now face also indicates the importance and relevance of the concept of effective cost management in these difficult economic conditions. Therefore, the need to adapt the business to the peculiarities of the new economic reality created the basis for a thorough identification of cost information needs coming in from the cost accounting systems used in companies. This became one of the prerequisites for undertaking research on evaluating the usefulness of cost accounting systems used in business entities for effective management of their costs. Aim: The purpose of this article is to analyze and assessment the cost effectiveness of selected entities representing production, commercial and service activities in the context of recent changes in economic in Poland. Results: The main conclusion of the analysis is that the current economic conditions have a significant impact on the level and structure of own costs in business entities. Therefore, these entities need specialized economic tools to improve the efficiency of their cost management. It is because the traditional full-cost accounting system used by most business entities in Poland is proving to be inadequate in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land consolidation in rural areas is greatly influenced by a number of social, agricultural, and economic factors. They extend the time and complicate activities related to the implementation of this project. Land consolidation is a huge investment, requiring a good and up-to-date map. Up-to-date data that reflects reality are the basis for good and efficient land consolidation in rural areas. To improve the creation of a land consolidation project, the most appropriate solution would be to place all the necessary data to create a land consolidation project on "geoportals" websites. Providing data on the websites of geoportals in Poland and Finland in the form of a map portal would enable both visual and substantive analysis of spatial changes in rural areas. Therefore, this article pursues two main scientific goals. The first purpose of this article is to analyze the history and scope of land consolidation in Poland and Finland in order to learn the specifics of land consolidation in a given country. Comparisons and analyses were made on the basis of the authors' experience in Poland and Finland with land consolidation in the areas described. The second scientific goal of the article is to compare the availability of geospatial data in the context of the methodology of performing land consolidation in rural areas, which leads to increased energy efficiency in agricultural production by reducing the need for energy, especially fuel for agricultural machinery. The results from the table with a list of geoportals in Poland and Finland are a summary of the data available for free. Thanks to it, land consolidation contractors around the world will have the opportunity to familiarize themselves with and perhaps use this data when creating a rural land consolidation project. Good land consolidation planning will lead to effective and economical use of rural space. This is part of the 2030/2050 strategy. Reducing agricultural production costs, lower fuel consumption, and a smaller carbon footprint. This is what Poland and Finland are striving for as countries belonging to the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economics & Environment / Ekonomia i Środowisko is the property of Fundacja Ekonomistow Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a designated geographical area with specific economic regulations and incentives to promote foreign investment and boost economic growth. The present study aims to analyse the impact of SEZs on the macroeconomic indicators of Poland. This study investigates the relationship between Poland's Special Economic Zones and the Polish economy from 1998 to 2020, employing a vector autoregressive model using ordinary least squares regression to analyse time series data on annual SEZ tax exemptions (TEx_SEZs) and macroeconomic indicators, such as GDP, foreign direct investment, employment growth rate, and per capita income. The methodology includes descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) tests for stationarity, an Engle-Granger two-step cointegration test to estimate the long-run equilibrium relationship, and Granger causality analysis to explore whether TEx_SEZs influence economic growth. The results of regression analysis indicates that the total tax exemption for Special Economic Zones (TEx_SEZs) does not directly contribute to economic growth, the employment growth rate, and per capita income in Poland, aligning with the non-causal relationship found between TEx_SEZs and GDP. However, the study shows that TEx_SEZs have a statistically significant and positive impact on Poland's foreign direct investment (FDI), implying that SEZ tax incentives can effectively attract FDI and stimulate economic growth. While the reliance of this study on secondary data and the limited depth of the analysis constitute limitations, future research should employ diverse datasets, case studies, and interviews to address these constraints and explore the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of special economic zones in Poland and other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatiotemporal variations in the water balance caused by environmental changes lead to unsteady-state conditions with long- and short-term implications for social and economic conditions. The aim of this study is to extend the current knowledge of the Budyko approach in unsteady-state conditions and the importance of model structural uncertainties. We used three Budyko-based models (Turc-Pike, Zhang, Fu) with and without the concept of effective precipitation scenarios. The effective precipitation and model parameters were determined together during the calibration processes. The effective precipitation-based approach improved the model performance in predicting the annual water balance in most of the River Vistula catchment. We also discuss the importance of considering structural uncertainties in water balance modelling. Climate change is the main driver for the changes in the water balance of the River Vistula. The estimation of water balance dynamics, considering environmental changes, is essential to understand the changes in hydrological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the article is to present equity crowdfunding, to explain its purpose and principles as well as to identify economic and social factors in the development of this form of fundraising in Poland in 2020-2022. Design/methodology/approach: The study used reports from crowdfunding platforms and own re-search. The study is based mainly on descriptive, analytical and com-parative research methods. Findings: After analyzing the data from crowdfunding platforms and the provisions of the new regulations, it can be concluded that equity crowdfunding is a dynamically developing method of financing economic projects in Poland. Originality/value: The publication presents the results of research conducted on the basis of crowdfunding reports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several waves of COVID-19 caused by different SARS-CoV-2 variants have been recorded worldwide. During this period, many publications were released describing the influence of various factors, such as environmental, social and economic factors, on the spread of COVID-19. This paper presents the results of a detailed spatiotemporal analysis of the course of COVID-19 cases and deaths in five waves in Poland in relation to green‒blue spaces. The results, based on 380 counties, reveal that the negative correlation between the indicator of green‒blue space per inhabitant and the average daily number of COVID-19 cases and deaths was clearly visible during all waves. These relationships were described by a power equation (coefficient of determination ranging from 0.83 to 0.88) with a high level of significance. The second important discovery was the fact that the rates of COVID-19 cases and deaths were significantly higher in urban counties (low values of the green–blue space indicator in m2/people) than in rural areas. The developed models can be used in decision-making by local government authorities to organize anti-COVID-19 prevention measures, including local lockdowns, especially in urban areas. • Five waves of COVID-19 in Poland during 800 days of the pandemic were compared. • Green–blue spaces were negatively associated with COVID-19 cases and deaths. • There were many more COVID-19 incidences in urban areas in Poland than in rural areas. • Green–blue spaces can be used in the prevention of COVID-19 disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effects of the economic policy uncertainty (EPU) index of the US on the exchange rates and stock returns of Korea, Mexico, Poland, and Russia. A time-varying causality test showed that the impacts of EPU of the US on the exchange and stock market of emerging countries could be affected by regime changes. A quantile regression model suggested that the effect of the increase/decrease in the EPU of the US may affect financial variables, while it was indicated that effects of the EPU of the US on the exchange rates and stock returns are asymmetrical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adherence to treatment recommendations for chronically ill patients is still a complex problem, especially among the older population. Chronic diseases, including hypertension, negatively affect patients’ quality of life (QOL). A satisfactory level of the patients’ QOL and good adherence to medication regimens can prevent complications and deterioration of daily functioning. Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to analyse selected sociodemographic and clinical factors affecting adherence to antihypertensive treatment in elderly patients. Material and methods: A total of 100 patients (61 females, 39 males) with hypertension who were treated in a university hospital participated in the study. Medical records were analysed to include required sociodemographic and clinical factors. Data were collected from standardized instruments: World Health Organization Quality of Life-Age (WHOQOL-AGE), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), and the Adherence in Chronic Diseases Scale (ACDS). Results: The median duration of illness was 10 years (Q1 = 4.75, Q3 = 14.0). The median total QOL score was 61.06 points (Q1 = 50, Q3 = 69.23). Symptoms of depressive disorder were found in 32% of patients. There was a high level of adherence in 63% of respondents, 34% presented a moderate level, and 3% of patients adhered to a low level. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found in the adherence levels in groups varying in depressive symptoms (rs = –0.289) and QOL results (rs = 0.33). Adherence was also significantly higher in patients with a college/university education and a good financial situation (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Education and financial standing affect adherence to antihypertensive treatment in elderly patients and should be considered in everyday clinical practice. Also, the level of QOL and depressive symptoms are significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the University of Latvia. History / Latvijas Universitātes Žurnāls. Vēsture is the property of University of Latvia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, the road network in Poland has undergone significant development, meeting the objective of creating a coherent network of roads to ensure the efficient functioning of passenger and freight transport. Linear investments, such as the construction of motorways, expressways or bypasses, are an important element that improves the safety and comfort of the life of residents, and has a significant impact on the economic and regional progress. In addition to the undoubted benefits of constructing a bypass, its possible negative impact on the surrounding agricultural and forest areas should be emphasised. Poor planning and construction of the bypass itself, without prior programming of survey and management works, can lead to disturbances in the spatial structure of neighbouring villages. This study attempts to analyse and evaluate the impact of the construction of the Tomaszów Lubelski bypass on the spatial structure of rural areas located in the eastern part of Tomaszów County (Lubelskie Voivodeship), which is a 9.58 km long section of the S17 Warsaw -- Hrebenne expressway. The study undertook a detailed analysis of only those factors that adversely affect the spatial structure of rural areas. On the basis of research on the subject, factors affecting and significantly changing the spatial structure of rural areas were identified, which allowed to formulate final conclusions regarding the problem of realising linear investments in relation to shaping the space of rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to investigate the relationship between cluster organisation membership and the performance of companies in terms of their technological maturity. The article introduces and operationalises a new concept of technological maturity which reflects competitiveness, innovativeness, and market reputation of a company in a particular sector. To compare the technological maturity between cluster organisation members and non-members a composite index was created. The study is based on theoretical and empirical analyses. The empirical part is based on firm-level data collected in the survey from 464 companies identified in the technological fields covered by the National Smart Specializations in Poland. A set of statistical tests has been employed to assess whether (a) the indicators differ significantly between cluster organisation members and non-members (b) the composite index differs significantly between cluster organisation members and non-members. Results of the analysis show a positive relationship between being a member of the cluster organisation and the technological maturity of the company. The regression analysis proved that the relationship remains significant when controlling for the industry, geographical location, and size of a company. The article contributes to the discussion about the role of cluster organisations and their economic impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presently, economic sciences share a conviction that creative capital is one of the main factors in economic growth. Both theorists and practitioners agree on the role of creativity as a source of competitive advantage on the micro- and macroeconomic scale. The claim that the greatest socio-economic achievements emerge in those territorial areas where creative capital develops seems justified. Consequently, the study would allow for a demonstration of the fact that contemporary development depends on the proper generation of that capital as well as the regional background supporting its absorption from the perspective of sustainable development. The paper reviews research into the influence of cognitive, theoretical and methodological, as well as empirical issues related to the development of creative capital as well as the determination of relationships regarding which of its subindices determine sustainable development to the greatest extent on the national and regional levels. The theoretical publications analysed provided strong evidence to support claims pertaining to interrelations between creative capital components and sustainable development. Thus, in order to be able to identify the areas of such relationships, the research part of the study involves several stages of analysis, namely: overall creative capital analysis and analysis concerning particular creative capital components, i.e. technology, tolerance, talent and culture, and their relationship with sustainable development at the national as well as regional level. Empirical analysis was performed using analyses of frequency, basic descriptive analyses including the Shapiro-Wilk test, Pearson's r coefficient correlation, regression, Spearman's ρ rank correlation and comparative analysis. Our research results demonstrated that for all regions altogether (the whole of Poland) sustainable development had a strong relationship with three dimensions of creative capital: talent, technology and culture, whereas no such relationship existed with the tolerance subindex. The research results obtained are particularly important to countries such as Poland which are not among the top ten of the world's regions showing significant growth of creative capital or sustainable development. The identification of guidelines which may change this state of affairs and developed studies allowed for the determination of the areas whose functional improvement might allow for more efficient development and meeting global competitive requirements. • Creative capital indexes are critically discussed. • Linkages between creative capital and sustainable development analysed • Intra-dependencies of the creative capital at regional/national level [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, a lot of attention is given to the issues of sustainable development of transport. Transport and logistics companies, including those involved in distribution of perishable goods, undertake different activities in order to reduce negative impact of transport on the environment. The purpose of the article is to determine the principles of sustainable distribution of perishable goods and to examine the current state and plans of its principles application in business practice on the cold port stores example. Contemporary problems of sustainable distribution of perishable cargo have been identified. Marketing research was used to identify the main directions of activities undertaken by port cold stores in the field of sustainable distribution of food perishable goods. The case study of port cold stores located in Poland was considered. According to the examined cold stores, economic and organizational factors are the most important among the factors set. The challenges faced by cold port stores in their efforts to comply with the principles of sustainable distribution were recognized. Moreover, research indicates that port cold stores are aware of their role in the sustainable distribution of perishable cargoes and strive to improve its conditions. As the result of the research, the areas of possible improvements in the functioning of cold stores have been specified. The article presents a new perspective on the problems of perishable cargo sustainable distribution as a link of supply chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polityka Spoleczna is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Circular economy (CE) is seen as a key strategy for achieving sustainable development (SD). One of the components of SD is sustainable production and consumption. Poland, as an EU member state, has for many years been trying to imitate the good practices of other countries in the field of sustainable production and consumption, and above all, in reducing the amount of waste generated. However, the country's economic situation, pandemic, people's mentality, habits and other ecological, economic and social factors mean that the pursuit of CE is very slow. The aim of the article is to present own research showing the level of recovery and recycling of municipal waste in Poland in comparison to the EU, and the level of preparation of Polish society for the implementation of CE. The survey method with open and closed questions was used in the research. Moreover, the observation of the market and the analysis of the literature on the subject allowed for drawing additional conclusions. Research shows that part of the society does not segregate waste despite the obligation and higher fees, does not believe in CE and, unfortunately, disposes of waste incorrectly. In addition, the differences between the repair/refurbishment and the purchase of goods from discount stores, or second-hand goods are so slight that it is not profitable for the consumer to repair, regenerate used goods - from an economic point of view, it is better to buy a new one at " cheap "shop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Poland, rapeseed production has been the fastest growing branch of plant production since 2000. Rapeseed yields have increased 2.5 times in the last 20 years. The main reason for this trend was the implementation of obligations resulting from legal acts by Member States relating to increasing the share of RES in the structure of primary energy production, and in particular relating to the share of biofuels in fuels used in transport. In Poland in the years 2010–2020, about 1.0–1.6 million tonnes of rape seeds were used for this purpose annually. Due to the fact that biofuel production competes for raw materials with the food economy, at the end of the first decade of the 21st century, many representatives of various circles intensified their voices, calling for withdrawal from the policy supporting the biofuel sector, which may have resulted in a decrease in oilseed plant cultivation areas. As a result of the research conducted here, it was determined that the place of oilseed rape in the sowing structure will be taken by rye, triticale and, on good soils, by wheat. Compared to rape, their production is characterised by lower income per 1 ha; in the years 2013–2019, these differences amounted to: wheat—8 EUR, triticale—102.3 EUR, and rye—168 EUR. This situation will deteriorate the value cereal cultivation sites and will result in a decrease in their yields. On the basis of the conducted research, the estimated value of rape as a forecrop for wheat, triticale, and rye was, respectively: 103.7; 64.6 and 46.7 EUR. An additional advantage of oilseed rape is that it is an excellent bee resource and is classified as a commodity crop, i.e., one from which significant amounts of honey can be obtained, with a net value of EUR 55 per hectare. In addition, in many agricultural holdings, as a result of forecasted changes in plant production, there will be an accumulation of field work during the harvest period, which will also affect the worse use of machinery and storage areas. The consequence of increasing the area under which cereal crops and their supply can grow may be the decline in production profitability and thus the income situation of farms, but this will be assessed at the next stage of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the changing market conditions and uncertainty arising from climate change, forest management tends to focus on the financial functioning of forest holdings. The objective of this work is to study the financial performance of forest districts using ratio analysis, synthetic financial indicators, as well as the relationship between synthetic indicators and forest district categories defined in terms of forest site type, site fertility, compatibility stand species composition, species composition, harvesting system, harvesting intensity, fragmentation of forest complexes and management difficulty level. The study material consists of financial documentation from 82 forest districts of the State Forests National Forest Holding (SFNFH) in eastern Poland from the years 2015–2019 and 2005–2009 (for comparison purposes). Synthetic indicators were calculated using two sets of financial ratios as well as two variants of accounting data. In the study period, forest districts were found to differ in terms of their financial performance, which was affected by the natural and economic factors. The synthetic indicators were significantly higher (p > 0.05) for forest districts operating on low-fertility lowland sites, those managing stands with dominant pine, and those implementing a clearcutting regeneration system. The findings concerning the effects of selected natural and economic factors on the financial condition of forest districts may be used for financial planning and management by SFNFH, in particular in decision-making processes to optimize forest management. The applied methods may stand as a basis for the construction of a sectoral evaluation tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the effects of the economic policy change in 2016 on the characteristics of Poland's economic growth enjoyed during the EU membership period and the prospects of future development. Design/methodology/approach: The research presented in this article takes, as a starting point, the analysis of the main factors driving the economic growth of Poland during the whole EU membership period. Then, the analysis period is divided into. After having considered the most critical changes in the economic strategy that took place in 2016, we use the data analysis, including the methodology of growth accounting, to determine essential differences in the outcome of the policies. The results obtained create a basis for conclusions about the impact of the policy change on Poland's future development prospects. Findings: The study supports the point that the main driving force of Poland's development during the EU membership period was the dynamic integration effects, particularly the shift of production from Western Europe to new EU member states, leading to the enormous increase of FDI and exports. The economic policy of Poland until 2015 was based on institutional development, care for the economic equilibrium and investment, and support for further EU integration. The stress of the policy applied since 2016 shifted to the support for consumption and wages, with the clear recourse in institutional development, a fall in the investment rate, and growing tensions with EU institutions. The results of such a policy may limit Poland's future GDP growth. Originality/value: The article uses a new approach to analyze the driving forces of Poland's economic growth to formulate, in a pioneering way, conclusions on the effects of the economic policy change in 2016-2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]